[496] Bury-Gibbon, ii. 172.
[497] Antecessor, used in late Latin in the sense of ‘teacher’. Cf. Tertull. Adv. Marcionem, i. 20 ‘ab illo certe Paulo qui ... tunc primum cum antecessoribus apostolis conferebat’ (Corp. Script. Eccl. Lat. xlvii, p. 315).
[498] Cf. Aul. Gell. N. A. xiii. 10.
[499] Justin. Digest. I. ii.
[500] Justinian, Corpus Iuris Civilis, vol. ii, ed. Krueger, ii. 7. 11.
[501] Corp. Iur. Civ., l.c., 23 ff.
[502] xxx. 4. 8 ff.
[503] Ibid.
[504] Ep. ii. 1. 2.
[505] Ep. vi. 3.
[506] Gesch. des gallo-fränk. Unterrichts- u. Bildungswesens, p. 78.
[507] The Schola Medicorum on the Esquiline (C. I. L. vi. 5. 978) is rejected by Reinach, Dict. des Antiquités, s.v. Medicus.
[508] Prof. xxvi.
[509] ‘Crinas quidam, Nerone Claudio imperatore, primus, ut creditur, medicinae scientiam atque usum in schola Massiliensi provexit: et ita in eo studio profecit ut si cum aliis eiusdem artis professoribus conferatur longe omnes superasse videatur’, Bulaeus, Hist. Univ. Parisiensis, i. 19. See also Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxix. 1. 5, where he also mentions Charmis, another Massilian. Cf. Galen, viii. 727, xiii. 855, for the Massilian oculist Demosthenes.
[510] Galen, vol. xiv, p. 177 (ed. Kühn), περὶ ἀντιδότων. Cf. περὶ συνθέσεως φαρμάκων, vol. xiii, p. 71.
[511] ‘Nec solum veteres medicinae artis auctores ... cui rei operam uterque Plinius et Apuleius ... aliique non nulli, etiam proximo tempore illustres nonoribus viri, cives ac maiores nostri Siburius, Eutropius atque Ausonius commodarunt, lectione scrutatus sum ...’, Marcellus, De Medicamentis, ed. Helmreich. For the power which these doctors had at the imperial court v. Hist. litt. de la France, ii. 49.
[512] Cf. Galen, vol. xiv, p. 459 (ed. Kühn).
[513] See Geyer on ‘Traces of Gallic Latin in Marcellus’, Archiv für lat. Lexicographie, viii. 4, p. 419.
[514] Hist. litt. de la France, ii. 52.
[515] Parent. vi.
[516] Daremberg-Saglio, s.v. Medicus.
[517] Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 3.
[518] See p. 87, supra, n. 3.
[519] Nat. Hist. xxix. 1. 8.
[520] Ep. ad Traian. v, ed. Kukula.
[521] Ael. Spart. Vita Hadr. 25.
[522] ‘Medicinae autem ... ita studia augentur in dies ut, licet opus ipsum refellat, pro omni tamen experimento sufficiat medico ad commendandam artis auctoritatem, si Alexandriae se dixerit eruditum’, Ammian. xxii. 16. 18.
[523] Quoted Denk, op. cit., p. 139.
[524] Cf. Martial, v. 9, to the doctor after treatment: ‘non habui febrem, Symmache, nunc habeo’.
[525] Cantor, Die röm. Agrimensoren, p. 139.
[526] Cod. Theod. ii. 26. 1 (A.D. 330); ii. 26. 4 (A.D. 385).
[527] Cod. Theod. vi. 34 (A.D. 405).
[528] Mommsen, in Die Schriften der röm. Feldmesser, ii. 174.
[529] Ibid. i. 50. So Aggenus Urbicus, who probably lived in the fourth century.
[530] Ibid. i. 29. Gaul is frequently mentioned in the writings of these agrimensores, e.g. i. 29, 136, 307, 353, 368, &c.
[531] Ecl. x. Cf. another version, Ecl. xi.
[532] Ecl. xiii.
[533] Ecl. xiv.
[534] Ecl. xv.
[535] Ecl. xix.
[536] Ecl. xx, xxi.
[537] Ecl. xxv.
[538] Ecl. ii. 184 (ed. Peiper).
[539] Ecl. iii, ibid.
[540] Ecl. iv, ibid.
[541] De Orat. ii. 86.
[542] Instit. xi. 2. 1.
[543] De Orat. ii. 87.
[544] e.g. Carm. ix. 260 ff.
[545] Cf. Denk, op. cit., p. 134.
[546] Protrep., p. 261.
[547] Instit. xi. 2. 34.
[548] Instit. xi. 2. 21.
[549] Instit. xi. 2. 18 ff.
[550] Prof. i. 21-30.
[551] Prof. xvi. 13.
[552] Cf. Newman, Idea of a University, p. 127, ‘Memory is the first developed of the mental faculties’, and ff.
[553] Ep. 1119. Cf. Orat. iii, p. 436 (ed. Reiske). It is interesting to compare in this connexion Athenian school records of the classical period, in which there is no evidence that children were beaten, with the mime of Herondas, in which the flogging of a boy is elaborately described.
[554] Confess. i. 8 ff.
[555] Ch. 12.
[556] Cf. also Confess. i. 16, 17.
[557] Cf. Mosella, 85 ff.
[559] Protrep. 5.
[560] Protrep. 9.
[561] This is the accepted reading, though the ‘o’ of Chiron should of course be long. There is a varia lectio ‘Achillea Chiron’. Glover remarks that Ausonius was prone to metrical blunders.
[562] Sat. vii. 210 ‘metuens virgae iam grandis Achilles’.
[564] Protrep. 33. The flogging tradition persisted in the schools of Europe more or less unaltered at least thirteen centuries after Ausonius.
[565] Ep. ii. 10, v. 5.
[566] Ep. iv. 1. 3.
[567] Or. i, p. 171 (Reiske).
[568] Aug. Confess. i. 17.
[569] Libanius complains of the conduct of his students, Or. i. 199. The lecture was often interrupted by cries, i. 63. Cf. Ep. 348 ἐγένετο θόρυβος καὶ κρότος.
[570] Sievers, Das Leben des Libanios, p. 36, quoting Greg. Naz. Or. xx.
[571] Protrep. 70.
[572] Eucharisticon, 55 ff.
[573] Auson. Ep. xxx. 30 ff.
[574] Ibid. 39. Cf. the rest of the poem.
[575] Carm. ix. 312.
[576] Ep. iii. 1. 1.
[577] See Grasberger, Erziehung und Unterricht im klass. Alterthum, i. 28-163.
[578] Confess. i. 19.
[579] Euchar. 145.
[580] Confess. i. 9.
[581] Saint Augustin, transl., p. 39.
[582] Bertrand, op. cit., p. 42.
[583] Confess, i. 10.
[584] Confess. ii. 9.
[585] Ep. i. 2.
[586] Ep. ii. 9. 4.
[587] Ep. iii. 2. 3.
[588] Euchar. 122-34.
[589] Ep. i. 2. 5.
[590] viii. 6. 12.
[591] Ep. iii. 3. 2.
[592] Ep. ii. 2. 12; ii. 12. 1.
[593] Carm. xxi.
[594] Ep. ii. 2. 19.
[595] Ep. ii. 2. 15.
[596] Ep. ii. 9. 4.
[597] Ep. v. 17. 7.
[598] On the various forms of ball games, as far as they are known, see Grasberger, op. cit., i. 89-96.
[599] C. I. L. xii. 4501.
[600] Sid. Ep. i. 11. 10.
[601] ‘(Ex quorum usur)is omnibus annis ... (ludi) athletar(um) aut circen(ses ederen)tur’, C. I. L. xii. 670.
[602] C. I. L. xii. 1585.
[603] C. I. L. xii. 410.
[604] Ep. iv. 22.
[605] Cic. Tusc. iv. 33 (70).
[606] Rep. iv. 4. Cf. Plutarch, Cato, xx. 7.
[607] Ep. lxxxviii. 18 ‘luctatores et totam oleo ac luto constantem scientiam expello ex his studiis liberalibus’.
[608] Instit. i. 11. 15.
[609] Pliny, Pan. 13.
[610] Gallo-fränk. ... Bildungswesen, p. 93.
[611] Hist. Univ. Par. i. 29.
[612] Ibid. p. 25. He says of Autun before the Romans came: ‘Ibi etiam nobiles adulescentes cum schola coniunctam palaestram habebant’.
[613] Ann. iii. 43.
[614] Ep. ii. 2. 6.
[615] Ep. viii. 7. 2.
[616] Instit. i. 11. 15 ff.
[617] Ep. i. 5. 10, i. 6. 2.
[618] Gesch. der Erziehung, i. 481.
[619] ‘Spectavit assidue exercentes ephebos, quorum aliqua adhuc copia ex vetere instituto Capreis erat’, Suet. Aug. 98.
[620] Cf. Cramer, l.c.
[621] Eumen. Pro Instaur. Scholis, 7. For a detailed discussion of the site see Bulaeus’s Hist. Univ. Par. i. 33. Cf. Denk, Gallo-fränk. Unterricht, p. 91.
[622] Wissowa, Röm. Mittheilungen, v. 1890; i. p. 3.
[623] Eumen., op. cit., 21.
[624] Sen. Ep. i. 6.
[625] Blümner, Röm. Privatalterthümer, p. 320. Cf. Hettner, Führer durch d. Provincialmuseum zu Trier, p. 21.
[626] Euchar. 65 ff.
[627] Ep. v. 4.
[628] Jullian, op. cit., p. 30. Cf. Cod. Theod., passim.
[629] Scriptt. Hist. Aug. iv. 2.
[630] Prima creterra litteratoris rudimento excitat, secunda grammatici doctrina instruit, tertia rhetoris eloquentia armat. Hactenus a plerisque potatur’, Florida, 20 (ed. Helm).
[631] Confess. i. 13.
[632] verses 63 ff.
[633] Prof. x.
[634] Cf. Prof. x. 5-10.
[635] Cf. Glover, Life and Letters in Fourth Century, 106, who quotes Suet. Gram. 4; Gell. xvi. 6; Macrob. Sat. v. 19, 31.
[636] Prof. xxii. Cf. Cic. ad Fam. ix. 18 ‘Sella tibi erit in ludo tamquam hypodidascalo proxima’. Aug. Confess. viii. 6 ‘Nebridius autem amicitiae nostrae cesserat ut ... verecundo ... grammatico subdoceret’.
[637] Prof. xxii. 17.
[638] Prof. i.
[639] Revue intern. de l’Enseignement, 1893, pp. 31 ff.
[640] Euchar. 72.
[641] Protrep., l.c., ‘lactantibus annis’.
[642] Euchar. 121.
[643] MSS. have invitus, impurius. Cole (Later Roman Education, 1909) conjectures imperitus, which certainly gives much better sense.
[644] Cod. Theod., ed. Mommsen and Meyer, xiv. 9. 1.
[645] Ritter, ad Cod. Theod. xiv. 9. 1.
[646] Prof. xvii.
[647] ‘Grammaticus circa curam sermonis versatur, et, si latius evagari vult, circa historias, iam ut longissime fines suos proferat, circa carmina (i.e. metrical studies: “Versuum lex ac modificatio”)’, Sen. Ep. xiii. 3. 3.
[649] ‘Jeder trieb was er wollte, wie er wollte, in vielen oder wenigen Stunden’, op. cit., p. 122.
[650] Sievers, Libanios, p. 23.
[651] ‘Antemeridianas horas discipuli occupant’, Confess. vi. 11.
[652] Cod. Theod. xiv. 9. 1.
[653] Sidon. Ep. ii. 2.
[654] Confess. i. 16.
[655] Liban. Ep. 304.
[656] Ep. iv. 11. 1.
[657] Protrep. 1 ff.
[658] Ep. ii. 2.
[659] Eclog. xxiv.
[660] De Spectac. 7.
[661] Bulaeus, Hist. Univ. Par. i. 41 ff.
[662] Sid. Ep. viii. 6. 5.
[663] Ep. v. 17. 6.
[664] Daremberg-Saglio, s.v. Feriae.
[665] Cod. Theod. ii. 8. 1.
[666] Cod. Theod. ii. 8. 18.
[667] ‘Illos tantum manere feriarum dies fas erit quos geminis mensibus ad requiem laboris indulgentior annus accepit, aestivis fervoribus mitigandis aut autumnis fetibus decerpendis. Kalendarum quoque Ianuariarum consuetos dies otio mancipamus. His adicimus natalicios dies urbium maximarum Romae atque Constantinopolis....’, Cod. Theod. ii. 8. 19.
[668] Cod. Theod. ii. 18. 20. Cf. Cod. Theod. ii. 8. 23, 25 (A.D. 409).
[669] Cod. Theod. ii. 2. 21; ii. 18. 19.
[670] Cf. the Christian Calendar 448, C. I. L. i, p. 335. Dedicated by Polemius Silvius to Eucherius. It shows nineteen pagan festivals.
[671] Cf. Aug. Confess. vi. 2. Monnica still practises pagan rites.
[672] Cf. the marks ‘N’ (nefastus), ‘NP’ (= N. F. P., Nefas, feriae publicae), put opposite the festival days in the calendar.
[673] Aug. Confess. ix. 2. Jullian includes the Vindemia in his calendar for the fourth century. Gothofredus (ad Cod. Theod. ii. 8. 18) notes that these holidays were movable. ‘Statae hae feriae non fuerunt verum ex consuetudine cuiusque loci praesides provinciarum has ferias statuebant.’
[674] Martial, x. 62.