[453] Nahum iii. 16.

[454] Ezekiel xvii. 4. Isaiah also alludes to the commerce of Babylon (xlvii. 15).

[455] See on this subject, François Lenormant’s La Monnaie dans l’Antiquité, vol. i. Prolégomènes, cap. iii. and especially pp. 113–122.

[456] Rawlinson, The Five Great Monarchies, vol. i. p. 108. Ménant, Essai sur les Pierres gravées, p. 128.

[457] “... the Chaldeans whose cry is in the ships,” Isaiah xliii. 14.

[458] Taylor, Notes on the Ruins of Mugeyer (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. xv. p. 264).

[459] Strabo speaks of a Chaldæan settlement on the Arabian coast of the Persian Gulf; he calls it Gerrha (xvi. iii. 3). All the products of Arabia, he says, were there brought together. Thence they were transported to Chaldæa by sea, and carried up the Euphrates as far as Thapsacus.

[460] The juxtaposition on the black obelisk of Shalmaneser II. of the rhinoceros, the small-eared or Indian elephant, and the Bactrian camel seems to point to this route. The monkeys in the same reliefs appear to belong to an Indian species (Houghton, Mammalia of the Assyrian Sculptures, pp. 319, 320).

[461] Art in Ancient Egypt, vol. ii. figs. 257, 330 and 331.

[462] Art in Ancient Egypt, vol. ii. pp. 176–179.

[463] Soury, Théories naturalistes du Monde et de la Vie dans l’Antiquité, cap. i. and ii.

[464] Ibid. cap. iii.

[465] Fr. Lenormant, Manuel d’Histoire ancienne, vol. ii. page 176.

[466] Soury, Théories naturalistes, p. 65.

[467] A. de Candolle, Origine des Plantes cultivées, pp. 285, et seq.