[1151] Cf. the modern controversy about religious education, and the criticism that the dry facts are brought out in scriptural teaching rather than the spirit of the Bible.
[1152] Pro Instaur. Scholis, 14.
[1153] ‘Credo igitur, tali Caesar ... instinctu, tanto studium litterarum favore prosequitur, ut non minus ad providentiam numinis sui existimet pertinere bene dicendi quam recte faciendi disciplinas, et pro divina illa intelligentia mentis aeternae, sentiat litteras omnium fundamenta esse virtutum, utpote continentiae, modestiae, vigilantiae, patientiae magistras’, Pro Instaur. Scholis, 8. Cicero’s actual words in de Orat. iii. 15. 57 ‘illa doctrina ... et recte faciendi et bene dicendi magistra’.
[1154] Cf. Horace, Ars Poet. 310 ff.
[1155] C. I. L. xiii. 1. 1. 393.
[1156] ‘Fabricatum Martius Campus militem suscipit, quem simulacrum mentitae dimicationis animavit nec pedem retorquet a classicis cui bucinarum clangor et ministeria belli inter pacis blandimenta crepuerunt. Usu enim virtus nutrita grandescit et de institutione nascitur periculorum tolerantia’, Ennodius, ‘Ambrosio et Beato’ (Corp. Scriptt. Eccles. Lat. vi. 405).
[1157] Confess. i. 16.
[1158] Ibid. i. 18.
[1159] Ep. 88, § 20.
[1160] Ep. ii. 2. 6.
[1161] Ep. iii. 13. 1.
[1162] Op. cit., p. 35.
[1163] Liv. iii. 44.
[1164] Epigr. viii. 3.
[1165] Trist. ii. 369.
[1166] Protrep. 33.
[1167] Parent. vi.
[1168] De nuptiis Honor. 232.
[1169] Victor, rhetorician at Marseilles towards the end of the fifth century. De perversis aetatis moribus ad Salmonem epistola, Migne, lxi. 970.
[1170] So he says, Carm. xxiv. 95.
[1171] Ep. ii. 10. 5.
[1172] Ep. ii. 2. 9 ‘frons triclinii matronalis’. Carm. xv. 144 ‘Hoc opus (of a work of embroidery) virgineae posuere manus’.
[1173] Sidonius mentions the place set apart for the women in the library, Ep. ii. 9. 4.
[1174] Ep. 127.
[1175] Mon. Germ. Hist. vi. 2, p. 173, Canon 36.
[1176] Ibid., p. 182.
[1177] Aug. de Mor. Eccles. Cath. i. 70.
[1178] e.g. in the second Preface to his translation of the Psalms, Migne, xxix. 118.
[1179] Daniel, the twelve Minor Prophets, Isaiah, Psalms, Esther, Samuel and Kings, and to Eustochium alone (after Paula’s death) Joshua, Judges, and Ruth.
[1180] Ozanam, Hist. of Civilization in the Fifth Century, i. 246. Cf. for Jerome’s connexion with Gaul, Ep. v. 2; Ep. 117, 120, 121. Adv. Iovianum, ii. 7 (acquaintance with Hilary). For Augustine, Holmes, Christian Church in Gaul, pp. 383 ff. For Ambrose, E. W. Watson, Hilary of Poitiers, p. xi.
[1181] Migne, xix. 542.
[1182] ‘Ambrosio et Beato’ (Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat. vi. 409).
[1183] De Ord. i. 11; Migne. xxxii. 992.
[1184] Ars Amat. ii. 281.
[1185] Wilamowitz, On Greek Historical Writing (trans. G. Murray), p. 16, ‘The Greeks and Romans had no education in history’; p. 18, ‘No man in antiquity ever gave lectures on history’. Chassang remarks that there was no separate ‘chair’ for history, Le Roman dans l’antiquité, p. 98. Glover, Life and Letters, p. 106.
[1186] Röm. Privatalt., p. 328, note 3.
[1187] Aus. Prof. xxvi. 3:
This seems to indicate that history was conceived of as a separate subject.
[1188] Protrep. 61.
[1189] Prof. xx. 8 ‘Historiam callens Livii et Herodoti’.
[1190] Aus. Ep. x. 32. 22.
[1191] Tech. x.
[1192] Instit. x. l. 31 ‘Historia est proxima poetis et quodam modo carmen solutum’. Cf. Wilamowitz’ Oxford lecture on Greek historical writing (trans. G. Murray, p. 4). ‘The ancients were even further from a genuine science of history than from a genuine science of nature.... The method of historical research which we regard as an imperative duty is scarcely a century old.... And yet ... the first thing is to recognise that all our historical writing rests on foundations laid by the Greeks, as absolutely as does all our natural science.’
[1193] Ep. xx. (title).
[1194] Prof. xvi. 11.
[1195] Carm. ix. 240 ff.
[1196] Prof. xx. 9.
[1198] Prof. xxii. 14.
[1199] Ibid. 3, 4.
[1200] De Paul. Pell. vita et carmine, p. 33.
[1201] Cf. Dill, Rom. Soc., p. 424.
[1202] De Ordine, ii. 12; Migne, xxxii. 1012 ‘huic disciplinae (Grammaticae) accessit historia ... non tam ipsis historicis quam grammaticis laboriosa’.
[1203] Pan. Lat. viii. 1.
[1204] Libri de Fastis, iii. 3 (p. 194, Peiper’s ed.).
[1205] Ibid. i. 8.
[1206] Ibid. iv. 3.
[1207] Puech. De Paulini ... Ausoniique epistolarum commercio, p. 11.
[1208] Antike Kunstprosa, p. 81.
[1209] ‘Concessum est rhetoribus ementiri in historiis, ut aliquid dicere possint argutius’, Brut. 42.
[1210] De leg. i. 5 (quoted Norden).
[1211] Inst. x. 2. 21.
[1212] e.g. Pan. Lat. xi. 10.
[1213] Ibid. xii. 5.
[1214] Pro Instaur. Schol. 10.
[1215] ‘Ibi (in the school), fortissimorum imperatorum pulcherrimae res gestae per diversa regionum argumenta, recolantur, dum calentibus semperque venientibus victoriarum nuntiis, revisuntur gemina Persidos flumina et Libyae arva sitientia, et convexa Rheni cornua et Nili ora multifida, dumque sibi ad haec singula intuentium animus adfingit, aut sub tua, Diocletiane Auguste, clementia, Aegyptum, furore posito, quiescentem, aut te Maximiane invicte, perculsa Maurorum agmina fulminantem.... Nunc enim, nunc demum, iuvat orbem spectare depictum, cum in illo nihil videmus alienum’, Ibid. 21.
[1216] Ep. iv. 22. 5.
[1217] Ibid.
[1218] Symm. Ep. iv. 32. Cf. iv. 18; Symmachus refuses the request that he should write a history.
[1219] Ep. viii. 15. 1.
[1220] De Scholis Rom. in Gallia Comata, p. 29.
[1221] See Woodward, Christianity and Nationalism in the later Roman Empire, p. 5. Cf. the saying of Donatus ‘quid est imperatori cum ecclesia?’
[1222] Cf. Woodward, Christianity and Nationalism in the later Roman Empire (1916).
[1223] Ibid., p. 5.
[1224] Orosius, v. 2. 1 (quoted Dill, op. cit., p. 315).
[1225] Strabo, iv. 4.
[1226] See p. 9. Lucian in the second century found a Gallic philosopher, ἀκριβῶς Ἑλλάδα φωνὴν ἀφιείς, Herak. iv.
[1227] Cf. Fauriel, Hist. de la Gaule, i. 432.
[1228] Jullian, Revue internat. de l’Enseignement, p. 37 (1893). Cf. Jullian, Histoire de Bordeaux, pp. 27, 28.
[1229] Le Blant, Nouveau Recueil, No. 150. Cf. No. 326 (Narbonne) νιψάμενος προσεύχου and the Christian signs; the labarum, with α and ω.
[1230] Ibid., No. 374.
[1231] Cf. Jerome, Ep. 130 ‘negotiatoribus et avidissimis mortalium Syris’, and Eumen. Pro Instaur. Schol. 12 ‘Syrus mercator’.
[1232] Le Blant, Épigraphie chrétienne, p. 43.
[1233] Pro Instaur. Schol. 7.
[1234] ‘Genitor ille deorum oceanus’ = Iliad Ξ 201 of which 178 appears in ‘Iovi et Iunoni recubantibus novos flores terra submisit’. Cf. Brandt, Eumenios von Augustodunum, 20.
[1236] Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 11.
[1237] e.g. Misopogon, 342 (see Hertlein). One of the boasts of Favorinus of Arles (second century) was that, though a Gaul, he could write and speak Greek, Philostratus, Vita Soph. i. 206 (ed. Kayser).
[1238] Pro Instaur. Schol. 17.
[1239] Domest. iv. 9.
[1240] Prof. viii:
The credo seems to be ironical, and more a criticism of the masters than of himself.
[1241] Stahl, De Ausonianis studiis poetarum Graecorum, ad init.
[1242] e.g. Ep. viii ‘πολύ cantica τέκνα’, etc.; ‘nunquam ipse torquet αὔλακα’ Ep. vi. 10.
[1243] e.g.
[1246] Bolland, i, Jan., p. 50, vita Eugendi ‘Lectioni namque se in tantum die noctuque ... dedit et intendit ut praeter Latinis voluminibus etiam Graeca facundia redderetur instructus’.
[1247] i. 13. Cf. Contra Petilianum, i. 91 ‘Graecae linguae perperam assecutus sum et proprie nihil’.
[1248] Confess., l.c.
[1249] Ibid. 14.
[1250] De Paul. Pell. vita et carmine, p. 34.
[1251] Ibid. 35.
[1252] Euchar. 77.
[1253] Cf. Auson. to Drepanius, Eclog. i. 11:
[1254] Saint Augustin, p. 57 (transl.).
Cf. 117 ‘Argolico pariter Latioque instante magistro’.
[1256] Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat. xvi. 1. 277.
[1257] Euchar. 119-21.
[1258] Ibid. 115-18.
[1259] Confess. i. 14.
[1260] Cf. Frank, Roman Imperialism, 186 ff., also 149, 191, 220.
[1261] Cf. Giles, Roman Civilization, p. 11.
[1262] Aemil. Paul. 6, 7. Cf. Ussing, Erziehung bei den Griechen und Römern, p. 123.
[1263] De Fin. i. 3, ‘hoc tam insolens domesticarum rerum fastidium’. Cf. Tusc. ii. 15; iii. 5, 8, 10; Pro Caecina, 18; Sen. Ep. 58. Cicero’s repeated and emphatic protests show how strong the hellenizing tendency was in his day.
[1264] Plin. Ep. iv. 18.
[1265] Seneca, Ep. lvii. 1.
[1266] e.g. De Fin. i. 6.
[1267] De Rhet., § 2.
[1268] Glover, Life and Letters in the Fourth Century, p. 188.
[1269] ‘Sic in foro pueros a centumviralibus causis auspicari ut ab Homero in scholis’, Ep. ii. 14.
[1270] ‘Initium quoque eius (Grammaticae) mediocre exstitit, siquidem antiquissimi doctorum qui iidem et poetae et semigraeci erant ... nihil amplius quam Graecos interpretabantur aut si quid ipsi Latine composuissent praelegebant’, De Grammaticis, § 1.
[1271] Scriptt. Hist. Aug. xix. 27 (2).
[1272] Satyr. 5.
[1273] Instit. x. 1. 46.
[1274] Prof. xxi; Jung, De Scholis Rom. in Gallia Comata, p. 25.
[1275] Euchar. 72.
[1276] Protrep. 45.
[1277] Ep. cvii. 9.
[1278] Revue internat. de l’Enseignement, 1893, p. 38.
[1279] Op. cit., p. 24.
[1280] B. G. lv. 5.
[1281] Epigr. lxvii and the eight following epigrams.
[1282] Epigr. lxxi. It must be remembered, however, that such enthusiasm was very often conventional. The work was very famous in literature (cf. Pliny, N. H. xxxiv. 57 ‘Myronem ... bucula maxime nobilitavit celebratis versibus laudata’) and Ausonius’s appreciation may be worth little more than that of the thirty-six epigrams on Myron’s heifer preserved in the Greek Anthology. That the appreciation of an epigram, however, need not necessarily be artificial is proved, e.g. by iv. 54 of the Anthology of Planudes.
[1283] p. 433, Peiper’s ed. Cf. Petron. 88 ‘Myron, qui paene hominum animas ferarumque aere comprehenderat’.
(Carmina a Thaddaeo Ugoleto Ausoni Epigrammaton libro inserta.)
[1285] Ep. viii. 6. 10 ‘cultor aliquis e primis architectusque’. Cf. Ep. vi. 12. 3.
[1286] Claudianus und Sidonius; Dalton, Introd. to Sidonius, p. 101.
[1287] Carm. xxii.
[1288] Ep. ix. 14.
[1289] Ep. ii. 10.
[1290] Ep. iv. 18.
[1291] Ibid.
[1292] Dehio, Die kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlandes, i. 21; Dalton, ii. 233.
[1293] See for example Reinach’s collection of sculptures.
[1294] Cf., however, p. 31, note. The excellence of the Gauls in pottery has been referred to, ibid.
[1295] Histoire de France, i. 3. 407.
[1296] e.g. Pan. Lat. vi. 21.
[1297] Hist. of Civilization in the Fifth Century, i. 70 ff.
[1298] Variarum lib. vii. 15 ‘Formula ad praefectum urbis de architecto publicorum’.
[1299] Vita S. Martini, 10.
[1300] ‘Ut et facta veterum, exclusis defectibus, innovemus et nova vetustatis gloria vestiamus’, Var. vii. 15.
[1301] Ep. xxxii. 24.
[1302] Le Blant, Nouveau Recueil, No. 87.
[1303] Cf. Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 604 ff.
[1304] Ep. xxxii. 2 (Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat. xxix. 257 ff.).
[1305] Ibid., § 10:
[1306] Ibid., § 17 ff.
[1307] ‘Totum vero extra concham basilicae spatium alto et lacunato culmine geminis utrimque porticibus dilatatur, quibus duplex per singulos arcus columnarum ordo dirigitur. Cubicula intra porticus quaterna longis basilicae lateribus inserta, secretis orantium ... accommodatos ad pacis aeternae requiem locos praebent. Omne cubiculum binis per liminium frontibus versibus praenotatur ..., ibid., § 12.
[1308] Ibid., § 17.
[1309] C. I. L. xii. 1923.
[1310] C. I. L. xii. 3344.