[839] Ep. ix. 16; Carm. viii. 8.
[840] Ep. i. 9. 8.
[841] ‘In ius etiam vocari vel pati iniuriam prohibemus, ita ut, si quis eos vexaverit, centum milia nummorum aerario inferat, a magistratibus vel quinquennalibus exactus, ne ipsi hanc poenam sustineant: servus eis si iniuriam fecerit, flagellis debeat a suo domino verberari ...’, Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 1.
[842] Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 3. Cf. xiii. 3. 7.
[843] ‘Grammaticos, oratores adque philosophiae praeceptores, nec non etiam medicos, praeter haec quae retro latarum sanctionum auctoritate consecuti sunt privilegia immunitatesque, frui hac praerogativa praecipimus, ut universi qui in sacro palatio inter archiatros militarunt cum comitiva primi ordinis vel secundi, nulla municipali, nulla curialium conlatione, nulla senatoria vel glebali describtione vexentur, ... sint ab omni functione omnibusque muneribus publicis immunes, nec eorum domus ubicumque positae militem seu iudicem suscipiant hospitandum. Quae omnia filiis etiam eorum et coniugibus inlibata praecipimus custodiri, ita ut nec ad militiam liberi memoratorum trahantur inviti. Haec autem et professoribus memoratis eorumque liberis deferenda mandamus’, Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 16. Confirmed by xiii. 3. 18.
[844] Pro Instaur. Scholis, 18. Cf. Pan. Lat. iv. 38 ‘Omnia foris placida, domi prospera annonae ubertate ... exornatae mirandum in modum ac prope de integro conditae urbes’, &c., &c.
[845] Pan. Lat. v. 5 ff.
[846] Ibid. § 9.
[847] Ibid. § 11.
[848] xxviii. 1.
[849] ‘At Valentinianus, magna animo concipiens et utilia, Rhenum omnem a Rhaetiarum exordio ad usque fretalem Oceanum magnis molibus communiebat, castra extollens altius et castella turresque adsiduas per habiles locos et opportunos, qua Galliarum extenditur longitudo: nonnunquam etiam ultra flumen aedificiis positis subradens barbaros fines’, ibid. 2.
[850] Ὠιήθη δεῖν καὶ τῆς εἰς τὸ μελλον ἀσφαλείας τῶν Κελτικῶν ἐθνῶν ποιήσασθαι προνοίαν, iv. 12 (ed. Mendelssohn).
[851] Ibid. vi. 3.
[852] Pan. Lat. xi. 19. He was probably a Gaul, § 9. Maximian, to whom the speech was addressed, frequently stayed there.
[853] Cf. Pichon, Études sur l’Hist. de la Litt. lat. dans les Gaules, i. 123, ‘L’Empire romain ... souffre d’une hypertrophie de l’organe central’, and ‘la cour absorbe tout sans rien distribuer’.
[854] Cf. esp. Mamertinus, Grat. Act. Iuliano.
[855] Grat. Act. Iuliano, i. ‘non minus exitialibus quam pudendis praesidentum rapinis’.
[856] Pottier in Daremberg-Saglio, Dictionnaire des Antiquités, s.v. Education.
[857] ‘Universos, qui usurpantes sibi nomina magistrorum in publicis magistrationibus cellulisque collectos undecumque discipulos circumferre consuerunt, ab ostentatione vulgari praecipimus amoveri, ita ut, si qui eorum post emissos divinae sanctionis adfatus, quae prohibemus adque damnamus iterum forte temptaverit, non solum eius quam meretur infamiae notam subeat, verum etiam pellendum se ex ipsa ubi versatur inlicite urbe cognoscat. Illos vero, qui intra plurimorum domus eadem exercere privatim studia consuerunt, si ipsis tantum modo discipulis vacare maluerint, quos intra parietes domesticos docent, nulla huiusmodi interminatione prohibemus. Sin autem ex eorum numero fuerint, qui videntur intra Capitolii auditorium constituti, ii omnibus modis privatorum aedium studia sibi interdicta esse cognoscant, scituri quod, si adversum caelestia statuta facientes fuerint deprehensi, nihil penitus ex illis privilegiis consequentur, quae his, qui in Capitolio tantum docere praecepti sunt, merito deferuntur’, Cod. Theod. xiv. 9. 3.
[858] Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 5.
[859] e.g. Pan. Lat. xii. 19, 20, 25, 26. Cf. the scene in heaven, vi. 7. Cf. Pro Instaur. Scholis, 6. 2. ‘caelestia verba et divina sensa principum’, &c.
[860] Pan. Lat. ii, ad fin. Cf. xi. 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, &c.
[862] Prof. xiv.
[863] Pan. Lat. iv. 5.
[865] Grat. Act. iii.
[867] Euchar. 37.
[868] Ibid. 70, 145.
[869] Ibid. 424.
[870] Ibid. 44.
[871] ‘Reddatur unusquisque patriae suae, qui habitum philosophiae indebite et insolenter usurpare cognoscitur ... turpe enim est ut patriae functiones ferre non possit, qui etiam fortunae vim se ferre profitetur’, Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 7.
[872] Cf. Ammianus, xiv. 9. 5 ‘Epigonus ... amictu tenus philosophus’. Symm. Ep. i. 28 mentions his contemporary Barachus among those ‘qui philosophiam fastu et habitu metiuntur’.
[873] Pro Instaur. Scholis, 16. Cf. ‘Equidem ipsos patriae deos testor, tanto me civitatis istius amore flagrare, ut quocunque oculos circumtuli, ad restitutionem operum singulorum ita gaudio ferar ut spiritum identidem meum pro illorum salute devoveam, quorum iussu opibusque reparantur’. There is more than rhetoric in his words.
[874] Source book of the Hist. of Education, p. 395.
[875] Cf. Cod. Theod. xiv. 1. 1.
[876] De Scholis Roman., p. 13.
[877] Epigr. xv.
[878] Cf. Guizot, Hist. of Civilization, i. 320 ff.; Montalembert, Monks of the West, i. 187 ff.
[879] Cod. Theod. xvi. 2. 4 ‘Habeat unus quisque licentiam sanctissimo catholicae (sc. ecclesiae) venerabilique concilio decedens bonorum quod optavit relinquere’. So in 434 Theodosius and Valentinian enacted that the intestate property of a Church official should go to his church or monastery, Cod. Theod. v. 3. 1.
[880] ‘Qui religiosa mente in ecclesiae gremio servulis suis meritam concesserint libertatem, eandem eodem iure donasse videantur quo civitas Romana solemnitatibus decursis dari consuevit’, Cod. Theod. iv. 7. 1, A.D. 321.
[881] ‘Qui divino cultui ministeria religionis impendunt ... ab omnibus omnino muneribus excusentur’, Cod. Theod. xvi. 2. 2 et passim.
[882] Cod. Theod. xvi. 2. 41.
[883] Ambrose and Augustine complain of their heavy judicial duties; cf. Camb. Med. Hist. i. 566.
[884] Sidon. Ep. vii. 7; so Lupus had successfully negotiated with Attila for Troyes; see Lavisse, Hist. de Gaule, ii. 1. 1, pp. 21 ff., L’Épiscopat en Gaule au IVᵉ et au Vᵉ Siècle. Cf. Rambaud, Histoire de la civilisation française, i. 74, and the whole of Bk. I, chap. iv (Gaule chrétienne) for a useful summary of the activities and relations of the Gallic Church at this time.
[885] Cf. St. Martin’s opposition to Avitianus and Valentinian. Hilary of Arles declared the prefect unworthy of the sacrament, and he had to retire.
[886] e.g. Epictetus and the Stoics, who taught the equality of mankind.
[887] Cod. Theod. iv. 8. 5.
[888] Cod. Theod. iv. 8. 6; iv. 8. 9; iv. 9. 1.
[889] Cod. Theod. ii. 25. 1.
[890] Cappadocia was practically the only place where slaves were still bred for export to Rome.
[891] Cod. Theod. xv. 5 ‘de spectaculis’, A.D. 425.
[892] Cod. Theod. xv. 5. 7.
[893] Cod. Theod. xv. 7. 4, A.D. 380.
[894] ‘Scaenici et scaenicae, qui in ultimo vitae ac necessitate cogente interitus imminentis, ad dei summi sacramenta properarunt ... nulla posthac in theatralis spectaculi conventione revocentur’, Cod. Theod. xv. 7. 1, A.D. 371.
[895] Cod. Theod. xv. 12. 1.
[896] Cod. Theod. xv. 12. 2, A.D. 357.
[897] Cod. Theod. ix. 40. 8, A.D. 365.
[898] Theodoret, Hist. Eccles. v. 26.
[899] Glover, Life and Letters, p. 161. Cf. Sym. Ep. iv. 12, ix. 126.
[900] Cf. Sidon. Ep. vi. 12. 1, 5.
[901] Cod. Iust. xi. 26. Cf. Cod. Theod. xiv. 18. 1.
[902] It is true that pagan philosophers like Epicurus had women among their intimates, but their recognition was as much of an anomaly in the ancient world as they themselves were. With Christianity the recognition claimed a more general acceptance, though the claim was subsequently disregarded and never fully admitted.
[903] Cf. Camb. Med. Hist. i. 168.
[904] ‘Indecens visum. Repudiatis fiscalibus, propriis cum sumptibus vivere maluerunt’, Sulpic. Sever. Chron. ii. 41.
[905] Sid. Ep. vi. 1, viii. 11, ix. 11.
[906] Sid. Ep. iv. 17.
[907] Ep. iv. 17. 3 ‘Lupus ... Auspicius quorum doctrinae abundanti eventilandae nec consultatio tua sufficit’.
[908] Ep. vi. 12; ii. 10. 2; iv. 25. 5.
[909] Ep. ix. 3.
[910] Ep. vii. 1; iv. 9. 6; v. 14. 2.
[911] Ep. vi. 8; vii. 2. 7, 11; ix. 4.
[912] Ep. vii. 9; iv. 18.
[913] Montalembert, Monks of the West (transl.), i. 205.
[914] Antidosis, 231. See Hubbell, The Influence of Isocrates on Cicero, Dionysius, and Aristides.
[915] Ibid. 276. The subjects must be καλὰς καὶ φιλανθρώπους καὶ περὶ τῶν κοινῶν πραγμάτων.
[916] Pichon, Études sur l’histoire de la litt. lat. i. 42, is too severe on Isocrates’ theoretical and unpractical judgement.
[917] Gilbert Murray, Ancient Greek Literature, p. 344.
[918] Ὅσῳ περ ἄν τις ἐρρωμενεστέρως ἐπιθνμῇ πείθειν τοὺς ἀκούοντας, τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον ἀσκήσει καλὸς κἀγαθὸς εἶναι, καὶ παρὰ τοῖς πολίταις εὐδοκιμεῖν, Antidosis, 278 (ed. Blass).
[919] Antidosis, 253.
[920] ‘Illa vis autem eloquentiae tanta est, ut omnium rerum virtutum officiorum omnisque naturae quae mores hominum, quae animos quae vitam continet, originem vim mutationesque teneat, eadem mores leges iura describat, rem publicam regat, omniaque ad quamcumque rem pertineant ornate copioseque dicat’, De Oratore, iii. 20. 76.
[921] Ibid. iii. 15. 57. In Homeric days ‘neque diiuncti doctores, sed idem erant vivendi praeceptores atque dicendi’. Cf. 59 ‘ancipitem quae non potest esse seiuncta, faciendi dicendique sapientiam’.
[922] Ibid. i. 6. 20.
[923] Ibid. iii. 23. 87, 89.
[924] Boissier, in blaming Quintilian for this change in rhetoric, seems somewhat unfair (La fin du paganisme, i. 219 ff.). He says Quintilian regarded the grammarian as an intruder, but Quintilian is merely protesting against the assumption of the rhetor’s duties by the grammarian (ii. 1. 2-6) and is quite willing to give him his due (ii. 1. 13). However, he does seem to attach an exaggerated importance to rhetoric (e.g. ii. 20) as opposed to general knowledge.
[925] § 3 ἕλκει ἐκ τῶν ὤτων ἄπαντας δεδεμένους.
[926] ‘Neque ego unquam facundiam exercui, et populus Romanus virtutem armis adfirmavit: sed quoniam apud vos verba plurimum valent....’, Tac. Hist. iv. 73. Cf. the commentator Pithoeus, In Quintil. Declam., p. 415, ‘etiam infelicissimis temporibus superfuisse Galliae oratores suos, cum urbi ipsi deessent’.
[927] Comment. on Ep. to Galatians, ii; Migne, xxvi. 355.
[928] C. I. L. xii. 1941. Cf. ibid. 1949, 2039, 2058; xiii. 1. 1. 128 (a fifth-century stone with twenty-four lines of poetry); xiii. 1. 1. 2395, 2397.
[929] Jerome, Ep. 125. 6; Migne, xxii. 1075 ‘ubertatem Gallici nitoremque sermonis’.
[930] Ep. 372 (ed. J. C. Wolf, Amsterdam, 1738).
[931] Ibid.
[932] Ep. iv. 17. 1.
[933] ‘Heiden von hervorragender Stellung werden seit 450 in Gallien nicht mehr erwähnt, und unter den Christen gewann die strenge Mönchspartei einen immer grössern Einfluss und verdammte die Studien der Rhetoren’, Kloster- u. Rhetorenschulen, p. 31.
[934] De Idol. x.
[935] Ep. 21; Migne, xxii. 386.
[936] ‘Ambrosio et Beato’ (Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat. vi. 406) ‘ante scipiones et trabeas est pomposa recitatio’.
[937] Ibid.; Euchar., p. 395.
[938] ‘Ego illa quae vel commuto si sunt facta vel facio: quantisvis actionum tenebris involuto lux sufficit, quam legendo contulero. Ego sum per quam expectant homines reatum de turbida et innocentiam de serena ... ad meum compendium ubicumque est Romanus invigilat: fasces divitias honores si non ornamus, abiecta sunt: nos regna regimus’, ibid. ‘Ambrosio et Beato’, p. 407.
[939] Antidosis, 253.
[940] Ibid. 255 τοὺς κακοὺς ἐξελέγχομεν καὶ τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς ἐγκωμιάζομεν.
[941] De Orat. ii. 9. 35 ‘vituperare improbos ... laudare bonos’.
[942] ‘Quid quod declamationum nostrarum oblectatio vincit universa quae sapiunt, et opinionem quam conciliamus (perhaps a Vergilian reminiscence of urbem quam statuo) aeterna est?... De virorum fortium factis quod volumus creditur; actum nemo aestimat quod silemus. Poetica, iuris peritia, dialectica, arithmetica, cum me utantur quasi genetrice, me tamen adserente sunt pretio’, Ennod. l.c. Cf. Dictio XII. Rhetoric is the mainspring of literature.
[943] ‘Istae (virtutes) tamen prae foribus quasi nutricem ceterarum anteponunt Grammaticen, quae adulescentium mentes sapore artificis et planae locutionis inliciat, et ad Tullianum calorem scintillis praefigurati vaporis adducat’, ibid., p. 405.
[944] Ibid., p. 401.
[945] Ibid., p. 305.
[946] Euchar., p. 395. Cf. p. 396 ‘Sic dum me concinnationis superfluae in rhetoricis et poeticis campis lepos agitaret, a vera sapientia mentitam secutus abscesseram, nihil cupiens nisi auris vanae laudationis adsurgere’.
[947] Migne, x. 577.
[948] Cf. Watson, Hilary of Poitiers, Intro. xxviii (Nicene and post-Nicene Fathers).
[949] Cf. Constant. 11 ‘At nunc fructus operum tuorum, lupe rapax, audi ... Levius te putas, sceleste, Iudaeorum impietate peccasse?’ § 25 ‘O tu sceleste, qui ludibrium de Ecclesia facis’, &c.
[950] Cf. e.g. § 12 de Seleuciae Synodo.
[951] Vita Hilarii (by Honoratus), Migne, Pat. Lat. l. 1231.
[952] Ibid. ‘non doctrinam, non eloquentiam, sed nescio quid super homines consecutum’.
[953] Chronologia Lerinensis, i. 33.
[954] Hom. I.
[955] Hom. XX.
[956] Hom. XIII.
[957] Hom. XIII.
[958] Hom. XIV.
[959] de Idol. x.
[960] Matt. xii. 34-7; Mark xiii. 11. Cf. Glover, The Jesus of History, p. 83.
[961] 1 Cor. i. 17.
[962] Cf. Salvian, De Gubern. Dei, praef. 3 ‘rerum magis quam verborum amatores’. Cassian, Instit., praef. 3 ‘me quoque elinguem et pauperem sermone et scientia ... quamvis imperito digeram stilo’. Vita Caesar., praef. 2 ‘quod stylus noster videtur pompa verborum et cautela artis grammaticae destitutus’.
[963] Ep. vii. 2. 1.
[964] Ep. viii. 16. 3.
[965] Cf. Sym. Ep. vii. 9 ‘ingeniorum varietas in familiaribus scriptis neglegentiam quandam debet imitari’.
[966] Institut. Divin. i. 1. 10.
[967] e.g. Ep. ii. 8; vii. 17. Cf. Le Blant, Nouveau recueil, No. 311 (fifth cent.) and 441.
[968] Le Blant, Inscrip. chrét. de la Gaule, No. 215. Cf. No. 256.
[969] ‘Sanctus Hilarius Gallico cothurno attollitur et quum Graeciae floribus adornetur longis interdum periodis involvitur, et lectione simplicium fratrum procul est’, Migne, Pat. Lat. xxii. 585; Ep. 58. Cf. ibid. 395 ‘Nulla est in hoc libello adulatio ... nulla erit rhetorici pompa sermonis’; and ibid. 459 ‘Sint alii diserti ... mihi sufficit sic loqui ut intelligar’.
[970] De vita contempl. xxiii.
[971] Ep. 52. 8; Migne, Pat. Lat. xxii. 534.
[972] Dialog. i. 27.
[973] Appendix, Augustine, Serm. 10; Migne, xxxix. Cf. Aug. in Psalm. 36. Serm. 3. 6 ‘melius in barbarismo nostro vos intellegitis quam in nostra disertitudine vos diserti estis’.
[974] Cf. Sid. Ep. iv. 16; v. 15; Carm. xi.
[975] Ruric. i. 4.
[976] ii. 18.
[977] ii. 38.
[978] Jerome, Ep. xxii (Migne, Pat. Lat. xxii. 416) ‘Si quando ... prophetas legere coepissem, sermo horrebat incultus’.
[979] Vita Martini, i.
[980] Ibid.
[981] Cf. Ozanam, Hist. of Civilization, i. 88 ff.
[982] Ep. 22, § 30 ‘Quae enim communicatio lucis ad tenebras? Quid facit cum psalterio Horatius? Cum Evangeliis Maro? Cum Apostolis Cicero?’ His struggles with his passionate love for pagan letters, and the story of the angel in his dream who told him he was a Ciceronian and not a Christian (Migne, xxii. 416) are well known.
[983] Hilar. Pict., Migne, ix. 502.
[984] Aug. Confess. i. 16; Migne, Pat. Lat. lxxxiii. 685.
[987] Ibid. 37 ff.
[988] See Ozanam, op. cit., i. 87 ff.