[675] Liban. Or. i. 199; Ep. 382.
[676] Liban. Ep. 394; Sievers, op. cit., pp. 26 ff.
[677] Liban. Or. ii. 277. It was regarded as part of the boy’s education to learn how to behave at funerals.
[678] Liban. Or. ii. 271.
[679] Sidon. Ep. i. 5. 10.
[680] Ep. i. 9. 1.
[681] Aul. Gell. N. A. i. 9. 12. Bulaeus’s reference to a law of Charondas in this connexion rests on a false interpretation of Diodor. xii. 13.
[682] Rhetor. 6.
[683] ‘Nullius boni sine socio iucunda possessio est ... plus ... tibi et viva vox et convictus quam oratio proderit.... Zenonem Cleanthes non expressisset si tantummodo audisset: vitae eius interfuit, secreta perspexit, observavit illum, an ex formula sua viveret’, Ep. i. 6. 4.
[684] Gell. N. A. iii. 19.
[685] ‘Sicuti nuperrime aput mensam cum legerentur utraque simul Bucolica Theocriti et Vergilii, animadvertimus reliquisse Vergilium quod Graecum quidem mire quam suave est, verti autem neque debuit neque potuit’, Gell. ib. ix. 9.
[686] Bulaeus, Hist. Univ. Par. i. 77.
[687] Suet. Gram. 17.
[688] Epigr. v. 56.
[689] Strabo, iv. 181. Cf. Jung, De Scholis Romanis in Gallia Comata, p. 20.
[690] ‘Oratoribus viginti quattuor annonarum e fisco emolumenta donentur, grammaticis Latino vel Graeco duodecim annonarum, deductior paulo numerus ex more, praestetur, ut singulis urbibus quae metropoles nuncupantur nobilium professorum electio celebretur, nec vero iudicamus liberum ut sit cuique civitati suos doctores et magistros placito sibi iuvare compendio’, Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 11.
[691] Annona, a day’s ration, ἡμερήσιον. A common way of reckoning salaries. Cf. Ammian. xxii. 4 ‘Tonsor quidam interrogans quid haberet in arte compendii, vicenas diurnas respondit annonas’.
[692] Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 5.
[693] These are treated together here because they always appear together in the Theodosian Code.
[694] Ep. i. 79, v. 35 (Seeck) ‘Romanae iuventutis magistris subsidia detracta’, Cassiodor. Var. ix. 21.
[695] Op. cit., p. 122.
[696] Cf. Cassiodor. Var. ix. 21 ‘Cognovimus ... aliquorum nundinatione fieri ut scholarum magistris deputata summa videatur imminui’.
[697] Prof. xviii.
[698] Prof. xix.
[699] Prof. xvii.
[700] Pro Instaur. Schol. 11.
[701] Prof. xvii. 7.
[702] Cf. the Strenae to Ursulus, supra.
[703] iii. 2. 18. Referred to by Bulaeus, op. cit., i. 72.
[704] vii. 165.
[705] Op. cit., i. 72.
[706] Prof. xvii:
[707] Liban. Or. ii, p. 279.
[708] Ibid. i. 199; Sievers, Liban., p. 26.
[709] Cod. Theod. xiv. 9. 3.
[710] Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 11.
[711] ‘Dagegen findet man nirgends eine Spur von einem Schuldirektor unter dessen Leitung die Lehrer ein bestimmtes Ziel in gemeinsamer Arbeit verfolgt hätten’, op. cit., p. 122.
[712] Caesar, B. G. vi. 13 ‘His autem omnibus Druidibus praeest unus’.
[713] Op. cit., p. 43.
[714] Prof. x. 11.
[715] Prof. viii. 10.
[716] Parent. iii. 9, 10. Cf. verse 19 ‘postquam primis placui tibi traditus annis’.
[717] Parent. iii. 15; Prof. xvi. 15, 17.
[718] Prof. i. 11, 25, 38.
[719] Prof. iii. 1.
[720] Prof. ii. 28 ‘amoris hoc crimen tui est’.
[721] Prof. v. 3.
[722] Prof. xx. 5.
[723] Except his tutor Arborius.
[724] Prof. vii-xiii, xviii, xxi, xxii, xxiv.
[725] Prof. xv.
[726] Prof. x. 51 ‘gloriolam exilem ... perdidit in senio’.
[727] Op. cit.
[728] Cf. Prof. xxiv. 6 ‘meque dehinc facto rhetore,’ etc.
[729] Op. cit., p. 122.
[730] Trans. Hazlitt, i. 291.
[731] Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 30.
[732] As the Notitia Imperii Romani shows.
[733] Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 48.
[734] Prof. i.
[735] For instances see Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 396.
[736] Guizot, op. cit., i. 301 ff. Cf. Denk, op. cit., p. 164.
[737] Cf. the frequent flight of curiales, and the laws in the Cod. Theod. about it. Also the harsh personal restrictions. A curial could not sell slaves or land except by permission of the governor of the province, Cod. Theod. xii. 3. 1. He could not bequeath his fortune to a man in another curia except by payment of a heavy duty to his original curia, Cod. Theod. xii. 1. 107. Emperors condemn miscreants, e.g. men who have rendered themselves unfit for military service by chopping off their thumbs, to enrolment in a curia, Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 555.
[738] Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 547; cf. p. 51, ‘Egress from inherited membership was inhibited by the Government except in rare instances’.
[739] Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 70.
[740] Cf. the description of Seronatus who descends on the pale country folk ‘ceu draco e specu’, Sidon. Ep. v. 13. Even the rich have officials and taxes on the brain. At the feast of St. Just it is specially mentioned as a blessing (beatissimum) that there was no talk ‘de potestatibus aut de tributis’, Sid. Ep. v. 17. 5.
[741] Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 51.
[742] Cod. Theod. xiv. 9. 1.
[743] Guizot, op. cit., i. 315. Cf. Vinogradoff in Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 567.
[744] ‘Singulis quibusque dignitatibus certum locum meritumque praescribsit (sic). Si quis igitur indebitum sibi locum usurpaverit, nulla se ignoratione defendat, sitque plane sacrilegii reus, qui divina praecepta neglexerit’, Cod. Theod. vi. 5. 2.
[745] Leges Visigothorum, ed. Zeumer, e.g. v. 4. 11, 7. 10, 7. 17.
[746] Jullian, op. cit., pp. 33 ff.
[747] ‘Toutes les classes se retrouvaient égales quand il s’agissait d’apprendre ou d’enseigner; les rangs se nivelaient à l’école’, ibid.
[748] Denk, Gallo-fränk. Unterrichts- u. Bildungswesen, p. 165.
[749] Röm. Gesch. i. 892.
[750] Hist. de France, i. 3. 391.
[751] Aus. Ep. xiv. 95.
[752] Protrep. 40.
[753] l.c. The students at Autun are ‘frequentia honestissimae iuventutis’, Pro Instaur. Schol. 5.
[754] ‘Libertinae condicionis homines, numquam ad honores vel palatinam adspirare militiam permittemus’, Cod. Theod. iv. 10. 3.
[755] e.g. Cod. Theod. xii. 19. 3. The heads of the classes (ordines) are warned not to let fugitives from the ‘curiae’ or ‘collegia’ hang about.
[756] Cod. Theod. xiv. 1. 1.
[757] Cod. Theod. iv. 6. 3, A.D. 336. For an illustration of these marriage laws in practice see the instance in Sidon. Ep. v. 19. The most heinous offence, of course, was the marriage between a slave and his mistress, the penalty being death (Cod. Theod. ix. 9. 1). Cf. the marriage laws in the Southern States of America.
[758] Special privileges are given to those who remain thirty years without a break in one place. ‘Eum, qui curiae vel collegio vel burgis ceterisque corporibus per triginta annos sine interpellatione servierit res dominica (imperial) vel intentio privata non inquietabit ... sed in curia vel corpore in quo servierit remaneat’, Justin. xi. 66. 6. Cod. Theod. xii. 19. 2, to the prefect of the Gauls, A.D. 400. Cf. xii. 19. 3, also to the prefect of the Gauls. For the ‘coloni’ see Cod. Theod. v. 17 and 18.
[759] Vinogradoff in Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 553.
[760] Cod. Theod. xiv. 9. 1 ‘his dumtaxat exceptis qui corporatorum sunt oneribus adiuncti’.
[761] ‘Si quis originarius intra hos triginta annos (i.e. within a period of thirty years before the passing of the law) de possessione discessit, sive per fugam labsus seu sponte seu sollicitatione transductus, ... eum, contradictione submota, loco cui natus est cum origine (family) iubemus sine dilatione restitui’, Cod. Theod. v. 18. 1.
[762] ‘Ipsos etiam colonos qui fugam meditantur, in servilem condicionem ferro ligari conveniet, ut officia quae liberis congruunt merito servilis condemnationis compellantur implere’, Cod. Theod. v. 17. 1.
[763] Cod. Theod. vi. 20.
[764] Sidon. Ep. v. 17 ‘Cum passim varia ordinum corpora dispergerentur’.
[765] Pro Instaur. Scholis. 15 (ad fin.) and 16.
[766] Ep. i. 6. 4.
[767] Cf. the studious Hesperius, who, from his friends, must have been a nobleman, and is contrasted with the ‘turba imperitorum’, Ep. ii. 10. 6.
[768] ‘Plebeiam numeros docere pulpam’, Ep. xiv. 95. Cf. Introd. of Griphus dedicated to Symmachus. The author omits all antiquarian treatment of his subject ‘et quidquid profanum vulgus ignorat’.
[769] Ep. viii. 2. 2.
[770] Op. cit., p. 48.
[771] Cf. the instance of the workman at Silchester who scratched the word ‘satis’ on his work at the end of the day. ‘Casual scratchings on tiles or pots, which can often be assigned to the lower classes, prove that Latin was both read and spoken easily in Silchester and Caerwent’ (fourth century). Haverfield, Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 375.
[772] Large, but hardly disproportionate. In England to-day the number of elementary teachers compared with post-elementary is about ten to one.
[773] Cf. Cod. Theod. xiv. 9. 3. Eight ‘rhetores’ and twenty ‘grammatici’. This, however, was at Constantinople. At Trèves the numbers were about equal, Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 11.
[774] Sievers, Liban., p. 39.
[775] Italorum Epigram. xv.
[776] Prof. ii. 15.
[778] Prof. i. 31.
Patera is ‘Salibus modestus felle nullo perlitis’, Prof. iv. 19.
[781] Prof. vii.
[782] Prof. ix.
[783] Pro Instaur. Schol. 14 ‘gratitatem morum’.
[784] Prof. xxi. 7 ‘creditus olim fervere mero’.
[785] p. 198 (ed. Peiper).
[786] Ep. vi.
[787] Ep. xvi.
[788] ‘Quem locupletavit coniunx Hispana latentem’, Prof. xxiii. 5.
[789] Ibid.
[790] Prof. vi. 35 ‘connubium nobile’.
[791] Prof. xiii.
[792] Cod. Theod. vi. 21. 1 ‘si laudabilem in se probis moribus vitam esse monstraverint, si docendi peritiam ... se habere patefecerint, hi quoque cum ad viginti annos observatione iugi ac sedulo docendi labore pervenerint, iisdem ... dignitatibus perfruantur’.
[793] Prof. ix:
[794] Prof. vii. 9.
[795] Prof. x. 35 ff., 42 ff., ‘doctrina exiguus’, ‘tenuem ... grammaticum’.
[796] Epigram. vi.
[797] Ibid. viii ff.
[798] Ibid. vii.
[799] De Scholis Romanis, p. 16.
[800] Like Glabrio, Prof. xxiv; Alcimus, Prof. ii; Delphidius, &c.
[801] Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 5.
[802] Cf. Jullian, op. cit., p. 36.
[803] Pro Instaur. Scholis. 14.
[804] Cf. Tac. Agr. 4.
[805] Suet. Rhet. 1.
[806] Cf. Lucius Apuleius, Apologia iv ‘accusamus apud te philosophum formosum et tam graece quam latine—pro nefas—disertissimum’.
[807] Lampridius, Life of Alex. Sever. xliv. 4. Cf. Scriptt. Hist. Aug. i. 16. 8, on Hadrian’s patronage of professors.
[808] Pan. Lat. ix; Pro Instaur. Scholis, 14.
[809] Ibid. 3.
[810] Ibid. 4 ff.
[811] Ibid. 18. 3 ‘ad conspectum Romanae lucis emersit’.
[812] Ibid. 19.
[813] ‘Per omnem dioecesim commissam magnificentiae tuae, frequentissimis in civitatibus, quae pollent et eminent claritudine, praeceptorum optimi quique erudiendae praesideant iuventuti: rhetores loquimur et grammaticos Atticae Romanaeque doctrinae’, Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 11.
[814] Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 6.
[815] Cod. Theod. xiv. 9. 1.
[816] ‘Magistros studiorum doctoresque excellere oportet moribus primum, deinde facundia. Sed quia singulis civitatibus adesse ipse non possum, iubeo, quisque docere vult, non repente nec temere prosiliat ad hoc munus, sed iudicio ordinis probatus, decretum curialium mereatur, optimorum conspirante consensu. Hoc enim decretum ad me tractandum referetur, ut altiore quodam honore nostro iudicio studiis civitatum accedant’, Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 5.
[817] Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 6.
[818] Bulaeus, Hist. Univ. Par. i. 77.
[819] Suet. Aug. 46. Cf. C. I. L. x. 50, 56.
[820] Aurel. Victor, Ep. 12.
[821] C. I. L. ix. 1455; xi. 1147.
[822] Ael. Spart. Hadrian, § 7. Cf. Plin. Pan. 26-8; Ep. vii. 18.
[823] Pertinax could not pay all the ‘alimenta’ standing over from the reign of Commodus, Scriptt. Hist. Aug. Pertin. 9. 3.
[824] Cod. Theod. xi. 27. 1, A.D. 315.
[825] Cod. Theod. xi. 27. 2.
[826] Pro Instaur. Schol. 6. 4. ‘divina illa mens Caesaris, quae tanto studio praeceptorem huic conventui iuventutis elegit’.
[827] Liban. Or. i. 54. 120.
[828] e.g. Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 5.
[829] ‘Litterarum quoque habuere dilectum, neque aliter quam si equestri turmae vel cohorti praetoriae consulendum foret, quem fortissimum praeficerent, sui arbitrii esse duxerunt ...’, Pro Instaur. Scholis. 5.
[830] Pan. Lat. vi. 23. Cf. Symmachus, Ep. i. 20 ‘Iter ad capessendos magistratus saepe litteris promovetur.’
[831] Pro Instaur. Scholis, 5. 4 ‘ne ... veluti repentino nubilo ... deprehensi incerta dicendi signa sequerentur’.
[832] Prof. xvii. 4.
[833] Prof. ii. 13.
[834] Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 1.
[835] ‘Ne autem litteraturae, quae omnium virtutum maxima est, praemia denegentur, eum qui studiis et eloquio dignus primo loco videbitur honestiore faciet nostra provisio sublimitate’, Cod. Theod. xiv. 1. 1. Cf. Napoleon’s scheme of education for the service of the State.
[836] Heynius. Opusc. Acad. vi. 91.
[838] Pan. Lat. vi. 23.