[989] Pacatus, Pan. on Theod., § 42, A.D. 389.

[990] Cf. vii. 13; vi. 3, 9; v. 13; ix. 10, 16, 20, &c.

[991] Pro Saltatoribus, 18, Libanius, ed. Foerster.

[992] Cf. Keil, Gram. Lat., passim. The authority, not the truth, of a dogma is the main point to the grammarian.

[993] e.g. Macrobius’s Saturnalia is an example of what a youth’s education should be. All kinds of subjects are treated, but Christianity is not once mentioned. Symmachus and Capella, both representative of culture in their day, are silent about Christianity. There was always the suspicion, even between two contending Christians, that the other might not have had the rhetorical or philosophical training necessary for argument. Cf. Jerome to Vigilantius: ‘Scilicet et gloriari cupis ... me non potuisse respondere eloquentiae tuae et acumen in te Chrysippi formidasse’ (Migne, xxii. 604).

[994] De Reditu, i. 440.

[995] Ibid. 443.

[996] Ibid. 521.

[997] Ep. lxi. 3; Ep. 1. 2.

[998] Ep. lii. 9. Cf. Ep. lvii. 12 ‘qui sermone se dicit imitari apostolos, prius imitetur in vita’.

[999] ‘Sancta rusticitas solum sibi prodest et, quantum aedificat ex vitae merito ecclesiam Christi, tantum nocet si destruentibus non resistat’, Ep. liii. 3.

[1000] Rocafort, De Paul. Pell. vita et carm., p. 75. Cf. Ozanam, Hist. of Civilization in Fifth Cent., i. 233.

[1001] Sedul. Carm. Pasch., Dedicatio, Migne, xix. 538.

[1002] Socrates, Hist. Eccles. iii. 16; Migne, Pat. Graeca, lxvii. 418; Sozomen, v. 18; Migne, Pat. Graeca, lxvii. 1270.

[1003] De Gallorum oratorio ingenio, 93.

[1004] Ep. xxxi. 22 ff.

[1005] ‘Cumque in primis partibus vincas alios, in penultimis te ipsum superas ... et cum Tulliana luceat (sc. genus eloquii) puritate, crebrum est in sententiis’, Ep. lviii, Migne xxii. 584.

[1006] e.g. Jerome made his monks copy Cicero.

[1007] Ozanam, op. cit., i. 27. Cf. his plea for using the pagan writings, Ep. lxx, Migne xxii. 665 ‘Quis enim ignorat et in Moyse et in Prophetarum voluminibus quaedam assumpta de Gentilium libris’.

[1008] Cf. the fifth-century compilation ‘collatio legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum’.

[1009] Kloster- u. Rhetorenschulen, p. 54.

[1010] Maxima Bibliotheca Patrum, vol. viii, p. 840. Homiliae, 20 ‘negociatores, qui cum litteras non noverint, requirunt sibi mercenarios litteratos’.

[1011] Sid. Ep. iv. 25.

[1012] Ep. vii. 9.

[1013] Ep. vi. 12.

[1014] Euseb. Hist. Eccl. v. 10. (Migne, Pat. Gr. xx. 456.)

[1015] Acts xix. 9. The school of Tyrannus.

[1016] Theodoret, Hist. Eccl. i. 3.

[1017] Suidas, s.v. Λουκιανὸς ὁ μάρτυς.

[1018] Cf. Ozanam, op. cit., i. 30, ‘Gaul—the peculiar land for the cenobitic life’.

[1019] Gennad. Vir. ill. xix.

[1020] Ep. vii. 16.

[1021] e.g. Jerome against Vigilantius.

[1022] Sulpic. Sev. Dial. i. 23. Cf. Jerome’s constant answers to inquirers on theological questions (the women of Gaul, Ep. 120, 121) and Eucherius’s answers to his son.

[1023] Vita Hilarii, Migne, li. 1229.

[1024] Vita Caes. i. 5, Migne, Pat. Lat. lxvii. 1020 ‘In disserendis autem Scripturis’, &c.

[1025] Vita Caes., Migne, Pat. Lat. lxvii. 1004.

[1026] Cf. Ennod. Ep. ii. 6.

[1027] Hist. litt. de la France, ii. 245.

[1028] Cf. Paulin. Pell. Euchar. 521.

[1029] Cassian, Instit. ix. 18.

[1030] Gennad. de Script. Eccles. 65.

[1031] Cf. Sidon. Ep. ix. 9.

[1032] Sid. Ep. vi. 1.

[1033] Hist. mérid. de la Gaule, i. 403.

[1034] ‘(Deus) per orbem uberes palmites ampliavit, multiplicatisque eius tentoriis, fecit suos funiculos prae caeteris monasteriis longiores’, i. 22.

[1035] Carm. xvi. 109 ff. ‘quantos illa insula plana miserit in caelum montes’. Cf. Ep. vii. 7. 3; viii. 14. 2; ix. 3. 4.

[1036] Guizot, Histoire de la civilisation en France, i. 93.

[1037] ii. 130.

[1038] Salvian, Ep. i.

[1039] Bolland, Acta Sanctorum, Jan. 6, i. 328, § 2. Cf. Kaufmann, Kloster- u. Rhetorenschulen, 75.

[1040] Migne, Pat. Lat. lxvii. 1109 ‘Omnes litteras discant: omni tempore duabus horis lectioni vacent’. A brother of Sidonius was educated by Faustus (Carm. xvi. 72), but whether at Lérins or afterwards at Riez is doubtful.

[1041] Migne, Pat. Lat. l. 773 eloquentia and sapientia are mentioned among the subjects.

[1042] Chron. Ler. i. 321.

[1043] Denk, op. cit., p. 187.

[1044] For a full treatment see Seidl, Die Gottverlobung der Kinder oder de pueris oblatis.

[1045] Ennodius, Vita Epiphan., Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat., p. 332.

[1046] Ep. iv. 25.

[1047] Caesarius, Regula ad Virgines, Migne, Pat. Lat. lxvii. 1107.

[1048] Bulaeus, Hist. Univ. Par. i. 82.

[1049] ‘Quicunque in clero puberes aut adulescentes existunt omnes in uno conclavi atrii commorentur ut ... in disciplinis ecclesiasticis agant, deputati probatissimo seniori, quem et magistrum doctrinae et testem vitae habeant’, Hefele, Conciliengesch. iii. 82.

[1050] Remig. Ep. 4; Migne, Pat. Lat. lxv. 969.

[1051] Cf. C. I. L. xiii. 1. 1, 2385.

[1052] Theodoret, Hist. Eccl. iv. 15; Migne, Pat. Gr. lxxxii. 1157.

[1053] ‘Fiant ei litterae vel buxeae vel eburneae et suis nominibus appellentur: ludat in eis, ut et lusus eius eruditio est’, Ep. cvii. 4.

[1054] Inst. i. 1-26.

[1055] Ep. i. 6.

[1056] Cf. Eumen. Pro Instaur. Schol. 20, § 3.

[1057] Ep. cxxviii. 1.

[1058] Inst. i. 1. 30. He protests against a hurried introduction of reading or writing.

[1059] ‘Qui autem ad huiusmodi provehitur gradum, iste erit doctrina et libris imbutus, sensuumque ac verborum scientia perornatus’, De Eccl. Offic. ii. 11. 2; Migne, Pat. Lat. lxxxiii. 791.

[1060] ‘Lector cum ordinatur, faciat de illo verbum episcopus ad plebem, indicans eius fidem ac vitam atque ingenium. Post haec, spectante plebe, tradat ei codicem de quo lecturus est, dicens ad eum: Accipe, et esto verbi Dei relator, habiturus, si fideliter et utiliter impleveris officium, partem cum eis qui verbum Dei ministraverunt’, Migne, op. cit. lxxxiv. 201.

[1061] De Felice, iv. 108.

[1062] Boissieu, Inscrip. de Lyon, p. 584.

[1063] Instit. i. 1. 27.

[1064] Ep. cvii. 4.

[1065] Denk, op. cit., quotes Mabillon, An. i. 352.

[1066] Life of Martin, x.

[1067] Ibid.

[1068] Regula ad Virgines, Migne, lxvii. 1109.

[1069] Bolland, Acta Sanctorum, August. 11, p. 657.

[1070] These acta were originally acta proconsularia, i.e. the official record of proceedings at the trials of Christian martyrs. Sometimes the Christians themselves would make notes on the trial, sometimes they would purchase from the clerks copies of the official report. Having obtained an account in either of these ways they usually embroidered the facts with mystic and visionary embellishments. For two examples of the original official protocols see Hardy, Studies in Roman History, p. 151.

[1071] Cf. Watson, Hilary of Poitiers, Intro. xl. Origen is a case in point.

[1072] Adopting the emendation of Salinas.

[1073] Vita Hilarii, Migne, l. 1232.

[1074] ‘Apposito notario, cogebat (sc. me Ausonius) loqui quae velociter edita velox consequeretur manus ...’, Ep. cxviii.

[1075] Ep. cxviii.

[1076] Peristeph. Hymn. ix. 21-4; Migne, lx. 434.

[1077] Ep. v. 15.

[1078] Ep. ix. 7. 1.

[1079] Cassian, Inst. iv. 17; Caesarius, ad Monachos 49, ad Virgines 16.

[1080] ‘De loquela per gestum digitorum et temporum ratione’. Cf. p. 59.

[1081] De artibus Donati, 4.

[1082] Cantor, Ueber die Gesch. der Mathematik, i. 450.

[1083] Alcuin, Ep. 103, De comparatione numerorum Veteris et Novi Testamenti; Migne, Pat. Lat. c. 476. An example of the strained way in which the comparison was worked out is the following: ‘Quatuor eunt elementa quibus mundi ornatus maxime constat. Quatuor sunt virtutes quibus minor mundus, id est, homo ornari debet.’

[1084] Cf., besides the case already quoted, ii. 135, ‘viguit in Grammaticae artis disciplinis rationalibus ac dialecticorum praedicamentorum argumentis exilibus et Aristotelicis definitionibus, nec non Rhetoricorum protelationibus’, and ii. 328. Aygulpus is instructed at Blesium in ‘Grammatica, Rhetorica, Dialectica omniumque scientiarum genere’.

[1085] Le Blant, Épigraphie chrétienne en Gaule, p. 73.

[1086] Le Blant, Nouveau Recueil, No. 331.

[1087] Aus. Epist. xxxi.

[1088] Ep. cxviii ad fin. (Migne, xxii. 966).

[1089] For a discussion of his date see Pauly-Wissowa, s.v.

[1090] They were prescribed by the statutes of all the leading mediaeval schools in England, and among their numerous editors were Brinsley (1612) and Hoole (1659). They dealt with Stoic morals, enmity and friendship, adversity and prosperity, avarice and adulation, &c., and were obviously unsuited to young children. Watson, English Grammar Schools to 1660, p. 122, quotes the following as a favourable specimen:

[1091] Ep. x. 3 ‘Eius scripta summam quandam litterarum Gallicarum eo saeculo continent’. He may be the same as the Agricius or Argicius of Ausonius, Prof. xvi. 6.

[1092] e.g. in Cassian’s Instituta divin. et secular. litterarum and Isidore of Seville’s Etymologiae.

[1093] Migne, lxxi. 572.

[1094] ‘Die Zeitgenossen sprechen von dem Kloster als einer schola; von den Mönchen als den discipuli; sie bezeichnen damit die religiös-sittliche Erziehung’, op. cit., p. 62.

[1095] Migne, Liber Instructionum, l. 728.

[1096] Cf. Migne, l.c., l. 775 ff. and 730 ff.

[1097] Migne, l. 775 ff.

[1098] ‘Properantes ad se de disciplinis saecularibus salutis opifex non refutat, sed ire ad illas quemquam de suo nitore non patitur. Iam si eum mundo subtraxeras, mundi in eo schemata non requiras: erubesco ecclesiastica profitentem ornamentis saecularibus expolire’, Ep. ix. 9. (Corp. Scriptt. Eccles. Lat. vi. 234.)

[1099] Ad Salonium Prolog. Migne, l. 773.

[1100] Le Blant, Épigraphie chrétienne, p. 70.

[1101] Harnack says that it was introduced into the West under the cloak of church-doctrine and through the medium of Augustine, Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 568.

[1102] Cod. Theod. ix. 16. 7 (A.D. 364); 16. 8 ‘cesset mathematicorum tractatus’. Learning and teaching the subject are forbidden on pain of death (370). As late as 409 we find such a law (16. 12).

[1103] Praef. Formulae.

[1104] Ep. xiv. l. 17.

[1105] Hist. of Civilization, i. 402.

[1106] Cf. ‘quin hoc idem senserint scriptoque prodiderint Arcippus ... et omnes Pythagorae posteri, quorum videlicet nominum ne dicam sententiarum multitudine, si eadem prodita velim, volumen efficerem’. He had evidently made a special study of the Pythagoreans.

[1107] Fauriel, Hist. de la Gaule, i. 412.

[1108] ‘Anima inditur corpori per numerum et immortalem eandemque incorporalem convenientiam’, De Statu animae, ii. 7.

[1109] Ep. iv. 11.

[1110] Ep. ix. 9. 13.

[1111] Cf. Ep. iv. 1. 3 ‘inter Aristotelicas categorias’; and Ep. iv. 3. 6; ix. 9. 14; Carm. ii. 174.

[1112]

‘Ambrosio et Beato’, p. 406, Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat. vi.

[1113] Ep. iv. The authorship of this letter has been questioned.

[1114] Ep. xxxii. 33 ‘Ergo frustra tanto tempore studuimus et saepe manum ferulae subduximus’. Cf. c. Rufin. iii. 6 ‘Nec tibi, ut dicis, ferulas adhibeo neque athenogeronta (Senem discipulum) meum scutica et plagis litteras docere contendo’.

[1115] Sidon. Ep. vi. 1.

[1116] ‘Bene in omnibus causis timor obtemperat disciplinae: qui pro hoc ipso, quod imminentes periculorum causas aut iras iudicum cavere novit, potestatem conservandae salutis obtinuit.... Omnia sub metu disciplinae vitia iacent’, Hom. I, La Bigne, Patrologia Patrum, vol. viii.

[1117] Acta SS. Ordin. Benedict., Praef., lix. ff.

[1118] Isidor. Regula, 6; Migne, Pat. Lat. lxxxiii. 874.

[1119] Vita Caesarii, i. 9; Migne, lxvii. 1003.

[1120] Instit. x. 14.

[1121] Ibid. 17, 18; Ephesians iv. 28.

[1122] Cassian, Instit. 21; Proverbs xxviii. 19.

[1123] Cassian, Instit. 22.

[1124] Ibid. 24.

[1125] Migne, l. 718.

[1126] De Statu animae, ii. 9. Erasmus praised the purity of his style in his dedicatory letter to the works of Eucherius (1531).

[1127] Gen., ch. 70, ed. Herdingius.

[1128] Ch. 65. Cf. Ebert, Gesch. der christ. lat. Literatur, iii. 18.

[1129] Op. cit., p. 85.

[1130] ‘Alpina corpora umente caelo educata habent quiddam simile nivibus suis’, Florus, Epitome de Tito Livio, i. 20, ed. Halm; Caesar, B. G. iii. 19. Cf. Dio Cass. Excerpta, τῆς Γαλατίας τὸ κοῦφον καὶ τὸ δειλὸν καὶ τὸ θρασύ, and Livy vii. 12. 11.

[1131] ‘Ad militandum omnis aetas aptissima, et pari pectoris robore senex ad procinctum ducitur et adultus, gelu duratis artubus et labore assiduo multa contemptura et formidanda’, xv. 12.

[1132] xv. 11. 5.

[1133] De Gub. Dei, vii. 12.

[1134] Ibid. vi. 3.

[1135] Ibid.

[1136] Histoire de la Gaule, i. 438.

[1137] The laws against rape are many and severe. A man who abused a girl was delivered over to her as a slave with all his goods after receiving two hundred blows, Cod. Vis. iii. 3. 1. If a woman marries her paramour both are put to death, iii. 3. 2. An instance of their sense of honesty is the Goth who sent Paulinus, living in poverty and banishment at Marseilles, the price for his captured property, Euchar. 570 ff.

[1138] Cod. Theod. ix. 7. 1 (A.D. 326).

[1139] ‘Deportatione plectatur adque universae eius facultates fisci viribus vindicentur’, Cod. Theod. ix. 8. 1.

[1140] Ibid. ix. 9. 1.

[1141] ‘Denegata audientia patibulo adfigatur’, ibid. ix. 5 (A.D. 314).

[1142] Ibid. ix. 6. 3 (A.D. 397).

[1143] ‘Iudices qui se furtis et sceleribus fuerint maculasse convicti, ablatis codicillorum insignibus et honore exuti inter pessimos quosque et plebeios habeantur’, ix. 27. 1.

[1144] Cf. ix. 19. 1. A Curial is to lose his social status as a punishment.

[1145] Euchar. 87.

[1146] Hist. de France, i. 3. 421.

[1147] C. I. L. xiii. 1. 1, 1862, 2200, 2205; xii. 2039, &c.

[1148] Cf. those of Sidonius and Ausonius.

[1149] Ep. 88.

[1150] Ep. 88 ‘Quid mihi prodest scire agellum dividere ... simus hoc titulo rusticiore contenti: O virum bonum’.