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NOTES
Hemprich and Ehrenberg, Symbolae physicae, Berlin, fol. 1831.
Τρῆμα, a hole; referring to the orifices of the suckers.
Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire d. Polypes d'eau douce, Leyden, 1744.
Die Parasiten des Menschen, 1879——. Engl. Transl. by W. E. Hoyle, i. 1886.
Band 4, by M. Braun. (Mesozoa and Trematoda completed; Cestoda in progress.)
Verm. terr. et fluv. ... succincta historia, 1773; Zool. Danica, 1777.
Observations on Planariae, Edinburgh, 1813.
M. Faraday, "On the Planariae," Medical Gazette, Feb. 1832; and in Edinburgh New Philosoph. Journal, vol. xiv. 1833, pp. 183-189.
Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. tom. xiii. 1827.
Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.) I. tom. xv. 1828.; ibid. tom. xxi. 1830.
Mém. Acad. St. Pétersbourg, 5th ser. tom. ii. 1832.
Die rhabdocoelen Turbellarien des Süsswassers. Jena 1848.
Monographie d. Turbellarien. I. Rhabdocoelida, 1882. Die Acoela, Leipzig, 1892.
"Die Polycladen," Fauna u. Flora d. Golfes v. Neapel, Monogr. XI. 1884.
Phil. Trans. 1874, p. 105.
Since no food, but only the pharynx, passes through this "mouth," the term is unfortunate. Moreover the true mouth is the aperture placing the stomach in communication with the pharynx (Fig. 5, gm).
Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 sér. tom. xv. 1828, p. 146. "La Planaire trémellaire ... peut parcourir ... en faisant battre rapidement ses parties latérales à la manière des larges nageoires des Raies."
Observations on Planariae. Edinburgh, 1813, p. 12.
"Zur Anat. u. Entwickl. einiger Seeplanarien v. St. Malo," Abh. K. Gesellschaft d. Wiss. Göttingen, 1868.
The roof of the peripharyngeal chamber is hence known as the "diaphragm."
See Brandt, Fauna u. Flora d. Golfes v. Neapel, Monogr. XIII. 1885, p. 65.
Verhandlungen d. med. Gesellschaft zu Würzburg, iv. 1854, p. 223.
Enantia spinifera Grff. Mittheil. d. Naturwiss. Verein. f. Steiermark, 1889.
The sucker of Leptoplana tremellaris probably does not correspond with that of the Cotylea.
Collingwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2 ser. vol. i. pt. 3, 1876, p. 83.
Von Stummer-Traunfels, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. lx. 1895, p. 689.
Planocera pellucida Mertens, P. simrothi v. Grff., P. grubei Grff., Stylochoplana sargassicola Mertens, S. californica Woodworth, Planctoplana challengeri Grff., all belonging to the Planoceridae. See v. Graff, "Pelagische Polycladen," Zeitschrift f. wiss. Zoologie, Bd. lv. 1892, p. 190.
Cambridge Natural History, vol. iii. p. 74.
Lang, "Polycladen," p. 629.
Wheeler, Journal of Morphology, vol. ix. part 2, 1894, p. 195.
Many Nudibranchiate Mollusca undergo this change of habitat. See Garstang, Journal of the Marine Biological Assoc. n.s. i. No. 4, 1890, p. 447.
Chun, "Ctenophoren," Fauna u. Flora G. v. Neapel, Monogr. I. 1880, p. 180.
See Lang, "Polycladen," p. 607.
Lang, "Polycladen," Pl. 30, Fig. 8.
Kongl. Fysiograf. Sällskapets Handlingar, Bd. iv. Lund, 1892-93.
Whitman, Journal of Morphology, vol. iv. 1890, p. 361.
A full account of Polyclad development is contained in Lang's "Polycladen," with references to the literature of the subject. Since the date of that work (1884) the embryology of Ctenophora has become better known, but, though the segmentation of the egg and early stages of development are very similar in both cases, the elaborate investigations of E. B. Wilson (Journ. Morphology, vol. vi. p. 361) show that the segmentation of Polychaet worms is again similar. The question of the affinities of the Polycladida is also discussed by Lang ("Polycladen" p. 642 et seq.). The work of the last decade has neither proved nor disproved his suggestion that the Ctenophores and Polyclads have been derived from common ancestors. On this subject the remarks made by Hatschek (Lehrbuch d. Zoologie, p. 319) are some of the weightiest that have appeared.
Hallez, Revue Biologique du Nord de la France, tom. ii. 1889-90.
Voigt, Zool. Anz. xv. p. 238.
Grube, Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, 38 Jahrg. Bd. i. 1872, p. 273.
Vejdovsky, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zoologie, Bd. lx. 1895, p. 200.
Woodworth, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zoology, Harvard, vol. xxi. No. 1, 1891.
Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, 1882, p. 187.
Wheeler, Journal of Morphology, vol. ix. 1894, p. 167.
Dendy, Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria 1890, p. 65; Id. Austral. Assoc. Brisbane, 1895, "Presid. Add. to Sect. D," p. 15.
Darwin, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xiv. 1844, p. 241.
Shipley, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. vol. vii. pt. 4, 1891 (with literature).
Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria from 1889 onwards. Trans. New Zealand Institute, 1894-95.
Moseley, Phil. Trans. 1874, p. 105; Id. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. vol. xlvii. 1877, p. 273; Loman, Bijdrag tot d. Dierkunde, Aflev. 14, 1887, p. 71; Id. Zool. Ergeb. ein. Reise in Nieder-Ost-Indien, Hft. 1, p. 131; Beddard, Zoogeography, 1895, p. 53.
Beobachtungen ü. Anat. u. Entwickel. an der Küste von Normandie, 1863, p. 18.
Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, 57 Jahrg. Bd. i. Hft. 3, 1891, p. 308.
Dendy, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. iv. n.s. i. 1892.
Schmarda, Neue wirbellose Thiere, Leipzig, 1859, I. i. p. 30.
Abhandl. d. Naturf. Gesell. zu Halle, Bd. iv. 1857, p. 33.
Arb. Zool.-Zoot. Instit. Würzburg, Bd. v. 1882, p. 120.
Woodworth (loc. cit. p. 38) states that in Phagocata the yolk-glands arise by proliferation from two parovaria, placed just in front of the ordinary ovaries. Iijima, however (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. xl. 1883, p. 454), regarded them as derivatives of the parenchyma.
The extensive literature on this subject is fairly completely summarised by Voigt in Biol. Centralblatt, vol. xiv. Nos. 20, 21, 1894. Faraday's observations (cf. p. 6, note 8) have been generally overlooked.
Archives d. Biologie, tom. xii. 1892, p. 437.
Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, Bd. iii. 1882, p. 187.
Böhmig, Ergebnisse d. Plankton Expedition, Bd. ii. H. g. 1895.
von Graff, Die Acoela, Leipzig, 1892. Appendix.
The development of the Acoela has been worked out recently by Mdlle. Pereyaslawzewa (Zapiski Novoross. Obshch. Odessa, 17 Bd. 1892) and Gardiner (Journal of Morphology, xi. No. 1, 1895, p. 155) with conflicting results. The former finds four endoderm cells, which give rise to a larval intestine. The Acoela are for her, Pseudacoela. Gardiner, on the other hand, finds no trace of an endoderm at any stage of the development of Polychoerus caudatus.
Tijdschr. Nederland. Dierk. Ver. Deel ii. 1875.
Von Graff, Monographie d. Turbellarien: I. Rhabdocoeliden, 1882. Gamble, Quart. Journ. Microscop. Science, vol. xxxiv. 1893, p. 433.
Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zoologie, Bd. lx. 1895, p. 163.
See von Graffs Monographie, pl. ix.; and Jensen, Turbellaria ad Litora Norvegiae, Bergen, 1878, pl. iv.
For the reproductive organs of Rhabdocoelida, consult von Graff, Monographie, "Die Acoela"; and Böhmig, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. li. 1891, p. 167.
Untersuchungen ü. Platyhelminthen, Giessen, 1873, p. 101.
Haswell, Monograph of the Temnocephaleae. Macleay Memorial Volume. Mem. iii. 1893.
Braun, in Bronn's Klassen u. Ordn. d. Thierreichs, vol. iv. p. 407, gives a valuable summary of our knowledge of this group. For figures, see van Beneden and Hesse, Mémoires de l'Acad. roy. de Belgique, tom. xxxiv. 1864, pp. 1-169. A valuable paper (with synoptic tables) on Japanese Monogenea, by Goto, Journ. Coll. Sci. Japan, vol. viii. pt. 1, 1894, has recently appeared.
See Leuckart, "Parasiten" Bd. ii. p. 238.
Zeller, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. xxii. 1872, pp. 1, 168; also Bd. xxvii. 1876, p. 238; xlvi. 1888, p. 233.
An excellent and beautifully illustrated account, by Looss, of the Distomatidae of Frogs and Fishes may be found in Leuckart and Chun's Bibliotheca Zoologica, Heft 16, 1894.
Leuckart, Parasiten d. Menschen, "Trematoden," 1892-94; R. Blanchard, Traité d. Zool. médicale, i. 1889; H. B. Ward, Report for 1894 of Nebraska State Board of Agric. Lincoln, U.S.A. 1895, p. 225.
Huxley, Anat. of Invert. Animals, 1877, p. 194.
Braun, Bronn's Thierreichs, Bd. iv. p. 792; Leuckart, Parasiten d. Menschen, 11 Abth. p. 158; Brandes, in Spengels Zool. Jahrb. Syst. Abtheil. Bd. v. 1890, p. 849; v. Nordmann, Mikr. Beitr. i. Berlin, 1832.
Heckert, Bibliotheca Zoologica (Leuckart and Chun), Heft 4, 1889. I am not aware that Leucochloridium has been noticed in England.
"Heterogamy" usually means the alternation of bisexual and unisexual generations (e.g. Rhabdonema nigrovenosum), but is, unfortunately, also used in the sense of Alloiogenesis, as defined above. See Grobben, Arbeit. Zool. zoot. Ints. Wien, Bd. iv. 1881, p. 201.
Parasiten, Bd. i. Abth. II. p. 152.
Festschrift f. Leuckart, Leipzig, 1892, p. 167.
Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci. vol. xxiii. 1883, p. 90.
The intermediate host in the Sandwich Islands is said to be Limnaea peregra. See Lutz, Centralbl. f. Bakter. xi. 1892, p. 783.
The mortality in wet years, however, is said to be largely due to pulmonary inflammation. This and other causes of death are not always discriminated in the returns.
See Thomas, Quart. Journ. Micros. Science, xxiii. 1883. Neumann, Parasites of Domesticated Animals, translated by Fleming, 1892.
Leuckart, loc. cit.; Looss, Archiv f. mikroskop. Anatomie, Bd. xlvi. 1895, p. 1.
In Leuckart, Die Parasiten d. Menschen, pp. 521-528, 1894.
See Braun. Bronn's Klassen u. Ordnungen d. Thierreichs, vol. iv. p. 572.
Braun, loc. cit. p. 573.
Taken largely from Braun, Ibid. pp. 864-866, where the literature of the subject is referred to fully.
Festschr. f. Leuckart, 1892, p. 134.
Arbeit. Inst. Wien, iii. 1881, p. 163; see also ibid. ix. 1890, p. 57.
For figures of various scolices see van Beneden, Mémoire sur les vers Intestinaux, 1861; Braun in Bronn's Thierreich, Cestoda (in progress), Bd. iv. Pl. xxxviii.-xlv.
The mature proglottis of Calliobothrium eschrichti is 8-9 mm. long, whereas the strobila only measures 4-5 mm. in length. Species of Phylliobothrium, Anthobothrium, and Tetrarhynchus show a similar but not an equal contrast between the size of the parent and proglottis (P. J. van Beneden, "Les Vers Cestoides," Nouv. Mém. de l'Acad. Roy. d. Belgique, tom. xxv. 1850).