[162] Tac. An. xi. 24; Dessau, Inscrip. Lat. Sel. i. 212.
[163] Ammian. xv. 11. 5 ‘Aquitani ... facile in dicionem venere Romanam’.
[164] Even the inscriptions give no help, for they are drawn up in formal phrases.
[165] Cf. Lavisse, Hist. de France, i. 3. 338.
[166] Tac. Hist. iv. 55-9.
[167] Historical Essays, iii. 80.
[168] iv. 4. 2.
[169] Trebellius, Script. Hist. Aug. xxiii. 4 ‘Galli ... quibus insitum est, leves ... et luxuriosos principes ferre non posse’.
[170] Ammian. xv. 6. 4.
[171] Script. Hist. Aug. xviii. 60. 6.
[172] Zos. vi. 5 ὁ Ἀρμόριχος ἅπας καὶ ἕτεραι Γαλατῶν ἐπαρχίαι ... ἐκβάλλουσαι μὲν τοὺς Ῥωμαίους ἄρχοντας, οἰκεῖον δὲ κατ’ ἐζουσίαν πολίτευμα καθιστᾶσαι....
[173] ‘Galliaque quae semper praesidet atque praesedit huic imperio ... se suasque vires non tradidit, sed opposuit Antonio’, Phil. v. 13. 37. Cf. iv. 4, and Ep. ad Fam. xii. 5 ‘totam Galliam tenebamus studiosissimam Reipublicae’.
[174] Nat. Hist. iii. 4.
[175] De Consul. Stilich. iii. 53.
[176] Carm. Min. 30. 61. Cf. In Eutrop. ii. 248.
[177] Pan. Lat. v. 2 ff.
[178] ‘Constituta enim et in perpetuum Roma fundata est, omnibus qui statum eius labefactare poterant cum stirpe deletis’, Pan. Lat. iv. 6 and 31.
[179] De Reditu, i. 19 ff.
[180] Bury-Gibbon, iii. 234.
[181] i. 51 ff.
[182] i. 95.
[183] De Consul. Stil. i. 192.
[184] Pan. Lat. v. 7.
[185] It must, however, be admitted that the local provenance of the marble at Martres Tolosanes is disputed by some authorities, e.g. Espérandieu, Les Bas-reliefs de la Gaule romaine, vol. ii, p. 29.
[186] Déchelette, Les Vases céramiques ornés de la Gaule romaine.
[187] Cf. Pichon, Études sur la Litt. lat. dans les Gaules, i. 110 ff.
[188] Cf. Constantine’s treatment of the Franks, Pan. Lat. vi. 10. 12.
[189] ‘Terram Bataviam ... a diversis Francorum gentibus occupatam, omni hoste purgavit, nec contentus vicisse, ipsas in Romanas transtulit nationes, ut non solum arma, sed etiam feritatem ponere cogerentur’, Pan. Lat. vi. 5.
[190] Pan. Lat. vi. 6.
[191] Life and Letters in the Fourth Century, p. 3.
[192] E. W. Watson, Hilary of Poitiers, Introd., ii.
[193] Ep. ix. 11. 2.
[194] Ep. viii. 6. 9 (Seeck).
[195] ‘Romanum denique eloquium non suis regionibus invenisti, et ibi te Tulliana lectio disertum reddidit ubi quondam Gallica lingua resonavit. Ubi sunt qui litteras Latinas Romae, non etiam alibi asserunt esse discendas? ... mittit et Liguria Tullios suos’, Variarum, viii. 12; Migne, Pan. Lat. lxix, p. 745.
[196] ‘Neque enim ignoro quanto inferiora nostra sint ingeniis Romanis. Siquidem Latine et diserte loqui illis ingeneratum est ... ex illo fonte et capite imitatio nostra derivat’, Pan. Lat. xii. 1. 2.
[197] As we gather from his references to the Rhine defences (§ 2).
[198] According to G. Baehrens.
[199] Cf. Freeman, Historical Essays, Ser. III, 119: ‘The panegyrist, at all events in addressing princes, some of whom were certainly very far from fools, is not likely to venture on much in the way of mere invention. He will leave out a great deal, he will exaggerate a great deal, he will pervert his own moral sense to praise a great deal that ought to be blamed: but the main facts which he asserts are pretty sure to have happened much as he states them. He is a fairly good authority for positive facts, bad for negative ones.’ Cf. Pichon, Études sur la Litt. lat. dans les Gaules, i. 74.
[200] Suet. Gram. 3.
[201] Ritter has pointed out that Maternus was a Gaul in his 1848 edition of Dialog., ch. 10.
[202] Suet. Gram. 7.
[203] Suet. Gram. 11 ‘peridoneus praeceptor maxime ad poeticam tendentibus’.
[204] In the list of rhetors left by Suetonius, incorporated by Jerome in his translation of Eusebius’s Chronicle, which also includes Pacatus and Gabinianus who taught in the first century A.D. under Tiberius and Augustus at Massilia, Statius Ursulus of Toulouse, famous as a rhetor under Nero, and his contemporary Domitius Afer of Nîmes.
[205] Recueil des Hist., i, Intro., p. lxxvii.
[206] Cf. Bulaeus, Hist. Univ. Paris. i. 19.
[207] ‘Les Prem. Univ. Franç.’, Rev. intern. de l’Enseignement, 1893.
[208] Tac. An. xi. 24.
[209] Mart. Epigr. ix. 99. Cf. Auson. Parent. iii. 11; Prof. xix. 4; Sidon. Carm. vii. 437.
[210] Epigr. vii. 88:
[211] Agric. 21. Cf. Juv. xv. 111 ‘Gallia causidicos docuit facunda Britannos’.
[212] i.e. ‘The Britons had a natural capacity superior to that of the Gauls ... they only needed the same training to make them better orators’ (Furneaux, ad loc.).
[213] Praef. Herac. 8.
[214] Noct. Att. xv. 1.
[215] ‘Quasi ex lingua prorsum eius capti prosequebamur,’ ibid. xvi. 3.
[216] Noct. Att. xviii. 5.
[217] Ibid. xvii. 5.
[218] Monnard, De Gallorum Oratorio Ingenio, 37.
[219] Monnard, l.c.
[220] Elegantiora studia ... novas quasi receperunt vires, et insignem recuperandam linguae promiserunt dignitatem, quod in eius (Latinae linguae) cultum et optimas litteras perpoliendas propagandasque cum veteribus magistris sanctioris doctrinae praesides conspirarent’, Funccius, De Vegeta Latinae Linguae Senectute.
[221] ‘Rhetoribus et philosophis per omnes provincias salaria et honores detulit’, Script. Hist. Aug. iii. 11. 3.
[222] C. Fronto, Reliquiae, ed. Niebuhr, 271.
[223] Histoire litt. de la France, i. 309.
[224] Ibid. 314.
[225] Script. Hist. Aug. xxviii. 30. 31.
[226] Ibid. 44. 4. He favoured the study of law in the provinces.
[227] Pan. Lat. ii. 4 ‘Florentissimas quondam antiquissimasque urbes barbari possidebant. Gallorum ita celebrata nobilitas aut ferro occiderat, aut immitibus addicta dominis serviebat. Porro aliae, quas a vastitate barbarica terrarum intervalla distulerant, iudicum nomine a nefariis latronibus obtinebantur.... Nemo ab iniuria liber, nemo intactus a contumelia.’
[228] ‘Ab arcanis sacrorum penetralium ad privata Musarum adyta’, Eum. Pro Instaurandis Scholis, Pan. Lat. ix, § 6 ff.
[229] An. iii. 43.
[230] Pro Inst. Schol. 4 ‘Latrocinio Bagaudicae rebellionis obsessa (civitas)‘.
[231] The origin of the name is doubtful. Bulaeus (Hist. Univ. Paris. i. 25) thinks that there may have been a founder Maenius, or that it may have been near the town wall (prope moenia). Lavisse favours moenianum in the sense of a portico on which were displayed maps of the Empire (Hist. de France, i. 3. 367). Lewis and Short give Maenianum, gallery, balcony (Cic. Suet.).
[232] Lipsius, quoted Bulaeus, Hist. Univ. Paris, i. 25 ff.
[233] Ibid.
[234] Cf. Jullian, ‘Les Prem. Univ. Franç.’, Rev. intern. de l’Enseignement, 1893.
[235] Ibid.
[236] Antike Kunstprosa, ii. 631. Cf. Dill, Roman Society during Last Century of Western Empire, p. 406; Guizot, Hist. of Civilization (transl. Hazlitt), i. 349.
[237] The struggles of Julian, Valentinian I, and Gratian against the barbarians were confined to the North and did not affect the main centre of Gallic education—Aquitaine.
[239] Bissula, Praef.
[240] ‘Les Prem. Univ. Franç.’, Rev. internat. de l’Enseignement, 1893.
[241] Pan. Lat. iii. 20 ‘multi laboris et minimi usus negotium’.
[242] ‘Fuligine et aranearum telis omnia Romae templa cooperta sunt ... dii quondam nationum cum bubonibus et noctuis in solis culminibus remanserunt ... iam et Aegyptius Serapis factus est Christianus ... de India, Perside et Aethiopia monachorum cotidie turbas suscipimus; deposuit pharetras Armenius, Huni discunt psalterium, Scythia frigora fervent calore fidei ...’, Jer. Epist. cvii. 1, 2.
[243] Ibid.
[244] Cf. Speck, Quaestiones Ausonianae, pp. 3 ff.; Glover, Life and Letters in the Fourth Century, pp. 109 ff.; and almost every writer on Ausonius.
[245] Pro Instaur. Scholis, 11 ‘Hoc ego salarium ... expensum referre patriae meae cupio, et ad restitutionem huius operis ... destinare’.
[246] Domes. iv.
[247] Parent. iv. 17-20.
[248] Parent. vi.
[249] Prof. xi.
[250] Parent. iii.
[251] Pan. de Quarto Consulatu Honorii, 582 (ed. Koch):
[252] Ep. vi. 34, ed. Seeck.
[253] Ep. ix. 88 ‘Gallicanae facundiae haustus requiro’.
[254] Chronicon (Migne, Pat. Lat. xxvii. 687) ‘A.D. 358 Alcimus et Delphidius rhetores in Aquitania florentissime docent’, and in the same year ‘Minervius Burdigalensis rhetor Romae florentissime docet’.
[255] Ep. 125. 6.
[256] Ebert, Gesch. des Mittelalters, p. 365, ‘der offenbar mit vielem Erfolg die noch immer hervorragenden Schulen seiner Heimath besucht hatte’.
[257] Ep. v. 5. 1 (Oxford Trans. by O. M. Dalton).
[258] ‘Quae ille propositionibus aenigmata, sententiis schemata, versibus commata, digitis mechanemata fecit!’ Ep. i. 9. 1.
[259] Ep. i. 11. 11.
[260] Ep. ii. 1. 2.
[261] Ep. iii. 3. 2 ‘nunc etiam Camenalibus modis imbuebatur’.
[262] Cf. Fauriel, Hist. de la Gaule, i. 407: ‘Dans ce siècle (5ᵉ) comme aux précédents, les Gallo-Romains cultivèrent toutes les branches du savoir et du génie romains.’
[263] Mayor, Latin Heptateuch, p. liv.
[264] Cf. Jerome, Ep. 83.
[265] Ep. ii. 8. 2; ii. 10. 3; iii. 12. 5, &c.
[266] Ep. iv. 8. 4.
[267] Ep. ii. 10. 5.
[268] The Monks of the West, v. 105. He quotes Mabillon, Traité, i. 13, 14.
[269] Ibid., p. 108. Montalembert adds Arabic, but this would be an anachronism for our period. He quotes Bede, Hist. Eccl. iv. 2 (sixth cent., but true of our period also) ‘Litteris sacris simul et saecularibus abundanter ambo erant instructi ... ita ut etiam metricae artis astronomiae et arithmeticae ecclesiasticae disciplinam inter sacrorum apicum (writings) volumina suis auditoribus contraderent.’
[270] Ep. 120 and 121.
[271] Ep. 107.
[272] Reg. ad Monachos, Migne, Pat. Lat. lxvii. 1100, rule xiv.
[273] e.g. Augustine on Pelagianism, and Pomerius on the nature of the soul. Kaufmann, Rhetoren und Kloster-Schulen, p. 56.
[274] Migne, Pat. Lat. l. 773.
[275] Cf. Salonius’s exposition of the Proverbs to Veranius, and the letters of Jerome.
[276] Cf. Life of Martin, 1.
[277] Cf. Sulpic. Sever. Dial. i. 23.
[278] Cf. Meyer, Die Legende des heiligen Albanus, p. 5, on the hagiographical literature of the early Church: ‘Die glänzenden Gedanken und die glänzende Darstellung der Cecilialegende entspricht der feinen Kultur Roms im 5. Jahrhundert.’
[279] C. I. L. xii. 1921 (grammati probably = γραμματεῖ).
[280] C. I. L. xii. 2039.
[281] Boissieu, Inscrip. de Lyon, p. 548.
[282] Ep. v. 17.
[283] Migne, Pat. Lat. xxvii. 687.
[284] ‘Sed dum cogito me hominem Gallum inter Aquitanos verba facturum, vereor ne offendat vestras nimium urbanas aures sermo rusticior’, Dial. i. 27.
[285] De Gub. Dei, vii. 8 ‘Aquitanos ... medullam fere omnium Galliarum’.
[286] Ep. ix. 44 (ed. Seeck).
[287] Prof. xx.
[288] Ep. xi (Iculisma).
[289] Prof. x.
[290] Epigr. x.
[291] Parent. iii.
[292] Cf. Jullian, Rev. internat. de l’Enseignement, pp. 24 ff.
[293] Strabo, iv. 190.
[294] Jung, Roman. Landschaften, p. 231.
[295] Jullian, Hist. de Bordeaux, p. 42.
[296] Rev. internat. de l’Enseignement, 1893, pp. 25 ff.
[297] Cf. Jung, De Scholis Romanis in Gallia Comata, p. 5.
[298] Prof. xxv. 8.
[299] Praef. 2.
[300] Lavisse, Hist. de France, I. ii. 395.
[301] Pro Instaur. Schol. 5. Cf. 20 ‘antiqua litterarum sede’.
[302] Cf. Lavisse, Hist. de France, loc. cit.
[303] Mosella, 383.
[304] Misopogon, 342, ed. Hertlein: ἡ Κελτῶν ... ἀγροικία.
[305] Mis. 348 C, and compare 349 D.
[306] ὥσπερ τις κυνηγέτης ἀγρίοις ὁμιλῶν καὶ συμπλεκόμενος θηρίοις, ibid. 359 Β.
[307] Ibid. 350 D.
[308] Epigr. ix. 32.
[309] Mart. Epigr. v. 1. 10 ‘et tumidus Galla credulitate fruar’. Strabo, iv. 4. 2, speaks of the race as ἁπλοῦν (ingenio simplici).
[310] Migne, Pat. Lat. xxvi. 355.
[311] Jullian, Rev. intern. de l’Enseignement, 1893.
[312] Orat. iii. 124.
[313] B. G. vii. 22.
[314] Diodor. v. 31.
[315] Stromatum lib. i; Migne, Pat. Graeca, viii. 776, 777.
[316] Pan. de Quarto Consul. Honor. 392 ‘animosa tuas ut Galli a leges audiat’.
[317] Bell. Gall. iv. 5. Cf. vii. 42.
[318] Epigr. viii ff.
[319] Prof. x.
[320] Jung, De Scholis Roman., p. 15.
[321] Cf. Tac. Agric. 11; Strabo, iv. 4. 2.
[322] Liban. Orat., ed. Reiske, iii. 255 ff., and cf. Or. 32 πρὸς τὰς παιδαγωγοῦ βλασφημίας.
Carm. xxiii. 206 (vitrei. He apparently regards ‘Hippocrene’ as masc. as in Carm. ix. 285).
[324] Ibid. 210-14.
[325] Ibid. 439.
[326] Ibid. 490.
[327] Ep. iv. 12. 1.
[328] Cf. verses 89 ff. and 121 ff.