Strobilus, the Wild Pine; the bark and leaves have powers like the pine, but more acrid and drastic. As to the fruit, which is called strobilus, the green has some bitterness and acrimony, with humidity, and hence it is applicable for promoting expectoration from the chest. The esculent kind, when soaked in water, so as to lay aside its acrimony, becomes of a good temperament, being free from pungency and emplastic, and hence it smooths asperities.
Commentary. It here signifies the Pinus sylvestris, or Wild-pine; but it is commonly put for the Nux Pinea, or the cones of the Pinus Pinea, called in the shops Pignoli pines, and the seeds pine-nuts. Athenæus says that Theophrastus called the tree πέυκη and the fruit κῶνος. Diphilus, as quoted by the same, calls the pine-nuts nutritious, and says that they lubricate the trachea, and promote expectoration. (Deip. ii.) Galen, Serapion, and the other authorities also commend them in similar cases. Dioscorides treats of this subject in the 86th, 87th, and 88th chapters in the First Book, but not under the same head as our author. He recommends the different articles in nearly the same cases as Paulus and the other authorities. The fruit of the wild pine he commends as a demulcent in affections of the bladder and kidneys, and as a sedative in pains of the stomach. Celsus prescribes “nuclei ex pinu silvestri duodecim,” among his remedies for ulcerated kidneys. (iv, 10.) Avicenna treats of the subject under different heads, like Dioscorides, whom he closely follows. (ii, 2, 280, 301, 555, 693.) He recommends these articles in diseases of the chest and kidneys. He calls the fruit aphrodisiacal. See also Rhases (Cont. l. ult. 3, 20); Serapion (c. 63); Averrhoes (Coll. v, 42.) All speak favorably of these medicines in diseases of the kidneys and bladder.
Lagopus, is possessed of desiccative powers and dries up fluxes of the belly.
Commentary. This plant, the description of which is passed over by Dioscorides as being well known, may be set down among the articles of the ancient Materia Medica, which are least known to us. We may just mention regarding it, that some take it for Trifolium arvense, and others for Lagurus ovatus. Dioscorides calls it an astringent of the bowels, and mentions that it was used as an amulet in buboes. (iv, 17.) Galen, Aëtius, and Oribasius briefly notice it as a desiccative medicine. We have not been able to find this article in the Mat. Med. of the Arabians, but are aware that it may be concealed under some of their odd corruptions of the Greek terms. It seems probable that this is the lagopyrus of Hippocrates. (De Ulcer.)
Ladanum; it is formed from the Cistus called Ladanus; the goats feeding upon it bring away upon their beard and thighs the fatter and more juicy part of the herb. Ladanum, when collected, is an excellent medicine, hot in about the second degree, and consisting of subtile particles. It is moderately emollient, discutient, and digestive; it therefore agrees with uterine affections in particular. It has also some astringency, and hence it strengthens hairs which are falling out.
Commentary. Dierbach and Sprengel agree with the elder commentators in calling it the Cistus Creticus. See also Royal Pharm. (i, c. 20.) Dr. Lindley says of the ladanum, that it is a resinous balsamic substance obtained from Cistus Creticus, and other species of the genus; he adds, that it has been esteemed as a stimulant and emmenagogue, and recommended in chronic catarrh. (Veg. King. 350.) Dioscorides mentions that it was procured either from the beards of goats which had browsed upon it, or by scraping the tree with thongs. Dioscorides, Pliny, and Galen deliver its medicinal characters in much the same terms as our author. Dioscorides recommends it not only in uterine diseases, but also as a diuretic. He also speaks favorably of it as an ingredient in anodyne and expectorant plasters. (i, 128.) See Galen (ii, 160 ed. Basil.) The Arabians treat fully of it, but borrow almost every word they say respecting it from Dioscorides and Galen. See Avicenna (ii, 2, 422); Serapion (c. 43); Rhases (Cont. l. ult. i, 361); Averrhoes (Collig. v, 42.) The labdanum was retained in the Dispensatory as late as the time of Quincy, who has given an accurate account of it. (70.) It is also very correctly described by Tournefort, both in his voyage to the Levant and in his Mat. Med. (363.) Its use, however, is now obsolete. See Pereira (1263.) In Pemberton’s edition of the Dispensatory, there is given a formula for the composition of a “stomach plaster,” one of the ingredients of which is labdanum. (359.) We would vote for its being restored to the Pharmacopœia.
Lathyris, is a species of spurge, and some say that its juice purges in a similar manner. Its seed in particular has purgative powers.
Commentary. There can be no doubt, from our author’s brief notice of it, that it is the Euphorbia Lathyris, L. Dioscorides says of it that it evacuates phlegm, bile, and water. He mentions that its leaves were boiled along with a fowl or pot-herbs to loosen the bowels. Galen and the other Greek authorities treat of it in brief terms, like our author. The Arabians treat of it at greater length, recommending it strongly in diseases of the joints, gout, and sciatica. They also mention its being a remedy for dropsy. They say it acts as an emetic. They direct its seeds to be boiled in the broth of an old cock, and taken. See in particular Avicenna (ii, 2, 473); Serapion (c. 354.) It is not met with in the works either of Hippocrates or of Celsus. It does not occur in the modern Greek Pharmacopœia, but is briefly noticed in Dr. Pereira’s Materia Medica (777.)
Lampsana, Nipplewort, when eaten supplies bad juices to the body. In a cataplasm it is detergent and discutient.
Commentary. It appears pretty certain that it is the Charlock, that is to say, either the Raphanus Raphanistrum or Sinapi Arvense. Both are known by the English name of Charlock. It is rather a potherb than a medicine.
Lapathum, Dock, is possessed of moderately discutient powers; but the oxylapathum is also somewhat repellent. The seed, particularly of the oxylapathum, being astringent, cures diarrhœas and dysenteries. The leaves, in so far, have opposite qualities to the seed; for they, when eaten, loosen the belly, whereas it, when drunk, proves astringent.
Commentary. Of the Rumices, the Oxylapathum, or Rumex acutus, was the species most used in medicine, and is the only one particularized by our author, with the exception of the hippolopathum already described. Of the four other species described by Dioscorides, the ὀξαλὶς is pretty generally acknowledged as the Rumex acetosa. The others cannot be determined with any degree of accuracy. See Sprengel, Sibthorp, Matthiolus, Parkinson, Gerard, and Rutty. Dioscorides gives the first of his species much the same characters as our author, recommending it most especially as a discutient application to leprosies and scrofulous tumours. He also speaks favorably of it as applied on a pessary in the fluor albus. The roots, he adds, boiled in wine, cure jaundice, and act as lithontriptics, emmenagogues, and alexipharmics. He further speaks of the dock as being appended in the form of an amulet for scrofulous swellings. (ii, 140, 141.) Galen and the other Greek authorities treat cursorily of the lapatha, like our author. They occur in the works of Hippocrates and of Celsus; the latter ranks the lapathum among the articles of food which contain bad juices (ii, 21), are bad for the stomach (ii, 25), and are laxative of the bowels (ii, 29.) Pliny’s account of the lapatha is mostly taken from Dioscorides. (H. N. xx, 85.) The term rumex, now generally applied to the genus dock, is taken from Pliny (xix, 60.) The dock is recommended by Africanus in jaundice, dropsy, and for the cure of leprosy, lichen, and alphos. (Geopon. xii, 38.) Macer, in the tenth century, describes it under the name of paratella, and, like the more ancient authorities, commends it externally for the cure of cutaneous diseases, and internally as an astringent. The Arabians, in like manner, prescribe it in these cases, and in general copy from Dioscorides in treating of the different species of dock. See in particular Avicenna (ii, 2, 53); Serapion (c. 3); Ebn Baithar (i, 324.) The last of these treats fully of the rumices, but does not seem to describe any species not noticed by the Greeks.
Limonium, Sea Lavender; its fruit being austere, is given to the amount of an acetabulum, with wine, in cæliac and dysenteric affections, in hæmoptysis, and for the uterine discharge.
Commentary. Our author’s account of the limonium is borrowed from Dioscorides, who describes the plant as having leaves like beet, but more slender and longer, a slender straight stem, like that of the lily, filled with red fruit of an astringent taste. Like our author, he recommends it in cases requiring astringents. As far as we can judge, the characters here given it by Dioscorides apply very well to the plant called sea lavender or red behen, namely, the Statice Limonium, L. Compare Parkinson (Theatre of Plants, 1234) and Gray (Suppl. to the Pharmac.) with Dioscorides (iv, 16.) There seems no necessity, therefore, for following Gesner in transferring it to the Polygonum Bistorta. The other authorities, both Greek and Arabian, follow Dioscorides closely in treating of the limonium. See Rhases (Cont. l. ult. i, 423); Avicenna (ii, 2, 433); Ebn Baithar (ii, 452.) The German editor of the last of these, we are glad to find, agrees with us in referring this article to the Statice Limonium.
Lichen; that upon rocks, which is like moss, being possessed of detergent and, at the same time, moderately refrigerant and desiccative powers, cures lichen, and is anti-inflammatory; and, as Dioscorides says, also stops hemorrhages. The lichens of horses, when triturated with vinegar, are said to cure epilepsy and the bite of every venomous animal.
Commentary. Our author’s account of the vegetable is abridged from Dioscorides, who, as stated by him, recommends it for stopping hemorrhages, and also for dispelling phlegmons and curing lichens: he adds, that it cures jaundice and removes defluxions of the mouth when rubbed in with honey. (iv, 53.) To which of the Lichenales of modern botanists it is applicable is somewhat doubtful: whether to the Sticta pulmonacea, as Matthiolus held; to the Peltidea aphthosa; or to the Peltigera canina. Compare Sprengel (Ad Dioscor. l. c.) with Lindley (Veg. King. 48), and Parkinson (1315.) This is also evidently identical with the second species of lichen described by Pliny. (H. N. xxvi, 10.) His former species is the Marchantia conica, L. (Ibid.) See Harduin (apud l. c.)
The λέιχηνες ἱππῶν are the well-known callosities forming at the knees of horses, called spavins in English. See further, Harduin ad Plin. H. N. xxviii, 49. They are thus described by Cælius Aurelianus: “Sunt autem squamulæ anteriorum crurum sub armorum partibus in ipsis animalibus (equis) nata; has Græci lichenas vocant, sive chelidonas, nos vero impetigines vel hirundines.” (Tard. Pass. i, 4.) The Empirics gave them for the cure of epilepsy. (Ibid.) See Avicenna (ii, 233) and Rhases (Cont. l. ult. 271.)
Leontopetalum, Lion’s-leaf; its root is heating and desiccative in the third degree, and is possessed of discutient powers.
Commentary. Although Dioscorides has described this plant with more than his wonted accuracy, there is still some uncertainty regarding it, some holding it to be the Leontice Leontopetalon, and others the Corydalis bulbosa. The latter would appear to agree better in character with the description of Dioscorides than the other. See Lindley (Veg. King. 436.) The other authorities treat of it in very general terms, like our author, except Oribasius, who gives a pretty minute description of it, like Dioscorides. It is noticed by Ebn Baithar (ii, 186), who, however, does not supply much additional information. Dr. Sontheimer sets it down for the Leontice Leontopetalon.
Lepidium, Pepperwort (by some called Iberis), belongs to the fourth order of calefacients, being like the cress in powers, but less desiccative.
Commentary. Our author’s account of this plant (which is Lepidium latifolium, Pepperwort) is mostly taken from Galen. Dioscorides says it is made into a pickle with milk, and that the power of its leaves is acrid and ulcerative, and hence it is used in a cataplasm for sciatica. He says further of it, that it is also applicable in diseases of the spleen, removes leprosy, and that its root would seem to soothe pains of the teeth when appended to the neck as an amulet. (ii, 205.) It is to be remarked that Dioscorides always speaks of the virtues of amulets in ambiguous terms. It is described by the Arabians under the name of Sitarig or Scitaragi. See Rhases (Contin. l. ult. i, 655) and Avicenna (ii, 2, 657.) Avicenna’s description of it is somewhat confused, and cannot be easily reconciled with that of Dioscorides, but with regard to its medicinal virtues, they are quite agreed. Bimasuy, one of Rhases’s authorities, says of it, that its seed is like the seed of nasturtium, but not so heating. Beckmann mentions that the Lepidium latifolium was at one time used as a kitchen vegetable, and was called, in England, poor man’s pepper. (Hist. of Invent.)
Squama, Flake; all kinds are strongly desiccative and astringent, and pungent in no inconsiderable degree. But the squama æris (Flakes of copper) is more desiccative, consists of more subtile particles, and has also some verdigris, more especially that from Cyprian nails, which is hence called clavaris. The squama ferri is possessed of more astringency, and still more that which is formed from the edge of sharp instruments, called stomoma, hence it is better for ill-conditioned ulcers. But the squama æris cleanses and melts down flesh more.
Commentary. The squama æris was a black per-oxyd of copper. The squama ferri, a black oxyd of iron. The stomoma was the chalybs or steel. See Dioscorides (v, 89), with the Commentaries of Matthiolus and Sprengel, and also the Appendix to Dunbar’s Lexicon. Geoffroy says of the squama æris, that it is little different from the æs astum being only the particles of burnt copper that fly off when hammered. Dioscorides calls it astringent and epulotic: when drunk with honeyed water, he says, it is phlegmagogue; some give it in flour as a pill; it is mixed, he adds, with ophthalmic remedies, drying defluxions, and removing asperities of the eyelids. The stomoma, he says, is inferior to the squama æris as a purgative. (v, 89, 90.) Our author’s account of these substances is borrowed from Galen. Aëtius also copies from Galen. Oribasius gives a fuller description of them, differing very little from that of Dioscorides. The Arabians treat of all these substances, as usual, borrowing freely from Dioscorides, and not adding much of their own. See in particular Avicenna (ii, 2, 231); Serapion (c. 404); Rhases (Cont. l. ult. vi, 48); Averrhoes (Collig. v, 43.) They prescribe the squama æris internally as a purge, and say of it that when the palate is smeared with it vomiting is excited. These substances occur in the Hippocratic treatises and in the works of Celsus. They have not been used medicinally in this country for some time past. The Hindoos use the preparations of copper both internally and externally, according to Dr. Royle. (Hindoo Med. 90.)
Leucacanthon, White Acanthus (called also Polygonaton and Ischias); its root is of a cutting nature and desiccative in the third degree, and it is heating in the first.
Commentary. We can only determine for certain that it belonged to the Carduineæ, but can scarcely venture to fix the genus, so loose is the description which the ancient authors have given of it, and so various the conjectures of modern commentators and herbalists respecting it. Upon the whole, the preponderance of the authorities is in favour of the Cirsium tuberosum. Dioscorides says of it, that its root is intensely bitter, and that the decoction of it with wine relieves chronic pleurisy and sciatica, ruptures and sprains, and further, that it relieves toothache. (iii, 19.) Galen recommends it in cæliac and stomach affections and hemoptysis; as a cataplasm to swellings, and a cure to toothache when used as a gargle. Aëtius gives the same character of it. The Arabians ascribe the same virtues to it, and also hold it to he alexipharmic. See in particular Avicenna (ii, 2, 80, 671) and Rhases (Cont. l. ult. i, 118.) The use of it in medicine is as old as the Hippocratic age. See Dierbach’s Materia Medica Hippocr.
Leucas, is heating and desiccative in the third degree, but its prevailing property is acrimony.
Commentary. It appears certainly to be a species of Lamium, either the album or the maculatum. See Parkinson (Theatre of Plants, 672) and Sprengel (Ad Dioscor.) Dioscorides commends it as an application to venomous animals, especially those of the sea. (iii, 103.) The other authorities treat of it in general terms, like our author, who copies almost word for word from Galen.
Viola alba, Stock Gillyflower; the whole plant is detergent and attenuating, especially its flowers, and those in particular which are drier, so that it promotes menstruation, kills and ejects the fœtus; and if their powers are blunted by a mixture with water, they will answer with inflammations, particularly those of the uterus. The roots being possessed of similar powers, are composed of more gross matter, and are more terrene. But with vinegar they relieve indurated phlegmons.
Commentary. That the plant here described was stock, i. e. Cheiranthus Cheiri, is unquestionable. Dioscorides evidently included also another plant of the same order under this head, which, as stated by Sprengel, may probably be a variety of the Matthiola incana. He gives nearly the same account of its medicinal virtues as our author. Dioscorides says it kills the fœtus in utero when applied on a pessary; and Galen and Aëtius ascribe the same powers to it when taken in a draught. By the Arabians it is obscurely treated of, their authorities in general seeming to confound it with the violet. See Rhases (Ad Mansor. iii, 21); Haly Abbas (Pract. ii, 37, 226); Ebn Baithar (i, 403.) The last of these does little more than copy from Galen and Dioscorides. It is not contained in the modern Greek Pharmacopœia. It is the Viola lutea of our herbalist Gerard, and held a place in our Dispensatory as late as Quincy.
Populus alba, the White Poplar; the tree being composed of a watery, tepid, and terrene substance, has detergent properties.
Commentary. There can be no doubt of its being the Populus alba, L. Dioscorides says of it, that its bark, when taken in a draught, cures sciatica and strangury; that it is said to prevent conception; and that it is a remedy for earache and other complaints. (i, 109.) Our author copies from Galen. The Arabians, under this head, are servile copyists from the Greeks. See Serapion (c. 30); Avicenna (ii, 2, 333); and Ebn Baithar (i, 340.)
Rosmarinus, Rosemary; there are three varieties of it, one of which is sterile, and the other two bear fruit. They are possessed of detergent, incisive, discutient, and emollient powers. The juice of them, with honey, cures dimness of sight occasioned by thick humours. A decoction of that variety, which is used for garlands, proves serviceable in jaundice.
Commentary. Dioscorides, like our author, describes three species, of which the first bears a fruit called cachrys, a term previously used by Theophrastus and Nicander, and from which the plant has now got the scientific appellation of Cachrys Libanotis. The root of this plant is still kept by our apothecaries, although it has long ceased to hold a place in our Dispensatory. See Gray’s Suppl. to the Pharmacop. (80.) The second species is probably the Ferula nodiflora. The third cannot be satisfactorily determined. Our old English herbalists give the libanotis the name of “herb frankincense.” (See Parkinson and Gerard.) These libanotides, however, must be distinguished from “the libanotis, called rosmarinus by the Romans,” which was the well-known Rosmarinus officinalis, and of which the flower, known by the name of anthos, was in frequent use as a medicine in the age of Sydenham, and still retains a place in our Dispensatory. We have been obliged to enter with more length than usual into the general literature of this subject, to prevent the mistake of confounding the cachrys with the rosmarinus, which might be readily done, if the distinction now adverted to had not been clearly pointed out. Dioscorides recommends the libanotides for various medicinal purposes, as being emmenagogue, diuretic, and discutient. Our author’s character of them is mostly taken from Galen. The Arabians treat obscurely and confusedly of this subject. See particularly Avicenna (ii, 2, 67); Rhases (Cont. l. ult. i, 71); Serapion (c. 327.) Rhases says of the rosemary, that it is calefacient and attenuant, and hence proves carminative, diuretic, and emmenagogue. In the modern Greek Pharmacopœia the Rosmarinus officinalis stands as the representative of the λιβανωτὶς. (Athens, 1837.)
Thus, Frankincense is heating in the second order, and desiccative in the first. It has also a slight sub-astringency. The bark of it is perceptibly astringent. It is, therefore, desiccative in the second degree complete. Consisting of thicker matter than the frankincense, and being less acrid, it cures hæmoptysis, dysentery, cæliac and stomachic affections, both externally and when taken internally. The green shoot of it is heating and desiccative in the third degree. It is also somewhat detergent, by which property it cleanses and fills ulcers in the eyes.
Commentary. It is still by no means satisfactorily determined what tree it is which produces the frankincense; but the best authorities are now inclined to think that it is the Boswellia turifera. See Pereira (Mat. Med., 1185); Ainslie (Mat. Ind. 78); and Lindley (Veg. Kingd. 459.) Dioscorides says the best kind of incense is “the male,” by which the ancients meant the purest kind of it, or that consisting of the larger grains. See Gray (Pharmacop. 200.) The Indian is of an inferior quality. He calls it heating, astringent, and cleansing; and recommends it in hemorrhages, recent wounds, burns, chilblains, and other diseases of a like nature. He gives minute directions for the use of it in fumigations. The bark of the frankincense tree he recommends in fluxes and hemorrhages, and in ulcers of the eyes. The manna of frankincense will be explained by us under that head. (Mat. Med. i, 81-3.) Oribasius gives a perfectly similar account of the frankincense; indeed, he avowedly copies from Dioscorides. (Med. Collect. xi.) Our author’s account is mostly taken from Galen. On the Thus see further Pliny (H. N. xii, 30) and Rhases (Contin. xxxvii, § 716.) Most of the ancient authorities affirm that it acts beneficially in mental disease, that it sharpens perception, and improves the memory. They also recommend it in fumigations for removing the pestilential constitution of the atmosphere, as we have stated in the Second Book. Symeon Seth, mostly borrowing from Galen and our author, says, under the head of frankincense, that it is of a drying nature, with a certain astringent quality; that it binds the bowels; in fumigations helps coughs and defluxions; is emmenagogue both when drunk and applied per vaginam; that in fumigations it is possessed of powers for averting the pestilence; and hence in a pestilential season that houses should be diligently fumigated with it, in order to correct the pernicious quality of the air. The Arabians used it very freely as an ingredient in their applications to ulcers, including those of the eyes. See Avicenna (ii, 2, 525) and Serapion (c. 278.) Averrhoes, like preceding authorities, recommends the bark in fluxes, hæmoptysis, and ulceration of the intestines. (Collig. v. 42.) The frankincense occurs frequently in the treatises contained in the Hippocratic collection, and in the works of Celsus. The latter used all the kinds mentioned by the Greeks, such as, “thus masculum,” “fuligo thuris,” and “cortex thuris.” These he uses for the same purposes as the Greeks, that is to say, for suppressing bleeding, concocting pus, cleansing sores, and so forth.
Fuligo, the Soot arising from certain kinds of substances when they are burnt, such as frankincense, myrrh, turpentine, storax, liquid pitch, and cedar, is desiccative, terrene, and attenuate: but there are varieties of it agreeably to the material that is burnt. It is used for ophthalmic remedies and those for adorning the eyebrows. That which is most used is the soot from frankincense, as being the mildest; and again, that from the pine, wild pine and pitch tree, as being the strongest. It is applied, therefore, for baldness of the eyebrows, and for watery and ulcerated canthi of the eyelids, and weeping eyes.
Commentary. Little need be said under this head. Pliny recommends it along with vinegar as an application to erysipelas. Galen recommends it in the same cases as our author. He defines the soot to be the remains of the fire which consumed the materiel. Serapion’s account of it is entirely taken from Galen. Dioscorides (i, 84) and Oribasius (Med. Collect. xi) describe more minutely than any of the others the process for preparing the Fuligo Thuris. It was used principally in ulcers of the eyes. The soot of storax and myrrh, as Serapion says, is prepared agreeably to the same process as that of frankincense.
Ligusticum, Lovage; the root and seed of it are heating to such a degree as to promote menstruation. It is also very carminative.
Commentary. We have always thought that the Ligusticum Levisticum had been introduced into this country by the Romans, in order to supply them with an article frequently used by them at home, as a condiment. See the works of Apicius (pluries.) Dioscorides describes it minutely, and recommends it in a great variety of complaints, as an emmenagogue and diuretic, to promote digestion and dispel flatulence. He also mentions that it was often used as a condiment in place of pepper. (iii, 51.) Galen and the other Greek authorities treat of it very succinctly. The Arabians ascribe to it anthelminthic and alexipharmic powers. See in particular Avicenna (ii, 2, 377); Rhases (Cont. l. ult. iii, 17.) It is not met with in the works of Celsus, nor, as far as we can discover, in those of Hippocrates. Lovage held a place in the Materia Medica with all its ancient characters down to a late date. See the works of Parkinson, Gerard, Culpeper, Rutty, and Quincy. It holds a place in the modern Greek Pharmacopœia (97.)
Spuma Argenti, Litharge, is of the middle order among metallic substances; we therefore often use it as the vehicle for other remedial powers. It is moderately desiccative, detergent, and astringent; hence it is used for excoriations of the thighs from friction.
Commentary. The ancient Litharge was nowise different from the modern, being a secondary product in the cupellation of argentiferous lead. It was, therefore, a protoxide of lead. The varieties of it known to the ancients, and their modes of preparing it, are circumstantially described by Pliny (H. N. xxxiii, 35), Dioscorides (v, 72), and Oribasius (Med. Collect. xiii.) It was used by the Hippocratists in the practice of medicine. (De Morb. Mulier. ii.) It is the “Spuma Argenti” of Celsus, who notices it in various parts of his works as a cooling and cleansing medicine. (v, 290.) Dioscorides merely says of it, that washed litharge seems to suit ophthalmic remedies, unseemly cicatrices, wrinkled faces, and maculæ. (v, 102.) Our author condenses what Galen says under this head. The Arabian authorities treat of it fully, but supply little or no additional information respecting it. See Serapion (De Simpl. 410); Avicenna (ii, 2, 460); Averrhoes (Collig. v, 43); Rhases (Cont. l. ult. i, 428.) They recommend it generally as an astringent in fetor of the armpits, to restrain copious perspiration, to dispel extravasated blood, and remove unseemly cicatrices, and especially the marks of variolæ and morbilli. It does not appear that any of the physicians administered it internally; but Avicenna mentions that he had known women give it in fluxes and ulceration of the intestines. Ebn Baithar is very full on this head (ii, 513.) One of his Arabian authorities, Ibn Ben Amram, recommends it in diarrhœa, as a clyster to stop the discharge; and mixed up with vinegar and rose-oil, it is said to be useful in congenital hernia and other complaints about the scrotum.
Lapides, Stones; all kinds are desiccative like earth; but the Hæmatites, or Blood-stone, is astringent and desiccative in a considerable degree, so that it agrees with trachoma of the eyelids, and if they are free from inflammation it is to be used with water; but if inflamed, with an egg. It is drunk also with advantage for spitting of blood; and it restrains the fungous flesh of ulcers. The Schistos or Scissilis has similar properties, but is weaker: and after it the Galactites, or Milk-stone. The Melititis, or Honey-stone, has also a certain degree of heat. The Moroxus (called also Leucographis), being so much softer than the others, and possessing no active quality, is much more mild, and occasions less pain; it is, therefore, used as an application to the soft parts of the body with cerate for the cicatrization of ulcers. The greenish Jasper, being possessed of stronger powers, attenuates cicatrices and pterygia. The Green Jasper is useful in stomach complaints, when appended as an amulet, and when worn in a ring. That called the Judaic-stone breaks renal calculi, and hence the moderns have called it Tecolithos. The Pyrites acts as a powerful discutient of tumours and coagula; and when it is not at hand, the Molaris may be used instead. The Phrygian, in addition to being powerfully desiccative, has also some astringency and pungency; hence it is repellent and discutient, and is therefore mixed up with ophthalmic remedies. The Ageratus, being possessed of astringent and discutient powers, is of use in inflammations of the uvula. The flower of the Asian-stone is composed of so subtile parts that it corrodes flabby flesh without pungency. The Gagate-stone, being considerably desiccative, agrees principally with chronic cases of emphysema. The Magnet (called also the Heraclean-stone) has similar powers to the Hæmatites. The Arabian-stone is like ivory, desiccative and detergent. Some give those affected with stomach complaints a draught composed of burnt Alabaster. The Smeris, Emery, having detergent powers, cleanses the teeth. The stones found in Sponges break down renal calculi; and those formed on the Argæan mountain of Cappadocia are possessed of similar powers, and in like manner the stone called Ophites, which is appended as an amulet with advantage to those bitten by the viper. The Ostracites and Geodes are said to be considerably desiccative so as to cure inflammatory swellings. The Retrimentum Naxiæ cotis, filings of the Naxian Whetstone, is said to be refrigerant, so as to repress the breasts of virgins, and the testicles of children. The filings of the Cos oleraria, being detergent, suit with alopecia. It is said that the Hieracites and Indian-stone, when appended as amulets, stop the discharge of blood from hemorrhoids, and that the Sapphire, when drunk, relieves persons bitten by the scorpion, and the Aphroselinum, epileptics. The Armenian-stone purges the belly downwards, but is prejudicial to the stomach.
Commentary. The following account of the stones used by the ancients in the practice of medicine is derived from a careful study of the ancient writers on this subject, especially Theophrastus, Pliny, Orpheus, and Psellus. We have also availed ourselves freely of the labours of the modern commentators who have written on these ancient authors, namely, De Laet, De Boet, Marbodeus, Hill, and others. For a fuller description of some of the articles, we would beg to refer to our Appendix to Dunbar’s English and Greek Lexicon.
The Hæmatites or Blood-stone was so called from its colour, or because it was used as a styptic for stopping hemorrhages, as stated by Galen. It consists principally of the oxide of iron. Professor Cleaveland says it contains from 60 to 80 per cent. of iron of excellent quality. It was used for the cure of ophthalmy. See Dioscorides (v, 143); Galen (De Simpl. ix); Serapion (De Simpl. 421.) They also recommend it in menorrhagia. Alexander praises it in hæmoptysis. Averrhoes recommends it in diseases of the eyelids and eyes. (Collig. iv, 43.) Dr. Hill says it is accounted astringent and desiccative. He adds, “it is given from 10 to 25 grains in hemorrhages and in distemperatures of the eyes.” Besides this, the ancients were acquainted with another Blood-stone which they call Heliotrope.
The Schistos is only a variety of the hæmatites, having a fibrous appearance and ochre colour. Pliny says it is used in diseases of the eyes.
The Lapis Melitites of Pliny is supposed by Dr. Kidd to have been borax, or the borate of soda. Pliny recommends it mixed with wax for ulcers of the throat. (H. N. xxxvi, 33.) See Isidorus (Orig. xvi, 4.) It seems likely that it was the same as the tincar of the Arabians, although on this point we do not venture to pronounce a decided opinion. One of Serapion’s authorities speaks highly of it in caries of the teeth, and says it kills the worms in them. Is this the original of the popular belief, that toothache is connected with worms in the teeth? (De Simpl. 423.)
The Galactites most probably consisted principally of chalk. Matthiolus and Sprengel mention that it is found in Saxony. Dr. Hill remarks that it is, properly speaking, a species of indurated clay, and not a stone. Dr. Jameson conjectures that it may have been Fuller’s earth. Dioscorides recommends it as a liniment in defluxions of the eyes. (v, 149.)
The Morochthus, according to Sprengel, is called Speckstein and Seifenstein in German. It consists of talc, argil, and silica, with a small proportion of iron and manganese. Dr. Hill says it is an indurated clay, and is now known by the name of French chalk. Dioscorides recommends it in hæmoptysis, cæliac affections, and pains of the bladder; and for the cure of fluor albus on pessaries. (v, 151.) Avicenna speaks favorably of it also in fistula lachrymalis. (ii, 2, 431.)
The Achates, or Agate, is well described by Orpheus, and recommended as a remedy for fever and various other complaints. It does not seem to be noticed by the medical authorities.
The ancients were acquainted with several varieties of Jasper. See Pliny (H. N. xxxvii, 37.) They contained talc and various other ingredients. Dioscorides recommends it solely as a phylactery or amulet to expedite delivery. (v, 159.) Galen and Avicenna speak of its being useful as an amulet in affections of the stomach and bowels. The latter calls it Lapis aneseb. (ii, 2, 408.) Even in modern times the Jasper has been celebrated as an amulet. See Andreas Laurentius (De Mirab. Strum. Sanat. 69), and Hill (Mat. Med. 276.)
The Judaic-stone appears to be the Tecolithos of Pliny. It is now ascertained that it is formed from the quills of the Echinus Marinus, impregnated with calcareous earth, silica, and perhaps some magnesia. Most of the ancient authorities commend it as a lithontriptic. V. Harduin in Plin. H. N. xxxvii, 68. Dioscorides recommends it not only as a lithontriptic medicine, but a remedy for dysuria in general. (v, 154.) Galen and Serapion also affirm that they had experienced good effects from it when given in calculus of the kidneys or bladder. See in particular Serapion (c. 390.) Rhases, however, affirms that he had tried the lapis vesicæ, by which he probably means this article, but had not found it to be lithontriptic. (Cont. l. ult. 414.) Dr. Hill says it is, undoubtedly, diuretic, but it is not so certain that it is lithontriptic.
The Pyrites, when burnt, forms an oxide of copper with sulphur. From our author’s account, it is evident that the Molaris nearly resembled it, and the same may be understood from Pliny. It will, of course, be understood that it is the copper pyrites, and not the iron. This is very obvious from the description of it given by Dioscorides. He calls it heating, detergent, and a cleanser of obscurities of the eyes, and recommends it for repressing fungated ulcers. When burnt, he adds, some call it diphryges. It is described under the name of marchasita by Serapion (c. 395), Phases (Cont. l. ult. i, 449), and Avicenna (ii, 2, 464.) They all recommend it with vinegar in leprosy and other obstinate diseases of the skin.
The Phrygian-stone was a pumice with alum and some other ingredients. Dioscorides says it has astringent, cleansing, and moderately escharotic powers, and proves a remedy for burns. (v, 140.) Galen professes to have had great experience of it in diseases of the eyes. (Ed. Basil. t. ii, 122, 208.) See also Avicenna (ii, 2, 405.)
The Ageratus does not occur we believe in Dioscorides or Pliny. Galen calls it a stone which the curriers of leather use. He says it is astringent and acrid, and recommends it particularly in inflamed uvula. Avicenna copies from him. (ii, 2, 409.)
The Anthrax or Carbuncle of the ancients comprehended the ruby and a multitude of other gems of the same colour. It was scarcely used in medicine.
De Boet says that the Asian-stone is light and spongy, and contains alum, nitre, and salt. Dioscorides calls it slightly septic and discutient, and recommends it as an application to old, and more especially fungated, ulcers, and those of a malignant nature. The flower of it, by which was meant an efflorescence on the surface of it, he says does good in phthisis. He further says of it, that a hip-bath prepared with it is highly beneficial in the cure of gout. (v, 141.) Galen and the other authorities treat of it in more general terms. (De Simpl. ix.) See also Serapion, who merely copies from Dioscorides and Galen. (c. 393.)
The Amethyst of our times is the same gem that the ancients knew by this name. Except that it was suspended from the neck as an amulet to prevent drunkenness, we are not aware that it was used in medicine. See Pliny (H. N. xxxvii, 40); Marbodeus (De Lapid. 4.)
The Gagate is a fossil, bituminous substance, containing carbon and ethereal oil. It is jet. The Thracian-stone was similar to it; indeed, we suppose, a variety of it. The Gagate was used by the ancients as a test of epilepsy, and a restorative from hysterical fits. Galen gives an interesting account of his experience in the medicinal use of gagate and Thracian-stone, the result of which is, that he found gagate rather to weaken than increase the powers of the bitumen which he had picked up upon the shores of the Dead Sea; but that as a desiccant, it operated beneficially in the cure of sores, and that not only of recent, but also of sinuous ulcers. (De Simpl. ix.) He mentions that he could not discover the river Gagas in Lycia, from which, according to Dioscorides, this stone derives its name. (Ibid.) There is an interesting description of the Thracian-stone in a passage of Nicander quoted by Galen, under this head, Theriac. (45.) The Arabians who treat of it merely copy from the Greeks. See Rhases (Cont. l. ult. 399, 400), and Avicenna (ii, 2, 107.) Mesue gives a formula for an oil of gagate. (De Oleis, i.)
Aristotle suggests that perhaps the Magnet is animated. (De Anima.) To comprehend his reasons for maintaining this singular opinion, it would be necessary to understand his theory of motion, as fully exposed in his ‘Auscultationes Naturales.’ Lucretius, with considerable ingenuity, attempts to explain the manner in which the magnet attracts iron. (vi, 1000.) Plato (in Timæo) and Hippocrates (De Sterilibus) also allude to its attractive property. Galen recommends it in dropsies. Dioscorides, Galen, and the other Greek authorities treat of it in a very cursory manner, merely stating of it that it has the same virtues as the hæmatite. The Arabians, more especially Serapion, give a much fuller description of it, which at all events identifies the Magnetis or Heraclean-stone of the ancients with our loadstone, that is to say, the magnetic oxide of iron. It was used by the Arabians as an application to poisoned wounds. See Serapion (De Simpl. 394); Avicenna (ii, 2, 463.) It was used in the practice of medicine from the earliest date. See Hippocrates (De Sterilibus.) Ebn Baithar recommends it in pains of the head and feet, if taken hold of, and in cramps. He copies Aëtius. (ii, 25.)
The Arabian-stone is a species of white marble. It is recommended by Dioscorides for hemorrhoids and as a dentifrice. (v, 145.)
The Alabastrites is a thick concrete gypsum. See Kidd’s ‘Mineral.’ (i, 63.) Galen says of it, that when burned it is adapted for medicinal use, and that it is sometimes administered in a draught to persons affected with stomach complaints. Dioscorides speaks of its being applied externally in such cases along with wax; calls it discutient, and says it represses the gums. (v, 152.) It would appear that this article is the Lapis eburneus of Rhases, who calls it an astringent and dentifrice. (Cont. l. ult. i, 395.)
Geoffroy says that the Smiris is the Emery of the shops. It is held by the mineralogists to be a variety of Corundam. See Cleaveland’s ‘Mineral.’ (278.) A specimen of it, from the Isle of Naxos (which may be supposed a good representation of the ancient Smiris), was found by Tennant to consist principally of alumine, with small proportions of silex and oxide of iron. Dioscorides recommends it in looseness of the gums, and as a dentifrice; he ranks it with septic and caustic substances. (v, 165.)
The Stones in Sponges consist principally of the muriate of lime. They were much commended as lithontriptics. See Dioscorides, Pliny, Galen, and Avicenna.
The Ophites is a pellucid stone, so called from its serpentine streaks. It was that variety of serpentine called verde antico. See Jameson’s ‘Mineralogy.’ According to Dioscorides, it was useful as an amulet in the case of persons stung by snakes, and was also reported to be useful in lethargy and headache. (v, 161.) Galen holds it to be lithontriptic. (De Simpl. viii.) The Arabians copy from Dioscorides and Galen. See Avicenna (ii, 2, 406.)
The Ostracites appears to have been petrified oysters. Dioscorides recommends it in menorrhagia, in inflamed breasts, and spreading sores. (v, 164.) Galen also recommends it for clearing the cornea. (De Simpl. viii.) See in like manner Avicenna (ii, 2, 393.)
The Geodes contains iron, argil, and silica. It is nearly allied to the Eagle-stone, and hence it is often called the Bastard Eagle-stone. See Hill’s ‘Theophrastus.’ Dioscorides recommends it as an ophthalmic remedy, and as a liniment for inflammations of the mammæ and testicles. (v, 168.) Avicenna says the vapour of vinegar in which it is dissolved checks the flow of blood and cures hot aspostemes. (ii, 2, 398.)
Matthiolus confesses himself quite unacquainted with the Naxian Whetstone. Sprengel reckons it allied to the Smiris. Galen would rather seem to make it a variety of the Ostracites.
The Lapis Lyncurius of the ancients was our Jacinth or Hyacinth. See Beckmann, and De Laet, ‘de gemmis.’ Dioscorides recommends it in affections of the stomach and bowels. (ii, 100.) Serapion describes minutely the Lapis iacinctus, or hyacinth, but merely mentions of it that it was used as a seal to avert the thunderbolt. (c. 398.) The stone which he describes in the following chapter, would appear decidedly to be the Tourmaline. He calls it Lapis rubeus, seu, hager albuzedi. Used as a seal, he says it dispels bad dreams.
The Cos is composed of a schistose argil. The Cos Olearia would appear to have derived its name from requiring the use of oil to answer the purpose of whetstone. See Pliny (H. N. xxxvi, 47.)
It is impossible to determine accurately the nature of the Hieracites. Aëtius, who has given the fullest account of it, describes it as a darkish green stone.
The Indian-stone would seem to be identical with the Arabian-stone. Rhases (Cont. l. ult. 401.)
The Lydian-stone is ranked by Dr. Thomson as a sub-species of Flint-slate. He remarks that it was used as a touchstone by the ancients.
The Ætites, or Eagle-stone, is a species of oxide of iron. Dr. Hill remarks that custom has given the name of ætites to every fossil that has a loose nucleus within it. The ancients used it very frequently as an amulet and incantation. See particularly Dioscorides and Aëtius. The Arabians also confirm, in the strongest terms, the imaginary efficacy of the Eagle-stone when used as an amulet. That it accelerated the delivery of woman in tedious labours, Serapion and Rhases declare, from ample experience, and that it would produce this beneficial effect on those who had faith in it we can readily believe. Indeed, we have often regretted that such innocent modes of working upon the imagination of women in labour had given place to more dangerous methods of practice in such cases. The Eagle-stone was retained in the English Dispensatory with all its ancient characters as late as Quincy. (165.)
The Thyites, according to Fuchsius, was a Turquoise; but Matthiolus is of a different opinion. Sprengel thinks it may have been a species of turquoise, although not the common one. Dr. Hill says it contains a small quantity of copper, which rendered it a valuable ingredient in collyria. It is prescribed for this purpose by Dioscorides. (v, 153.)
The Amiantus is composed of talc, calcareous and siliceous earth, clay, and a small proportion of iron. It is often confounded with the Alumen plumosum of the ancients, to which it is compared by Dioscorides. He does not mention any medicinal use to which it was applied, but merely states of it that it was used for forming the linum asbestinum. (v, 155.) See further Harduin in Plin. H. N. (xxxvi, 31.)
The Sapphirus of the ancients is supposed by Beckmann to have been the Lapis lazuli. (History of Inventions.) This opinion is now pretty generally established, and yet there is a difficulty attending it; for the Arabians, in treating of the Lapis lazuli, do not quote the descriptions of the sapphirus given by Dioscorides and Galen, but apparently refer to the cyanus. Dioscorides recommends the sapphirus as an alexipharmic, and a remedy for internal ulcerations and diseases of the eyes. (v, 156.) Galen merely recommends it as an antidote to the stings of scorpions. Rhases, under the head of “Lapis lazuli,” quotes Dioscorides as saying of it that it promotes the growth of the eyelashes, that it restrains fungous flesh, is septic, caustic, and ulcerative; and Galen, as saying of it, that it has abstergent powers, with a moderate degree of attenuating and styptic virtues; that it may be mixed in collyria for the eyes, and especially for the eyelids when affected with sharp humours, which it represses, and also prevents the growth of the hairs. (Cont. l. ult. i, 404.) See also Serapion (c. 389); Averrhoes (Collig. v, 43); and Haly Abbas (Pract. ii, 45.)
The Calais of Pliny and the ancients is said by Dr. Hill to be the Turquoise, or Gemma Turcica, which consists principally of lime and iron. See the Thyites.
The Memphites contains bitumen and ethereal oil. It is the retinasphaltum of Mr. Hatchett, or retinite of Jameson. (Mineral, iii, 478.) According to Dioscorides, when rubbed smoothly upon places about to be burnt or cut, it renders them insensible without danger. (v, 157.)
The Selenites consists principally of a compact lamellated gypsum. According to Eustathius, it is the same as the Lychnitis, which Dionysius the geographer describes as resembling fire in lustre. (Orbis. Descrip. 328.) It is soft, pellucid, and colourless. Dioscorides describes it minutely, and mentions of it that it was given as a draught to epileptics, and used as a phylactery by women. He adds, that it was also appended to trees in order to make them keep their fruit. (v, 158.) Rhases, under the head of “lapis lunaris,” copies this chapter of Dioscorides. (Cont. l. ult. i, 405.)
The Lapis Specularis was the same as the Moscovy talc. It was much used by the ancients for windows in place of glass. It is a variety of selenite, or sparry gypsum. See Kidd and Jameson. We have treated of it under the head of Gypsum in the Fifth Book.
The Smaragdus of the ancients is unquestionably referable to our emerald, but there is every reason to believe, also comprehended coloured crystals and certain stones of the jasper kind. It does not occur in the works of Dioscorides or Galen; and, as far as we know, Aëtius is the first medical author who describes it. He says of it, that when roasted and levigated with Attic honey, it cures dimness of vision; that it is most useful in elephantiasis, both externally and internally; and that as an amulet it restrains bleeding. (ii, 39.) We are not aware that any other ancient authority, whether Greek, Roman, or Arabian, has noticed it.
We will treat of the Bezoar-stone and Gall-stone of the bull in the Appendix to this section.
Lithospermon, Gromwel, is the seed of the herb called Aegonychus, of a stony hardness, and white, which, when drunk with white wine, proves lithontriptic and diuretic.
Commentary. Without doubt it is the Lithospermum officinale, or Gromwel. Pliny expresses himself respecting it in the following terms: “Nec quidquam inter herbas majore quidem miraculo aspexi. Tantus est decor, velut aurificum arte alternis inter folia candicantibus margaritis: tam exquisita difficultas lapidis ex herba nascentis.” (H. N. xxvii, 74.) Dioscorides describes it minutely, and, like our author, calls it lithontriptic and diuretic. (iii, 148.) Serapion and Avicenna give it the same characters, which it maintained in modern times, as long as it held a place in the Dispensatory. See the works of Parkinson, Culpeper, and Quincy.
Lini Semen, Linseed, is heating in the first order, and holds the middle rank of diluents and desiccants. When eaten, it is flatulent, even although roasted.
Commentary. It is the seed of the Linum usitatissimum, Angl. Linseed. Dioscorides gives a long account of its medicinal virtues, recommending it externally for ephelides, vari, and other complaints, and internally as an expectorant and aphrodisiacal medicine. He further commends it as an enema in pains of the bowels and womb, and as a hip-bath in inflammations of the uterus. (ii, 125.) Galen, like our author, treats of it in very general terms. The Arabians, and especially Avicenna, give a more circumstantial account of it. (ii, 2, 598.) See Serapion (c. 21); Rhases (Cont. l. ult. 426.) Like Dioscorides, they recommend it as an external application to apostemes of a hard character, and internally for the cure of diseases of the chest and intestines.
Mercurialis, the herb Mercury, is considerably laxative of the belly, and applied in cataplasms it is discutient. It ought to be known that when its seed is rubbed upon those preternatural excrescences of the body, which the vulgar call narphia, it is found to make them disappear. But the seed must be green, and they must be often rubbed with it.
Commentary. Most of the botanical authorities agree that it is the Mercurialis annua, L. It occurs frequently in the Hippocratic treatises as an article of diet and gentle laxative. Dioscorides, who describes it in two separate places of his Materia Medica, (iii, 130 and iv, 188), speaks of it as being a laxative pot-herb, and a medicine of which the decoction in water proves cholagogue and hydragogue. He also alludes to the popular notion that the leaves of the female plant, when applied to a woman’s parts of generation after her menstrual period, will promote conception of a female, while those of the male plant will promote conception of a male. It does not occur in the works of Celsus, nor, as far as we can discover, in those of any of the Arabians, with the exception of Averrhoes, who calls it a gentle purgative of the same class as Cassia fistula, tamarinds, and the like, and says it evacuates yellow bile and phlegm; and boiled in wine proves an excellent application to large sores, and in particular to the ulcers produced by burns. He further recommends its leaves boiled in vinegar for diseases of the spleen, and its flower in a masticatory and errhine. (Collig. v, 42.) What our author says of its virtues in the diseases called narphia, by the vulgar, is taken from Aëtius (i), where, however, the reading is carphia. Galen says of it, “everybody uses the herb mercury for purging the belly.” (De Simpl. Med.) Notwithstanding this testimony, which is, in fact, confirmed by that of all the ancient writers who have treated of it, Bergius says, “Virtus suspecta: vis emolliens nondum ritè nobis constat.” However, Moses Charras, who appears to have written from experience, affirms of it that “it loosens the belly, and provokes the menstruums. The dose is from oz. j to iij.” (Roy. Pharm. 106.) Alston likewise acknowledges its laxative powers. Dr. Hill says of it, “This plant is of an emollient nature, and is eaten by many people in the manner of spinach, which, when cultivated in the garden, it greatly excels. If eaten largely it gently opens the bowels.” (Mat. Med.) It held a place in our Dispensatory as late as Quincy. (106.)
Nitrum, Nitre (or Soda?), is possessed of intermediate powers between the aphronitrum and salts. When burnt it becomes more attenuate and discutient. If taken internally it cuts and attenuates the thick and viscid humours more than any other. The Chalestræan (so called from Chalestra, a place in Thessalonica) is more acrid and desiccative, so that it is used for defluxions from the head, and for arthritic complaints.
Commentary. The following extract from Pliny’s description of the nitrum clearly indicates the substance to which he applies it: “Non est differenda et nitri natura, non multum a sale distans. Exiguum fit apud Medos, canescentibus siccitate convallibus, quod vocant halmyrhaga. Optimum copiosumque in Litis Macedoniæ quod vocant Chalestricum, candidum, purumque, proximum sali. Lacus est nitrosus, exsiliente e medio dulci fonticulo. In Ægypto autem conficitur multo abundantius, sed deterius. Fit pæne eodem modo quo sol, nisi quod salinis mare infundunt, Nilum autem nitrariis.” (H. N. xxxi, 46.) Compare the above with the following account of the native carbonate of soda: “In Egypt it is plentifully found in what are called the Lakes of Natron. These lakes, six in number, are westward of the Nile, not far from Terrana, in a valley surrounded by limestone. The carbonate and muriate of soda exist together in these waters; but when the water is diminished by natural evaporation, these salts are deposited in distinct layers.” (Brogniart, in Cleaveland’s Mineral., 133.) It would be superfluous to bring any further proof that the ancient nitrum generally applies to our natron or the native carbonate of soda. Were the Greeks, Romans, and Arabians then entirely ignorant of saltpetre or the nitrate of potash? This seems incredible, considering how largely it is distributed in Europe, Asia, and Africa; and, therefore, we cannot bring ourselves to think that this mineral can have entirely escaped the observation of the ancients; and if this were the proper place for such a disquisition, we believe that we could state satisfactory reasons for drawing the conclusion, that “nitrum” was applied to it as well as to the other mineral. But at the same time, as mentioned above, we are quite satisfied that by litrum and nitrum the medical authors generally, if not universally, meant the native carbonate of soda. Dioscorides, with regard to its medicinal powers, merely states of it that it has alterative or metasyncritic powers. (v, 129.) We have given his views respecting the Aphronitrum under that head. Our author abridges Galen’s account of it, but omits to mention, as stated by Galen, and also by Aëtius, that the different kinds of nitre were popularly used as counter-agents in cases of poisoning by mushrooms. All the Arabians treat largely of this substance generally under the name of baurach. See Avicenna (ii, 2, 84); Rhases (Cont. l. ult, iii, 115); Mesue (De Simpl. xvii); Serapion (c. 401); Haly Abbas (Pract. ii, 46, 487); Ebn Baithar (i, 187.) Rhases marks what it is: “Nitrum appellatur Arabicè natrum et est simile sali gemmæ.” (Cont. l. ult. ii, 508.) They used it externally for the cure of prurigo and scabies, and as an application to diseased joints, and along with figs to remove dropsical swellings. They recommend an injection of it into the ear for the cure of deafness. The aphronitrum, or African nitrum, is said by Avicenna to be possessed of emetic powers, and that it was more incisive of gross humours than the other varieties of it. It was used by them in cases of poisoning with mushrooms, cantharides, and bull’s blood; and as an application to the bites of mad dogs. Mesue, with his wonted precision, states its powers very distinctly, recommending it, when given by the mouth, in clysters, and in suppositories as an evacuant of crude and viscid phlegm, for colic and affections of the stomach. Like Avicenna, he says that it will sometimes occasion vomiting. His commentator, Costa, has many ingenious observations on the ancient nitrum, which will be found very interesting to those who desire to become better acquainted with this subject. Haly Abbas states that friction with it before the hour of invasion will prevent an attack of ague.
Lonchitis, Rough Spleenwort; the root of that species which has triangular seed, like a spear, resembles that of the carrot, and is diuretic. But the green leaves of that species which resembles the scolopendrium, are agglutinative of wounds; and when dried, and drunk with vinegar, they cure indurated spleens.
Commentary. Our author’s account of the two species of Lonchitis is taken from Dioscorides. Of these, the former, which has been conjectured to be the Serapias Lingua, he says is diuretic. The other, which would seem to be the species of aspidium, to which the name is still appropriated, he calls vulnerary and anti-inflammatory, and recommends for reducing the size of the spleen. Galen and the other authorities give a similar account of it. Such of the Arabians as treat of it follow Dioscorides. See Avicenna (ii, 2, 336.)
Lycopsis, Hound’s-tongue; having an astringent root, Dioscorides says, that when applied with polenta in a cataplasm, it agrees with erysipelas, and that if rubbed in with oil it is sudorific.
Commentary. It is either the Echium Italicum, L., or the Lycopsis echioides, L., probably the former. Our author, as he acknowledges, borrows from Dioscorides. Galen, Aëtius, and Oribasius, as well as Hippocrates and Celsus, do not treat of it at all. If the Arabians notice it, they do so under the head of Anchusa.
Lycium, Buckthorn, is composed of heterogeneous powers, one part of its ingredients being heating, attenuate, and discutient, and the other, or terrene part, being cooling and gently astringent; so that it is desiccative in the second degree, and calefacient and refrigerant in an intermediate degree. They use it, therefore, as a detergent in obstructions of the pupil, and as an astringent in cæliac and dysenteric cases and ill-conditioned ulcers; and in inflammations as a discutient. The Indian is the best.
Commentary. Dioscorides gives a sufficiently distinct description of the tree which produces the lycium, so as to leave no doubt that he points to the Rhamnus infectorius. The Lycium Indicum of the same author, is now satisfactorily determined to be the product of the Berberis Lycium. See Royle (Antiq. of Hind. Med. 32), and ‘Linn. Transact.’ (xvii, 83); also Pereira (Materia Medica, 1152.) Dioscorides recommends the former of these as an astringent for the cure of various complaints, such as obscurities of the cornea, psoriasis, and pruritus of the eyelids, purulent ears and tonsils, ulcers of the gums, chapped lips, fissure of the anus; in cæliac and dysenteric affections, both in draughts and clysters; in hæmoptysis and coughs; in female fluxes, hydrophobia, and so forth. The Indian, he states, cures inflammation of the spleen and jaundice, prevents menstruation, purges water, and is a counter-agent to deadly poisons. (i, 132.) Galen’s account of it being nearly the same as our author’s, we need not expound at any length. He holds that the Indian species is far stronger than the other. (De Simpl. ix.) Oribasius and Aëtius in like manner follow Galen. Celsus recommends lycium strongly in ulceration of the throat. (iv, 4, 3.) As far as we have been able to discover, it does not occur in the works of Hippocrates. The Arabians treat fully of this article. See Rhases (Cont. l. ult. i, 429); Avicenna (ii, 2, 390); Serapion (c. 7); Averrhoes (v, 42.) We do not find that they supply any new views regarding its medicinal virtues. In the modern Greek Pharmacopœia the extract of catechu is set down as being the Lycium Indicum. We agree, however, with the authorities quoted above regarding it.
Lysimachium, Moneywort; its prevailing power is astringency; hence it agglutinates wounds, and is styptic, both itself and its juice. It also relieves dysentery when drunk and injected.
Commentary. The L. of Dioscorides and our author is most probably the Yellow Loose-strife of our English herbalists, namely, Lysimachia vulgaris, L. Our author abridges Dioscorides, who recommends it as an astringent in various cases, such as hæmoptysis, dysentery, fluor albus, hemorrhage from the nose, and as a vulnerary and styptic herb. (iv, 3.) Galen and Aëtius treat of it in nearly the same words as our author. We have not been able to find it in the works of the Arabians, except Ebn Baithar, and yet we do not assert that it may not be treated of under some name which we have not been able to interpret. Ebn Baithar merely quotes Dioscorides and Galen. The lysimachia, although not now included in our Dispensatories, still holds a place in the shops of the apothecaries, with the character of being astringent. See Gray’s Supplement, &c. (48.)
Lychnis, Campion; the seed of that species which is used for garlands is hot and desiccative, according to the second order complete.
Commentary. This plant is the Lychnis coronaria of Dioscorides, and still retains this name. Dioscorides recommends it in the case of persons stung by scorpions. The wild lychnis of Dioscorides may be either the Lychnis dioica or Agrostemma githago; it is said by Dioscorides to be a cholagogue, and a remedy in the case of persons stung by scorpions. (iii, 104-5.) Galen and the other authorities merely state the characters of the Lychnis coronaria in general terms. We have not found this article in any of the Arabians, not even in Ebn Baithar.
Lotus, Bird’s-foot Trefoil (?); the cultivated species is by some called trifolium. It is possessed of detergent and moderately desiccative powers, and is of a proper temperament as to heat. The seed of the wild lotus belongs to the second order of calefacients, and is also somewhat detergent. The seed of the Egyptian lotus is also made into bread. The Lote, or Nettle-tree, consists of subtile particles, and is moderately desiccative and astringent. Hence it is applicable for the female fluor, and for fluxes of the bowels, both when drunk with wine or water, or when used in an injection. It also strengthens the hairs that are falling out.
Commentary. We need not enter further into the literary history of this interesting subject, which we have given at some length in the Appendix, already so often referred to, than to mention that the Lotus, called also Trifolium, is referable to the Melilotus officinalis, and probably some of its congeners, and the Lotus Arbor to the Zizyphus Lotus, with perhaps some other trees of the same tribe. Dr. Lindley says of it, “The Lote-bush, which gave its name to the ancient Lotophagi, is to this day collected for food by the Arabs of Barbary, who call it sadar, and its berries nabk.” (Veg. Kingd. 582.) The wild lotus of Dioscorides and the other authorities has never been satisfactorily determined. Perhaps it was the species of melilotus named cærulea. The Egyptian lotus, there can be no doubt, was the Nymphæa Lotus, L. Dioscorides gives a striking description of this last, which, he says, the inhabitants of Egypt use for making bread; and it is deserving of remark that the rhizomes of the nymphæa are still roasted and eaten by the Negroes of Senegal. See further under Nymphæa in this section. Our author’s characters of the other loti are copied from Dioscorides or Galen, who agree, in the main, under this head. See, in like manner, Aëtius and Oribasius. The Arabians treat at great length of the different loti, and more especially of the L. Arbor, with which they must have been familiarly acquainted. See Avicenna (ii, 2, 298, 513); Serapion (c. 120); Rhases (Cont. l. ult. i, 487); Ebn Baithar (ii, 539.) They all recommend it as a powerful astringent in looseness of the bowels, bloody flux, menorrhagia, ulcers of the bowels, and in asthma and affections of the chest. One of Serapion’s authorities calls it stomachic and a whetter of the appetite. The lotus occurs in the Hippocratic treatises; indeed, from the fable of the Lotophagi, contained in the Odyssey of Homer, there can be no doubt that the lotus had been known and used as an article of food long before the time of Hippocrates.
Macer is a bark brought from India, being desiccative in the third order, and intermediate as to heating and cooling properties. It consists of subtile particles, and is astringent; hence it agrees with cæliac and dysenteric complaints.
Commentary. Under this head we cannot do better than quote the words of an excellent living authority: “Macer, a bark from the Barbaric region, has been thought to be Wrightia antidysenterica, supposing this to be the macre described by Crist. d’Acosta. (Clus. Exot. 266.) Though macer is always described as a bark, I had given me as such the highly aromatic leaves of Rhododendron lepidotum under the name of talisfur. Mafur and mafurbooz are in Persian works assigned as the Greek names of talisafar, under which name the macer of Dioscorides is alluded to by Avicenna.” (Antiq. of Hindoo Med. 91, by Dr. Royle). Though the macer of the Greeks, then, was different from mace, there can be no doubt that the Arabians confounded the two substances together. Thus Avicenna, in his chapter on mace, quotes the words of Paulus on the macer. (ii, 2, 448.) Serapion in like manner, under mace, which he correctly describes as the rind or membrane of the nutmeg, gives the characters of macer from Dioscorides. (De Simpl. 2.)
Malabathrum; the leaf of it has powers like the spikenard.
Commentary. Dr. Ainslie, treating of the Cassia Lignea, or Cassia bark, says, “the narrow-pointed leaves of the Laurus Cassia, as well as the oblong, ovate, shining leaves of the Cinnamon-tree, are sold in the Indian bazaars under the names of lawangapatery and tejpat, from a notion that they are the leaves of the Laurus Cassia. In commerce these leaves are called Folia Indica, or Malabathra, a name which more especially applies to the leaves of the Laurus Cassia.” (Med. Ind. § 35.) Geoffroy, Sprengel, and Royle also agree in holding the Cassia, or Cinnamon-leaf, to be the Folium Indicum. Dr. Sontheimer, then, in his translation of Ibn Baithar, makes it to be a peculiar species of Laurus, calling it Laurus Malabathrum, and Dr. Pereira does the same. In the modern Greek Pharmacopœia, the query is put whether the Cassia-buds be the product of Laurus Cassia, or L. Malabathrum. Isidorus says of it, “Folium dictum quod sine ulla radice innatans in Indiæ littoribus colligitur.” (Orig. xviii, 9.) It is always simply called Folium by Apicius. Horace applies the word to an ointment. “Malabathro Syrio capillos,” (Od. ii, 7); on which passage his commentator, Porphyrion, remarks, “Malabathrum unguenti speciem esse scimus.” This is the Unguentum Malabathrinum of Dioscorides. (i, 76.) The ancients, as Dr. Hill remarks, have said much of the virtues of Malabathrum. They call it stomachic, sudorific, and cephalic. Dioscorides ascribes to it all the virtues of the Indian spikenard; but he says it possesses them in a superior degree. He also mentions it as a scent. (i, 11.) Galen and the other Greek authorities, like our author, dismiss it with a brief notice, comparing it to spikenard. The Arabians treat of it at greater length, but do little more, after all, than copy the characters of it given by Dioscorides. See Avicenna (ii, 2, 253); Serapion (c. 53.) It occurs only once in the works of Celsus (v, 23), as an ingredient, in one of his antidotes; and does not occur at all, we believe, in the Hippocratic Collection.