[30] Schapiro, op. cit., pp. 20-39, and Strieder, op. cit. (see note 2), pp. 156-212.
[31] For the so-called Reformation of the Emperor Sigismund see Chap. I, note 24, and for the Peasants’ Articles, ibid., note 108.
[32] For Geiler von Kaiserberg and Hipler see Schapiro, op. cit., pp. 30, 126-31. For Hutten see H. Wiskemann, Dartstellung der in Deutschland zur Zeit der Reformation herrschenden Nationalökonomischen Ansichten, 1861, pp. 13-24.
[33] Quoted W. Raleigh, The English Voyages of the Sixteenth Century, 1910, p. 28.
[34] Troeltsch, Protestantism and Progress, 1912, pp. 44-52.
[35] Schapiro, op. cit., p. 137.
[36] See citations in Wiskemann, op. cit., pp. 47-8, and, for a discussion of Luther’s social theory, Troeltsch, Die Soziallehren der Christlichen Kirchen, 1912, pp. 549-93.
[37] Luther, An den christlichen Adel deutscher Nation (1520), in Werke, vol. vi, pp. 381 seqq.
[38] Schapiro, op. cit., p. 139.
[39] Luther, Ermahnung zum Frieden auf die zwölf Artikel der Bauerschaft in Schwaben (1525), in Werke, vol. xviii, p. 327.
[40] Von Kaufshandlung und Wucher, in ibid., vol. xv, p. 295.
[41] An den christlichen Adel, in ibid., vol. vi, p. 466 (quoted by R. H. Murray, Erasmus and Luther, 1920, p. 239).
[42] Von Kaufshandlung und Wucher, in ibid., vol. xv, pp. 293-4, 312.
[43] Concerning Christian Liberty, in Wace and Buchheim, Luther’s Primary Works, 1896, pp. 256-7.
[44] Grosser Sermon vom Wucher, in Werke, vol. vi, p. 49.
[46] Printed in Neumann, Geschichte des Wuchers in Deutschland, Beilage F, pp. 618-19.
[47] Concerning Christian Liberty, in Wace and Buchheim, op. cit., pp. 258-9.
[48] Von Kaufshandlung und Wucher, in Werke, vol. xv, p. 302.
[49] Zwingli, Von der göttlichen und menschlichen Gerechtigkeit, oder von dem göttlichen Gesetze und den bürgerlichen Gesetzen, printed in R. Christoffel, H. Zwingli, Leben und ausgewählte Schriften, 1857, pt. ii, pp. 313 seqq. See also Wiskemann, op. cit., pp. 71-4.
[50] “Quid si igitur ex negociatione plus lucri percipi possit quam ex fundi cuiusvis proventu? Unde vero mercatoris lucrum? Ex ipsius inquies, diligentia et industria” (quoted by Troeltsch, Die Soziallehren der Christlichen Kirche, p. 707).
[51] Bucer, De Regno Christi.
[52] Roger Fenton, A Treatise of Usurie, 1612, p. 61.
[53] Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans. by J. Allen, 1838, vol. ii, p. 147 (bk. iii, ch. xxiii, par. 7).
[54] Ibid., vol. ii, pp. 128-9 (bk. iii, ch. xxi, par. 7).
[55] Gerrard Winstanley, A New-Yeer’s Gift for the Parliament and Armie, 1650 (Thomason Tracts, Brit. Mus., E. 587 (6), p. 42).
[56] The Works of William Laud, D.D., ed. Wm. Scott, vol. vi, pt. i, 1857, p. 213.
[58] “Quod ad maiores natu spectat, a nobis quotannis repetitur inspectio cuiusque familiæ. Distribuimus inter nos urbis regiones, ut ordine singulas decurias executere liceat. Adest ministro comes unus ex senioribus. Illic novi incolæ examinantur. Qui semel recepti sunt, omittuntur; nisi quod requiritur sitne domus pacata et recte composita, num lites cum vicinis, num qua ebrietas, num pigri sint et ignari ad conciones frequentendas” (quoted by Wiskemann, op. cit., p. 80 n.). For his condemnation of indiscriminate almsgiving, see ibid., p. 79 n.
[59] De non habendo Pauperum Delectu (1523), and De Erogatione Eleemosynarum (1524). See K. R. Hagenbach, Johann Oekolampad und Oswald Myconius, die Reformatoren Basels, 1859, p. 46.
[60] Carl Pestallozzi, Heinrich Bullinger, Leben und ausgewählte Schriften, 1858, pp. 50-1, 122-5, 340-2.
[61] Wiskemann, op. cit., pp. 70-4.
[62] Quoted by Preserved Smith, The Age of the Reformation, 1921, p. 174.
[63] Calvin, Inst., bk. iv, ch. xii, par. 1.
[64] Printed in Paul Henry, Das Leben Johann Calvins, vol. ii, 1838, Appx., pp. 26-41.
[65] R. Christoffel, Zwingli, or the Rise of the Reformation in Switzerland, trans. by John Cochran, 1858, pp. 159-60.
[66] Printed in Paul Henry, op. cit., vol. ii, Appx., pp. 23-5.
[67] E. Choisy, L’Etat Chrétien Calviniste à Genève au temps de Théodore de Bèze, 1902, p. 145. I should like to make acknowledgments to this excellent book for most of the matter contained in the following paragraphs.
[68] Paul Henry, op. cit., pp. 70-5. Other examples are given by Preserved Smith, op. cit., pp. 170-4, and by F. W. Kampschulte, Johann Calvin, seine Kirche und sein Staat in Genf, 1869. Statistical estimates of the bloodthirstiness of Calvin’s régime vary; Smith (p. 171) states that in Geneva, a town of 16,000 inhabitants, 58 persons were executed and 76 banished in the years 1542-6.
[69] Knox, quoted by Preserved Smith, op. cit., p. 174.
[70] Calvin, Inst., bk. iii, ch. vii, par. 5.
[71] Choisy, op. cit., pp. 442-3.
[72] Ibid., pp. 35-37.
[73] Ibid., pp. 189, 117-19.
[74] Ibid., pp. 35, 165-7.
[75] Ibid., pp. 119-21.
[76] Ibid., pp. 189-94.
[77] Paul Henry, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 70 n.
[78] See the description of the Church given in Calvin, Inst., bk. iv, ch. i, par. 4: “Quia nunc de ecclesia visibili disserere propositum est, discamus vel matris elogio, quam utilis sit nobis eius cognitio, immo necessaria, quando non alius est in vitam ingressus nisi nos ipsa concipiat in utero, nisi pariat, nisi nos alat suis uberibus, denique sub custodia et gubernatione sua nos tueatur, donec excuti carne mortali, similes erimus angelis. Neque enim patitur nostra infirmitas a schola nos dimitti, donec toto vitæ cursu discipuli fuerimus. Adde quod extra eius gremium nulla est speranda peccatorum remissio nec ulla salus.”
[79] John Quick, Synodicon in Gallia Reformata: Or the Acts, Decisions, Decrees and Canons of those famous National Councils of the Reformed Churches in France, 1692, vol. i, p. 99.
[80] Ibid., vol. i, p. 9 (pirates and fraudulent tradesmen), pp. 25, 34, 38, 79, 140, 149 (interest and usury), p. 70 (false merchandize and selling of stretched cloth), p. 99 (reasonable profits), pp. 162, 204 (investment of money for the benefit of the poor), pp. 194, 213 (lotteries).
[81] The Buke of Discipline, in Works of John Knox, ed. D. Laing, vol. ii, 1848, p. 227.
[82] Scottish History Soc., St. Andrews Kirk Session Register, ed. D. H. Fleming, 1889-90, vol. i, p. 309; vol. ii, p. 822.
[83] W. B. Weeden, Economic and Social History of New England, 1890, vol. i, p. 11. The words are Governor Bradford’s.
[84] Winthrop’s Journal “History of New England,” 1630-49, ed. J. K. Hosmer, 1908, vol. i, pp. 134, 325; vol. ii, p. 20.
[85] Weeden, op. cit., vol. i, pp. 125, 58.
[86] Winthrop, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 20.
[87] J. A. Doyle, The English in America, vol. ii, 1887, p. 57; the price of cattle “must not be judged by urgent necessity, but by reasonable profit.”
[88] Roger Williams, The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution, 1644, chap. lv.
[89] Winthrop, op. cit., vol. i, pp. 315-18. A similar set of rules as to the conduct of the Christian in trade are given by Bunyan in The Life and Death of Mr. Badman, 1905 ed., pp. 118-22.
[90] I owe this phrase to the excellent book of J. T. Adams, The Founding of New England.
[1] J. Rossus, Historia Regum Angliæ (ed. T. Hearne).
[2] 4 Hen. VII, c. 19; 6 Hen. VIII, c. 5; 7 Hen. VIII, c. 1; 25 Hen. VIII, c. 13. For the Commission of 1517 see Leadam, The Domesday of Enclosures.
[3] For examples see J. S. Schapiro, Social Reform and the Reformation, pp. 60-1, 65, 67, 70-1.
[4] More, Utopia, p. 32 (Pitt Press ed., 1879): “Noblemen and gentlemen, yea and certeyne abbottes, holy men no doubt ... leave no grounde for tillage, thei enclose al into pastures.” For a case of claiming a bondman see Selden Society, vol. xvi, 1903, Select Cases in the Court of Star Chamber, pp. cxxiii-cxxix, 118-29 (Carter v. the Abbott of Malmesbury); for conversion of copyholds to tenancies at will, Selden Society, vol. xii, 1898, Select Cases in the Court of Requests, pp. lix-lxv, 64-101 (Kent and other inhabitants of Abbot’s Ripton v. St. John; the change was alleged to have been made in 1471).
[5] A. Savine, English Monasteries on the Eve of the Dissolution (Oxford Studies in Social and Legal History, ed. P. Vinogradoff, vol. i, 1909, p. 100), estimates the net temporal income of English monasteries in 1535 at £109,736, and the net income from all sources at £136,361. These figures require to be multiplied by at least 12 to convert them into terms of modern money. An estimate of the capital value which they represent can only be a guess, but it can hardly have been less (in terms of modern money) than £20,000,000.
[6] For the status and payments of grantees, see the figures of Savine, printed in H. A. L. Fisher, The Political History of England, 1485-1547, Appx. ii: the low price paid by peers is particularly striking. The best study is that of S. B. Liljegren, The Fall of the Monasteries and the Social Changes in England leading up to the Great Revolution (1924), which shows in detail (pp. 118-25) the activities of speculators.
[7] Star Chamber Proc., Hen. VIII, vol. vi, no. 181, printed in Tawney and Power, Tudor Economic Documents, vol. i, pp. 19-29.
[8] Selden Society, Select Cases in the Court of Requests, pp. lviii-lxix, 198-200.
[9] Quoted by F. A. Gasquet, Henry the Eighth and the English Monasteries, 1920, pp. 227-8.
[10] See, e.g., The Obedience of a Christian Man (in Tyndale’s Doctrinal Treatises, Parker Society, 1848), p. 231, where the treatment of the poor by the early Church is cited as an example; and Policies to reduce this Realme of Englande unto a Prosperus Wealthe and Estate, 1549 (printed in Tawney and Power, Tudor Economic Documents, vol. iii, pp. 311-45): “Like as we suffered our selfes to be ignorant of the trewe worshipping of God, even so God kepte from us the right knowledge how to reforme those inconveniences which we did see before our eyes to tende unto the utter Desolation of the Realme. But now that the trew worshepping of Gode is ... so purely and sincerely sett forthe, it is likewise to be trusted that God ... will use the kinges maiestie and your grace to be also his ministres in plucking up by the roots all the cawses and occasions of this foresaid Decaye and Desolation.”
[11] Bucer, De Regno Christi.
[12] A. F. Leach, The Schools of Mediæval England, 1915, p. 331. He goes on: “The contrasts between one grammar school to every 5,625 people, and that presented by the Schools Inquiry Report in 1864 of one to every 23,750 people ... is not to the disadvantage of our pre-Reformation ancestors.” For details of the Edwardian spoliation, see the same author’s English Schools at the Reformation, 1546-8 (1896).
[13] See Acts of the Privy Council, vol. ii, pp. 193-5 (1548); in response to protests from the members for Lynn and Coventry, the gild lands of those cities are regranted to them.
[14] Crowley, The Way to Wealth, in Select Works of Robert Crowley, ed. J. M. Cowper (Early English Text Society, 1872, pp. 129-150).
[15] Crowley, op. cit., and Epigrams (in ibid., pp. 1-51).
[16] Becon, The Jewel of Joy, 1553: “They abhore the names of Monkes, Friers, Chanons, Nonnes, etc., but their goodes they gredely gripe. And yet where the cloysters kept hospitality, let out their fermes at a resonable price, norished scholes, brought up youth in good letters, they do none of all these thynges.”
[17] Thomas Lever, Sermons, 1550 (English Reprints, ed. E. Arber, 1895), p. 32. The same charge is repeated in subsequent sermons.
[18] F. W. Russell, Kett’s Rebellion in Norfolk, 1859, p. 202. For Somerset’s policy and the revolt of the gentry against it, see Tawney, The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century, pp. 365-70.
[19] Latimer, Seven Sermons before Edward VI (English Reprints, ed. E. Arber, 1895), pp. 84-6.
[20] Pleasure and Pain, in Select Works of Robert Crowley, ed. J. M. Cowper, p. 116.
[21] The Way to Wealth, in ibid., p. 132.
[22] Lever, op. cit., p. 130.
[23] A Prayer for Landlords, from A Book of Private Prayer set forth by Order of King Edward VI.
[24] Bacon, Of the True Greatness of the Kingdom of Britain.
[25] For a discussion of the problem of credit as it affected the peasant and small master, see my introduction to Wilson’s Discourse upon Usury, 1925, pp. 17-30.
[27] D’Ewes, Journals, 1682, p. 173.
[28] Calendar S.P.D. Eliz., vol. cclxxxvi, nos. 19, 20.
[29] For examples see S. O. Addy, Church and Manor, 1913, chap. xv. The best account of parish business and organization is given by S. L. Ware, The Elizabethan Parish in its Ecclesiastical and Financial Aspects, 1908.
[30] Lever, op. cit., p. 130. See also Harrison, The Description of Britaine, 1587 ed., bk. ii, chap. xviii.
[31] A Godlie Treatise concerning the Lawful Use of Riches, a translation by Thos. Rogers from the Latin of Nicholas Heming, 1578, p. 8.
[32] Sandys, 2nd, 10th, 11th, and 12th of Sermons (Parker Society, 1841); Jewel, Works, pt. iv, pp. 1293-8 (Parker Society, 1850); Thos. Wilson, A Discourse upon Usury, 1572; Miles Mosse, The Arraignment and Conviction of Usurie, 1595; John Blaxton, The English Usurer, or Usury Condemned by the Most Learned and Famous Divines of the Church of England, 1634.
[33] Heming, op. cit., pp. 16-17.
[34] Roger Fenton, A Treatise of Usurie, 1612, p. 59.
[35] Wilson, op. cit., 1925 ed., p. 281.
[36] Miles Mosse, op. cit.
[37] S.P.D. Eliz., vol. lxxv, no. 54. (Printed in Tawney and Power, Tudor Economic Documents, vol. iii, pp. 359-70).
[38] Heming, op. cit., p. 11.
[39] Maitland, English Law and the Renaissance, 1901.
[40] Quoted by Maitland, op. cit., pp. 49-50.
[41] Wilson, op. cit.
[42] Jeremy Taylor, Ductor Dubitantium, 1660, bk. iii, ch. iii, par. 30.
[43] Mosse, op. cit., Dedication, p. 6.
[44] E. Cardwell, Synodalia, 1842, p. 436.
[45] Cardwell, The Reformation of the Ecclesiastical Laws, 1850, pp. 206, 323.