The change of the name of the school which Dr. Mateer had founded and nurtured for nearly two decades was made at the formal request of the members of the Shantung Presbyterian Mission, sent to the Board under date of February 14, 1881. It was accompanied by a “plan,” and that part of the paper was as follows:

For this request the main reasons were added in extenso. They are too long to be given here; but they can be, in the main, compressed into two general statements. One of these was the need of a high-grade institution of this sort in northern China, and especially in the great province of Shantung. It was conceded that Tengchow was not as central a location as the college might ultimately require; but, being a literary city and a treaty port, and as yet free from the special temptations and corrupting influences of a mixed foreign population, it at least temporarily had marked advantages. The other general statement is that the institution was already in fact a college by reason of its curriculum, and was equipped with buildings and outfit suitable for the advanced work which a college ought to do. In order that it might retain the position it had won, and in order to secure endowment and reputation, the new name was very desirable.

In a letter dated April 4, 1885, the mission appealed to the Board for a new house to be built for the accommodation of the chief foreign assistant in the college, and incidentally gave a statement as to the plant. They said: “At a remarkably small cost to the Board it has come into possession of plain but extensive premises, which are very well adapted to the purpose. With the small additions and changes proposed for the current year it will have good boarding and dormitory accommodations for eighty or ninety pupils, with roomy yards and courts. It has also two large schoolrooms, three recitation rooms, one large lecture room, a philosophical apparatus room, a chemical apparatus room with a shop and storeroom. It has also a substantial stone observatory, costing one hundred and sixty dollars.” In 1894, a grant for new buildings having been made by the Board, steps looking to their erection were taken. Writing of these, March 23, 1895, Dr. Mateer said, “We staked off the ground to-day, and will make a start at once.” That year, however, on account of his duties on the committee for the revision of the Mandarin translation of the Scriptures, he laid down the presidency of the college, though he did not cease to assist in the instruction and in the management of it. February 8, 1896, he wrote to the Board: “The headship of the college is now in Mr. Hayes’s hands, and with it the major part of the work. I am especially thankful that the interests of the college are in the hands of a capable man; nevertheless, when I am in Tengchow a considerable share of the general responsibility still clings to me, and no inconsiderable share of the work, and Mrs. Mateer’s share is in nowise decreased. Our new buildings are finished, and are an unspeakable convenience. The wonder is how we did without them so long. They have served to raise our college in the estimate of the people of the whole city.” These new buildings consisted of a main edifice of two stories, dormitories, and chemical laboratory. The old temple structure was converted into a chapel and various alterations were made as to uses of the smaller houses. The original estimate of the outlay was eight thousand dollars. Whether this sum was sufficient is not stated in any of the records that have come into my hands; but inasmuch as nothing is said about a deficit, it is probable that there was none, except such as Dr. Mateer and others on the ground met out of their own pockets. The new buildings were supplied with steam heat and electric light from a house specially fitted for the purpose, with a tall chimney that seemed as if a landmark for all the region; and some other additions were subsequently made by means of special contributions. Taken altogether, the plant, into the possession of which the Tengchow College eventually came, though consisting largely of houses that were externally without architectural pretension, and in part of the Chinese order and somewhat inadequate, was extensive enough to indicate the magnitude of the work the institution was doing.

One of the things on which the members of the mission laid stress in their request for the elevation of the school to the rank and title of a college was that it already had “a good collection of philosophical and chemical apparatus, believed to be the largest and best-assorted collection in China.” Dr. Mateer also was accustomed to speak of this apparatus with a pride that was an expression, not of vanity, but of satisfaction in a personal achievement, that was eminently worth while. For instance, in his letter to his college classmates in 1897, he said: “I have given some time and considerable thought and money to the making of philosophical apparatus. I had a natural taste in this direction, and I saw that in China the thing to push in education was physical science. We now have as good an outfit of apparatus as the average college in the United States,—more than twice as much as Jefferson had when we graduated; two-thirds of it made on the ground at my own expense.” It was a slow, long job to produce it. Early in his career as a teacher in the Tengchow school he had little need of apparatus because the pupils were not of a grade to receive instruction in physics; but it was not very long until he recorded his difficulty, for instance, in teaching pneumatics without an air pump. Some of his instruction at that general period was given to a class of students for the ministry. He was always careful to let it be known that his school was in no degree a theological seminary; he held it to be vital to have it understood that it was an institution for what we would call secular instruction, though saturated through and through with Christianity. But again and again throughout his life he took his share in teaching native candidates for the ministry; and before the college proper afforded them opportunity to study western science he was accustomed to initiate these young men into enough knowledge of the workings of nature to fit them to be better leaders among their own people. Thus, writing in his Journal, February, 1874, concerning his work with the theological class that winter, he said:

It was in this way that the collection was begun. As he added to it in succeeding years, every piece had a history that lent it an individual interest. Much of it continued to be produced by his own hand, or at least under his own superintendence, and at the expense of himself, or of his friends, who at his solicitation contributed money for this use. Some of the larger and more costly articles were donated by people to whom he appealed for help, and therefore peculiar personal associations clustered about them. For instance, when home on his first furlough, he met Cyrus W. Field, on a voyage to Europe, and interested him in the Tengchow School. After reaching China again, he wrote a letter to Mr. Field and solicited from him the gift of a dynamo. In the course of some months a favorable response was received; and, eventually, that dynamo rendered most valuable service in lighting the buildings. Two friends, whose acquaintance he had made in the United States,—Mr. Stuart, of New York, and Mrs. Baird, of Philadelphia,—gave him money to buy a ten-inch reflecting telescope, with proper mountings and accompaniments; and when, as so often happens in such matters, there was a considerable deficit, his “Uncle John” came to the relief. In ordering through an acquaintance a set of telegraph instruments he explained that the Board was not furnishing the means to pay for it, but that it was purchased with his own money, supplemented by the gifts of certain friends of missions and education.

This must suffice as to the history of that collection of apparatus. It is, however, enough to show why he had so much pride in it.

It was in 1895 that he laid down the headship of the college. He took this step all the more readily because in his successor, Rev. W. M. Hayes, now of Tsingchow fu, he had entire confidence as to both character and ability. On his arrival in China Mr. Hayes was immediately associated with Dr. Mateer in the school, and showed himself to be a thoroughly kindred spirit. He continued at the head of the college until 1901, when he resigned his position in order to start for the governor of the province a new college at Tsinan fu. It may not be out of place to add here that the governor at that time was Yuan Shih K’ai, a man of large and liberal views, and that there was, as to the new college he was founding, in the requirements nothing that made it improper for a Christian and a minister of the gospel to be at the head of it. It is due to Mr. Hayes to say that in accepting this position he was confident that he had the approval of nearly all the missionaries associated with him. However, it was not very long until Yuan was transferred to the viceroyalty of the province of Chi-li, which dominates Peking, and a successor took his place in Shantung, who was of a different mind, and who introduced such usages into the new institution that Mr. Hayes felt conscientiously bound to lay down his office. He is now one of the instructors in the theological department of the Shantung Christian University, into which the college at Tengchow has been merged.

In the request of the members of the mission for the elevation of the Tengchow school to the rank and title of a college one of the articles specifically left the ultimate location of the institution an open question. The main objection to Tengchow was its isolation. It is away up on the coast of the peninsula that constitutes the eastern end of the province, and it is cut off from the interior by a range of rather rugged hills in the rear. Though a treaty port, its commerce by sea has long been inconsiderable, and gives no promise of increase. At the time when that request was made, it is likely that some, though signing, would have preferred that the college should be removed down to Chefoo. To any project of that sort Dr. Mateer was inflexibly, and with good reason, opposed; and it never assumed such strength as to give him much apprehension. Along in the later “eighties” and in the early “nineties” the question of location again arose in connection with the Anglo-Chinese college which Dr. A. P. Happer, of the Presbyterian missions in China, undertook to found. He progressed so far as to raise a considerable sum of money for endowment and had a board appointed for the control. The project at no stage received the hearty support of Dr. Mateer, though, of course, so long as it did not threaten hurt to his own college or the ideas which it represented he did not make any fight against it. Dr. Happer had long been a missionary in southern China, and was beyond question earnestly devoted to his work; his idea was that by means of the Anglo-Chinese college he would raise up an efficient native ministry for the churches. The conviction of Dr. Mateer was that, so far as this result is concerned, the institution, by the very nature of the plan, must be a comparative failure. English was to be given a large place in the curriculum, and for students it was to draw especially on such as could pay their own way. In a long letter dated March 18, 1887, called out by the question of the location of the proposed college, and signed by Dr. Mateer and Mr. Hayes, they frankly expressed to one of the secretaries of the Board their reasons for believing so strongly that an institution conducted on the plan proposed could not realize the main object which its founder sought. They had found it necessary years before, in the Tengchow College, to meet the question as to the introduction of English, and the decision was in favor of using Chinese alone in the curriculum; and so long as the school remained in charge of Mateer and Hayes, they rigidly excluded their own native tongue. When the Tengchow school was just emerging into the Tengchow College, Dr. Mateer thus expressed his convictions on that subject:

His observation since had served to confirm him in the conviction of years before, and in the letter to a secretary of the Board, Hayes united with him in stating clearly and forcibly their joint opinion on the subject.

In casting about for a location for the Anglo-Chinese college, the choice narrowed down so that it lay between Canton, Nanking, Shanghai, and Tientsin. Chefoo was mentioned, but not seriously considered, yet even the possibility of location there, although remote, was so important a matter to the Shantung College that it compelled the men at the head of that institution to be on the alert so long as the question was undetermined. By and by Dr. Happer became disposed to turn over the management of his projected college to some other person, and he wrote to Dr. Mateer, sounding him as to the vacancy, should it occur. The scheme at that time seemed to be to locate the new institution at Shanghai, and to unite with it the Shantung College; and in a long letter in response, written January 9, 1890, Dr. Mateer went very candidly over the entire situation. Among other things he said:

Not long afterward the situation was such that Dr. Mateer and Mr. Hayes addressed to the trustees of the endowment a paper in which a suggestion was made that under certain conditions the fund raised by Dr. Happer should be turned over to the Shantung College. In that paper there was a frank statement of their attitude as to English. They were entirely willing to introduce that language, but only under such conditions that it could not seriously alter the character and work of the institution. The paper is too long for introduction here. It will suffice to quote from a letter sent by Dr. Mateer at the same time to one of the secretaries of the Board, and dated February 9, 1891:

Nothing came of the suggestion that the money should be turned over to the Shantung institution.

Dr. Mateer still continued to help in the college at Tengchow, as he had time and opportunity. Early in the “nineties,” and after the movement just considered had failed to materialize, he solicited from the Board the privilege of seeking to raise an endowment fund, but at that time he was unable to secure their consent. At the beginning of 1900 the Board changed their attitude, and authorized an effort to be made to secure contributions for this purpose. Of course, in order to be successful in this undertaking, a satisfactory plan for the control of the college was a necessity; and as to this Dr. Mateer was consulted, and he gave his opinions freely. His preference was expressed for a charter giving the endowment a separate legal status, but providing that the members of the Board of Foreign Missions, acting in this distinct capacity, should be the trustees. The general oversight of the institution he thought should be assigned to a “Field Board of Directors,” composed of members of the Shantung Mission. This was not a scheme that entirely satisfied him. The specter, on the one hand, of a diversion of the college into a school for teaching English, and, on the other, of making it a theological seminary, would not altogether down; but in the ultimate appeal to the members of the Board of Foreign Missions he recognized a safeguard that was not likely to prove inadequate. When he was on furlough in 1903, he spent a considerable part of his time in soliciting permanent funds for the college, then already removed to its present location; but he was unable to secure much aid. Ada was with him; and she says of his experience in this work, “He was so accustomed to success in whatever he undertook that it was hard for him to bear the indifference of the rich to what seemed to him so important.”

The transfer of the college to another location was a question that would not permanently rest. So long as it was whether it should go from Tengchow to Chefoo, or be swallowed up in another more pretentious institution at Shanghai, and not yet in existence, it was comparatively easy to silence the guns of those who talked removal. But at the opening of the twentieth century, even out there in north China, important changes indirectly affecting this problem had occurred. The missions had been strengthened by a number of new men, who came fresh from the rush of affairs in the United States, and eager to put their force into the work in China in such a way that it would tell the most. Even China itself was beginning to awake from the torpor of ages. In Shantung the Germans were building railroads, one of them right through the heart of the province, on by way of Wei Hsien to the capital, and from that point to be afterward connected with Tientsin and Peking. It is not strange that, under the new conditions, the young members of the mission especially should desire to place the college which loomed up so largely and effectually in the work to which they had consecrated their lives where it could be in closer touch with the swarming millions of the land and with the movements of the new times. February 26, 1901, Dr. Mateer wrote to the Board:

On that part of his contention he lost; and it would be useless now to try to ascertain the respective merits of the two sides to that question. The second part of the letter just cited discussed the abandonment of Tengchow as a mission station. The plan of those who took the affirmative of this debate was to leave that city to the Southern Baptists, who almost forty years before had preceded the Presbyterians a few weeks in a feeble occupation, but who had been entirely overshadowed by the development of the college. For the retention of the station Dr. Mateer pleaded with his utmost fervor and eloquence. Though the decision remained in uncertainty while he lived, and the uncertainty gave him much anxiety, large gifts, coming since, from a consecrated layman, have rendered the retention of the Tengchow station secure. The wisdom of the decision is vindicated by present conditions. At the close of 1909 the station reported a city church with three hundred members; a Sabbath school which sometimes numbers five hundred pupils; thirty out-stations with about five hundred members; twenty-four primary schools, giving instruction to three hundred and sixteen boys and girls, and taught by graduates of the higher schools of the station; a girls’ high school with an average enrollment of forty-six pupils, and for the year then closing having twelve graduates, nearly all of whom became teachers; a boys’ high school with an attendance of forty, and sending up a number of graduates to the college at Wei Hsien or to other advanced institutions, and having a normal department with a model primary department; and also a helpers’ summer school; besides other machinery for reaching with the gospel the three millions of people gathered in the neighborhood of Tengchow. Nor has the work of the Presbyterians in the least hampered that of the Southern Baptists.

The actual removal of the college was not effected until the autumn of 1904. In the interval between the time when it was determined to take this step and when it was actually accomplished a number of important things affecting the course of Dr. Mateer’s life occurred. Mr. Hayes, as elsewhere stated, resigned the presidency; and Rev. Paul D. Bergen, who had come out to the mission in 1883, was chosen in his place. Dr. Mateer had been so closely associated with Mr. Hayes, and had such complete confidence in him, that the resignation came almost like a personal bereavement; but he rose nobly out of the depths, and wrote home to the Board: “Mr. Bergen is clearly the best man that our missions in Shantung afford for the place. He is very popular with the Chinese, which is much in his favor. The time is as auspicious as it is important. Educational affairs are taking a great boom, and it looks as if Shantung was going to lead the van. If it is properly supported the college should do a great work.” During the interval here covered Dr. Mateer came to the United States on his third and last furlough, reaching China again in the autumn of 1903, and bringing with him some substantial fruits of his efforts for the college.

On his arrival he was confronted by another great problem as to the institution. A combination had already been almost effected by the American Presbyterians and the English Baptists in Shantung for a union in the work of higher education in the province. The matter had already gone so far that, although he feared that the scheme would bring about such radical changes as to endanger the real usefulness of the institution, yet he made no serious opposition, and it went steadily forward to consummation. Under the plan adopted the Shantung Christian University was established; and provision was made for a joint maintenance of three distinct colleges in it, each at a different location, chosen because of mission and other conditions—a college of arts and science at Wei Hsien, a theological college at Tsingchow fu, and a medical college at Tsinan fu. The plan also provides for a university council, to which is committed the general control of the institution, subject, of course, to certain fundamental regulations; and of this body Dr. Mateer was one of the original members. The first meeting was held at Tsingchow fu near the end of 1903. Writing to one of the secretaries of the Board of Missions concerning this, he said: “All were present. Our meeting was quite harmonious. We elected professors and discussed and drew out some general principles relating to the curriculum and the general management. Theoretically things seem quite promising; the difficulty will come in practical administration. The buildings at Wei Hsien are all up to the first floor. There should be no difficulty in getting all ready by next autumn, at which time the college ought by all means to be moved.” Early the next summer he wrote: “I started to Wei Hsien about a month ago, overland. I spent over two weeks taking down and packing my goods, and so forth, including workshop, boiler, engine, dynamo, and so forth. I found it quite a serious undertaking to get all my miscellaneous goods packed up, ready for shipment on boats to Wei Hsien.... I remained in Wei Hsien twenty-four days, unpacking my effects, getting my workshop in order, and planning for the heating and lighting outfit.” In the same letter he expressed himself as follows concerning the theological college at Tsingchow fu: “It was certainly understood at the meeting of the directors last winter that it was to be much more than a theological seminary in the strict sense of the word. It was understood, in fact, that it would have two departments,—a training school and a theological seminary proper. In this way only can the full measure of our needs be supplied.... With this organization it is not unlikely that the school at Tsingchow fu will be larger than the college at Wei Hsien.”

This narrative as to Dr. Mateer and the Shantung College is now approaching its close, and most readers probably will prefer that, so far as practicable, the remainder of it shall be told in his own words. December 21, 1904, he wrote to a friend: “The college is now fully moved to Wei Hsien, and has in it about a hundred and twenty students. The new buildings are quite fine,—much superior to those we had in Tengchow. Mrs. Mateer and I have moved to Wei Hsien to live and will make this our home. We are living in the same house with my brother Robert, making all one family. This arrangement suits us very well. I am not teaching in the college, but I would not feel at home if I were away from it. I hope it has a great future.” In his report for himself and wife, for the year 1904-05, he says: “The greater part of the autumn was spent in overseeing the building and fitting up of a workshop, and in superintending the setting up of a new thirty-two horse-power steam boiler for heating and lighting the college, together with a system of steam piping for the same; also the setting up of engine and dynamo and wiring the college for electric lights. I also set up a windmill and pump and tank, with pipes for supplying the college and several dwelling houses with water. I also built for myself and Mrs. Mateer a seven-kien house in Chinese style, affording a study, bedroom, storeroom, box room, and coal room.” This little, narrow, one-story house constituted their home during the rest of his life in Wei Hsien, though they still look their meals with the other family. They sometimes called this house “the Borderland,” for only a narrow path separated them from the small foreign cemetery at the extreme corner of the compound. In November, 1905, he wrote to one of the secretaries of the Board: “The college is, of course, delighted at the prospect of a Science Hall. I take some credit for having prepared the way for this gift from Mr. Converse.” In his report for the year 1906 he said: “During the early part of the winter I spent considerable time, planning, estimating, and ordering supplies for the lighting, heating, and water supply of the new Science Hall at Wei Hsien.”

We are at length face to face with the last stage in the active connection of Dr. Mateer with the college. February 26, 1907, he wrote to one of the secretaries of the Board of Missions:

During the period of his service in this capacity the college not only did well in its regular work; it also made some important advances. The total attendance was one hundred and eighty-one, and a class of ten was graduated at commencement. At Tengchow he had always valued the literary societies very highly, and these now received a fresh impetus. Several rooms of the new Science Hall were brought into use; two additional rows of dormitories were built, one for college and personal teachers and workmen, and one for students; not to mention lesser matters.

Nevertheless he found his official position in certain ways very uncomfortable. Some of the reasons of this were casual to the internal administration, and cannot now be appreciated by outsiders, and are not worth airing here. Others were of a more permanent nature, and had to do with the future conduct and character of the institution. The question of English had been for a while hushed to sleep; but it was now awake again, and asserted itself with new vigor. In a letter dated December 19, 1907, he said: “I am strongly in favor of an English School, preferably at Tsinan fu, but I am opposed to English in the college. It would very soon destroy the high grade of scholarship hitherto maintained, and direct the whole output of the college into secular lines.” His fear was that if English were introduced the graduates of the institution would be diverted from the ministry and from the great work of evangelizing the people to commercial pursuits, and that it would become a training school of compradors and clerks. Later the intensity of his opposition to the introduction of English was considerably modified, because of the advantage which he perceived to be enjoyed in the large union meetings, by such of the Chinese as knew this language in addition to their own. He saw, too, that with the change of times a knowledge of English had come to be recognized as an essential in the new learning, as a bond of unity between different parts of China, and as a means of contact with the outside world. Looking at the chief danger as past, he expressly desired that the theologues should be taught English. At any rate he had been contending for a cause that was evidently lost. At this writing the curriculum of the college offers five hours in English as an optional study for every term of the four required years; and also of the fifth year. Dr. Mateer, besides, was not fully in sympathy with a movement that was then making to secure a large gift from the “General Education Fund” for the endowment of the institution. In the letter just quoted he says: “The college should be so administered by its president and faculty as to send some men into the ministry, or it fails of its chief object. I am in favor of stimulating a natural growth, but not such a rapid and abnormal growth as will dechristianize it. I do not believe in the sudden and rapid enlargement of the plant beyond the need at the time. It would rapidly secularize the college and divert it entirely from its proper ideal and work.” These questions were too practical, and touched the vitals of the institution too deeply, to be ignored by earnest friends on either side. Some things as to the situation are so transparent that they can be recognized by any person who looks at it from not too close a point of view. The entire merits of the argument were in no case wholly on one side; and as a consequence it is not surprising that wise and good men differed as they did; and the only decisive test is actual trial of the changes advocated by the younger men. It is also perfectly plain that in this affair we have only another instance of a state of things so often recurring; that is, of a man who has done a great work, putting into it a long life of toil and self-sacrifice, and bringing it at length to a point where he must decrease and it must increase; and where in the very nature of the case it must be turned over to younger hands, to be guided as they see its needs in the light of the dawning day. He can scarcely any longer be the best judge of what ought to be done; but even if he were, the management must be left for good or ill to them. That evidently is the fight in which Dr. Mateer came ultimately to see this matter. He courageously faced the inevitable. In this, as in all other cases, no personal animosity was harbored by him toward anyone who differed from him.

October 27, 1907, he wrote to an associate on the Mandarin Revision Committee: “I have now dissolved myself from the management of the college, and shall have very little to do with it in the future. It has cost me a great deal to do it, but it is best it should be so. I am now free from any cares or responsibility in educational matters.” In a letter to Secretary Brown, dated December 21, 1907, he said: “In view of the circumstances I thought it best to resign at once, and unconditionally, both the presidency and my office as director. I have no ambition to be president, and in fact was only there temporarily until another man should be chosen. I did not wish to be a director when I could not conscientiously carry out the ideas and policy of a majority of the mission. It was no small trial, I assure you, to resign all connection with the college, after spending the major part of my missionary life working for it. It did, in fact, seriously affect my health for several weeks. I cannot stand such strains as I once did.”

One of the striking incidents of his funeral service at Tsingtao was the reading of the statistics of the graduates of the Tengchow College, including the students who came with the college to Wei Hsien. These have since been carefully revised and are as follows: Total receiving diplomas, 205; teachers in government schools, 38; teachers in church schools, 68; pastors, 17; evangelists, 16; literary work, 10; in business, 9; physicians, 7; post-office service, 4; railroad service, 2; Y. M. C. A. service, 2; customs service, 1; business clerks, 2; secretaries, 1; at their homes, 6; deceased, 22. These graduates are scattered among thirteen denominations, and one hundred schools, and in sixteen provinces of China. About two hundred more who were students at Tengchow did not complete the course of studies.

The institution since its removal has continued steadily to go forward. The large endowment that was both sought and feared has not yet been realized, and consequently the effect of such a gift has not been tested by experience; but other proposed changes have been made. A pamphlet published in 1910 reports for the college of arts and sciences an enrollment of three hundred and six students, and in the academy, eighty. The class which graduates numbers seventeen, all of whom are Christians. Down to that year there had been at Wei Hsien among the graduates no candidates for the ministry, but during 1910, under the ministration of a Chinese pastor, a quiet but mighty religious awakening pervaded the institution, and one outcome has been a vast increase in the number of candidates for the ministry or other evangelistic work. The pamphlet already quoted speaks of more than one hundred of the college students who have decided to offer themselves for this work. It is appropriately added that “such a movement as this amongst our students inspires us with almost a feeling of awe.... Our faith had never reached the conception of such a number as the above simultaneously making a decision.” It has recently been decided to bring all the departments of the university to Tsinan fu, the provincial capital.

In the theological college at Tsingchow fu, according to the last report, there were eleven students in the regular theological department and one hundred and twenty-eight in the normal school. In the medical college at Tsinan fu there were thirteen young men. The aggregate for the whole university rises to five hundred and thirty-eight. On the Presbyterian side this all began with those six little boys, in the old Kwan Yin temple, in the autumn of 1864, at Tengchow. To-day it is a university, and is second to no higher institution of learning in China.

It is said that Dr. Mateer never led in prayer, either public or private, that he did not most earnestly ask that the Lord would raise up Chinese Christian men, who as leaders would bring many to Christ. His prayers during the forty-five years of his missionary life are receiving a wonderful answer at Wei Hsien and at Tsingchow fu.