| Byzas of Megara founded Byzantium |
about B. C. 658 |
| Darius Hystaspes, King of Persia |
515 |
| Pausanias of Sparta |
478 |
| First Athenian (Delian) League |
477 |
| Sparta |
440 |
| Alcibiades of Athens |
408 |
| Lysander of Sparta |
405 |
| Spartan League |
404 |
| Thrasybulus of Athens |
390 |
| Second Athenian League |
378 |
| League of Byzantium, Caria, Chios, Cos, and Rhodes |
357 |
| Alexander the Great |
334 |
| Rome |
196 |
| The Free City of Byzantium |
64 |
| Septimius Severus destroyed Byzantium and renamed it Augusta Antonina |
A. D. 196 |
| Constantine the Great |
323 |
| Dedicated New Rome |
330 |
| Constantius II |
337 |
| Julian the Apostate |
361 |
| Jovian |
363 |
| Valens |
364 |
| Theodosius I, the Great |
378 |
| Arcadius |
395 |
| Theodosius II |
408 |
| Marcian |
450 |
| Leo I |
457 |
| Leo II |
474 |
| Zeno |
474 |
| Anastasius I |
491 |
| Justin I |
518 |
| Justinian I, the Great |
527 |
| Justin II |
565 |
| Tiberius |
578 |
| Maurice |
582 |
| Phocas |
602 |
| Heraclius |
610 |
| Heraclius Constantine III and Heracleonas |
641 |
| Constans II |
642 |
| Constantine IV |
668 |
| Justinian II |
685 |
| Leontius |
695 |
| Tiberius III |
697 |
| Justinian II (restored) |
705 |
| Philippicus |
711 |
| Anastasius II |
713 |
| Theodosius III |
715 |
| Leo III, the Isaurian |
717 |
| Constantine V Copronymus |
740 |
| Leo IV |
775 |
| Constantine VI |
779 |
| Irene |
797 |
| Nicephorus I |
802 |
| Stauracius |
811 |
| Michael I Rhangabe |
811 |
| Leo V, the Armenian |
813 |
| Michael II, the Amorian |
820 |
| Theophilus |
829 |
| Michael III |
842 |
| Basil I, the Macedonian |
867 |
| Leo VI, the Wise |
886 |
| Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus |
912 |
| Co-emperors: |
|
| Alexander |
912-913 |
| Romanus I Lecapenus |
991-945 |
| Constantine VIII and Stephanus reigned five weeks in |
944 |
| Romanus II |
958 |
| Basil II, the Slayer of the Bulgarians |
963 |
| Co-emperors: |
|
| Nicephorus II Phocas |
965-969 |
| John I Zimisces |
969-976 |
| Constantine IX |
976-1025 |
| Constantine IX (sole emperor) |
1025 |
| Romanus III Argyrus |
1028 |
| Michael IV |
1034 |
| Michael V |
1042 |
| Theodora and Zoe |
1042 |
| Constantine X Monomachus |
1042 |
| Theodora (restored) |
1054 |
| Michael VI Stratioticus |
1056 |
| Isaac I Comnenus |
1057 |
| Constantine XI Ducas |
1059 |
| Michael VII Ducas and Romanus IV Diogenes |
1067 |
| Nicephorus III Botoniates |
1078 |
| Alexius I Comnenus |
1081 |
| John II Comnenus |
1118 |
| Manuel I Comnenus |
1143 |
| Alexius II Comnenus |
1180 |
| Andronicus I Comnenus |
1183 |
| Isaac II Angelus |
1185 |
| Alexius III Angelus |
1195 |
| Isaac II Angelus (restored) and Alexius IV Angelus |
1203 |
| Nicholas Canabus |
1204 |
| Alexius V Ducas, Murtzuphlus |
1204 |
| Baldwin I (Count of Flanders) |
1204 |
| Henry |
1205 |
| Peter |
1217 |
| Robert |
1219 |
| John of Brienne |
1228 |
| Baldwin II |
1237 |
| Michael VIII Palæologus (fifth emperor of Nicæa; succeeded 1260) |
1261 |
| Andronicus II Palæologus |
1282 |
| Co-emperor: Michael IX |
1295-1320 |
| Andronicus III Palæologus |
1328 |
| John V Palæologus |
1341 |
| Co-emperor: John VI Cantacuzene |
1341-1355 |
| Manuel II Palæologus |
1391 |
| John VII Palæologus |
1425 |
| Constantine XII Palæologus |
1448 |
| Mehmed II, the Conqueror (seventh Ottoman sultan; succeeded 1451) |
1453 |
| Baïezid II |
1481 |
| Selim I |
1512 |
| Süleïman I, the Magnificent |
1520 |
| Selim II |
1566 |
| Mourad III |
1574 |
| Mehmed III |
1595 |
| Ahmed I |
1603 |
| Moustafa I |
1617 |
| Osman II |
1618 |
| Moustafa I (restored) |
1622 |
| Mourad IV |
1623 |
| Ibrahim |
1640 |
| Mehmed IV |
1649 |
| Süleïman II |
1687 |
| Ahmed II |
1691 |
| Moustafa II |
1695 |
| Ahmed III |
1703 |
| Mahmoud I |
1730 |
| Osman III |
1754 |
| Moustafa III |
1757 |
| Abd ül Hamid I |
1774 |
| Selim III |
1788 |
| Moustafa IV |
1807 |
| Mahmoud II, the Reformer |
1808 |
| Abd ül Mejid |
1839 |
| Abd ül Aziz |
1861 |
| Mourad V |
1876 |
| Abd ül Hamid II |
1876 |
| Mehmed V |
1909 |