The difficult question of the nature of the Cestode body and Cestode larvae is adequately discussed by Braun, loc. cit. p. 1167.
Leuckart, Die Parasiten d. Menschen [English trans. by W. E. Hoyle]; Blanchard, Traité de Zoologie médicale, 1893.
For a full account of the history of this subject see Leuckart, Parasiten d. Menschen, p. 28; Braun, loc. cit. Bd. iv. p. 929 et seq.; Huxley, Collected Essays, vol. viii. p. 229.
By Grassi this form is considered identical with T. murina. The latter species is known, from this author's researches, to develop in rats without migration into an intermediate host. Should Grassi's synonymy prove correct, the presence of large numbers of this tape-worm in man would readily receive its explanation.
Leuckart, loc. cit. p. 752 et seq.
For description of the Cercocystis-larva see Villot, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.) (6), xv. 1883, Art 4; and compare Leuckart's criticism of this paper, "Parasiten," p. 979.
Moniez, "Sur les Cysticerques," Paris, 1880; Id. "Sur les Cestodes," 1881; Zschokke, "Recherches sur la structure anatomique et histologique d. Cestodes," Genève, 1888.
Schmidt, Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, Jahrg. lx. Bd. 1, 1894, p. 65.
For example, the genitalia in Dipylidium caninum are duplicated in each proglottis. Other differences are noted in the following table (pp. 89-90).
Taken from Neumann, Parasites of Domesticated Animals, 1892, p. 448.
µ = 1⁄1000 millimetre.
For a description of these glands, and for further diagnostic details and literature, see Stiles and Hassall, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Bulletin 4, 1893.
Ed. van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, 1876, p. 35.
Whitman, Mittheil. Zool. Stat. Neapel, Bd. iv.; see also Braun, in Bronn's Thierreich, Bd. iv. p. 253.
Braun, loc. cit. p. 281 (with literature).
Giard, "La Castration parasitaire," Bull. Sci. d. France et de Belgique, 3 sér. i. 1888, p. 12.
Schulze, Abh. Akad. Berlin, 1891, p. 1.
Arch. Naturg. lviii. 1891, p. 66.
P. Boston Soc. vol. vi. 1848.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. v. 1854, p. 344.
Arch. Anat. 1858, p. 289.
Ibid. 1858, p. 558.
Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. ser. vii. tom. xiv. 1869.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xliii. 1886, p. 481.
R. von Willemoes-Suhm, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. iv. xiii. 1874, p. 409.
Semper, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xiii. 1863, p. 558.
L. von Graff, Morphol. Jahrb. Bd. v. 1879, p. 430.
W. A. Silliman, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xli. 1885, p. 48.
du Plessis, Zool. Anz. vol. xv. 1892, p. 64.
J. von Kennel, Arb. Inst. Würzburg, Bd. iv. 1877-78, p. 305.
H. N. Moseley, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. iv. vol. xv. 1875, p. 165.
See Hubrecht, in Verh. Ak. Amsterdam, vol. xx. 1880; and in Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xx. 1880, p. 431.
"Nemertinen," Fauna und Flora G. von Neapel, 22 Monogr. 1895.
Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Turbellarien, Griefswald, 1851.
Arb. Inst. Würzburg, Bd. iii. 1876, p. 115.
Ibid. Bd. iv. 1877, p. 305.
Zool. Anz. vol. viii. 1885, p. 51.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xxv. 1885, suppl. p. 1.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xli. 1885, p. 48.
Ibid. Bd. liii. 1892, p. 322, and Fauna und Flora G. von Neapel, 22 Monogr. 1895.
Ann. Sci. Nat. (5) vol. xvii. 1873.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. iv. 1853, p. 178.
Our knowledge of British species is mainly due to M‘Intosh (British Annelids, Ray Society, 4to, 1873) and Riches (Journ. Mar. Biol. Ass. vol. iii. 1893-1895, p. 1).
Fauna und Flora G. von Neapel, 22 Monogr. 1895.
See M‘Intosh, British Annelids, Ray Society, 4to, 1873.
Loc. cit.
Zitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xli. 1885, p. 48.
Nature, vol. xlvi. 1892, p. 611.
Zool. Anz. vol. xv. 1892, p. 64.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. lix. 1895, p. 83.
Arb. Inst. Würzburg, Bd. iv. 1877-1878, p. 305.
Journ. Mar. Biol. Ass. vol. iii. 1893-1895, p. 22.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xxiii. 1883, p. 349; Ibid. vol. xxvii. 1887, p. 605.
Cf. Willey, Amphioxus and the Ancestry of the Vertebrates, Macmillan, 1894.
Ann. Sci. nat. 7, sér. vol. xiii. 1892, p. 321.
E. Rohde, SB. Ak. Berlin, 1892, p. 515.
R. Hesse, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. liv. 1892, p. 548.
E. Rohde, Zool. Beitr. Bd. i. 1885, p. 11.
E. Rohde, Zool. Anz. xvii. 1894, p. 38.
Monographie der Nematoden, 4to, Berlin, 1866.
Zeit. Physiol. Chem. vol. xiv. 1890, p. 318.
N. A. Cobb, P. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 2nd ser. vol. vi. 1891, p. 143.
Monographie der Nematoden, Berlin, 1866, p. 192.
Zool. Anz. vol. xvi. 1893, p. 432.
Arch. Naturg. 60 Jahrg. Bd. i. 1894, p. 255.
SB. Ak. Berlin, 1891, p. 57.
[Hamann subsequently withdrew these statements.]
Leuckart, The Parasites of Man, English Trans. by W. E. Hoyle, Edinburgh, 1886, p. 56.
O. Bütschli, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xxvi. 1876, p. 103.
O. Hamann, Centrlb. Bakter. vol. xi. 1892, p. 501.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. xxiii. 1873, p. 402.
Ibid. vol. xlii. 1885, p. 708.
Ann. Nat. Hist. 5th ser. vol. ix. 1882, p. 301.
Macleay Memorial Volume, Sydney, 1893, p. 252; and Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 2nd ser. vol. v. 1890, p. 449.
4th edition, 1880.
Compendium der Helminthologie, Hannover, 1878, and Nachtrag, 1889.
A. Heller, "Darmschmarotzen" in v. Liemssen's Handb. d. sp. Path. u. Ther. vol. vii.
Cobbold's Parasites, London, 1879, p. 246.
Arch. Zool. exper. 1 sér. tom. vii. 1878, p. 283.
Arch. Zool. exper. 1 sér. tom. vii. 1878, p. 283.
Balbiani, Anat. Physiol. 7th year, 1870-71, p. 180.
A Treatise on Parasites and Parasitic Diseases. English Trans. by G. Fleming, London, 1892.
Journ. Roy. Agric. Soc. 3rd series, vol. iv. 1893.
Sci. Mem. Medic. Officers, Army of India, vol. vii. 1892, p. 51.
Shipley, Proc. Phil. Soc. Camb. vol. viii. 1892-95, p. 211.
"The Distribution, etc., of Filaria sanguinis hominis," Trans. of 7th Inter. Congress of Hygiene, vol. i. 1892, p. 79.
v. Linstow, Arch. mikr. Anat. vol. xl. 1892, p. 498.
zur Strassen, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. liv. 1892, p. 655.
Rud. Leuckart, Abh. Sachs. Ges. vol. xiii. 1887, p. 567.
Macleay Memorial Vol. Sydney, 1893, p. 253.
Centrbl. Bakter. vol. viii. 1890, p. 489.
J. Percival, Nat. Sci. vol. vi. 1895, p. 187.
A. Strubell, Bibl. Zool. Bd. i. Heft 2, 1888, p. 1.
C. R. Ac. Sci. cxviii. 1894, p. 549.
Bihang Svenska Ak. Handl. viii. No. 11, 1883.
Anat. Untersuch. ü. freilebende Nordsee-Nematoden, Leipzig, 1886.
Cobb, P. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 2nd ser. viii. 1893, p. 389.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xvii. 1867, p. 539.
Panceri, Atti Acc. Napoli, vii. 1878, No. 10.
Panceri, Atti Acc. Napoli, vii. 1878, No. 10.
Arch. Naturg. 35 (i.), 1869, p. 112.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xlii. 1885, p. 708.
Arch. Naturg. Jahrg. iii. Bd. i. 1837, p. 52; and van Beneden, Animal Parasites, p. 91. International Sci. Series.
F. Vejdovsky, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xliii. 1886, p. 369; Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xlix. 1888, p. 188.
Arch. mikr. Anat. Bd. xxxvii. 1891, p. 239.
Arch. mikr. Anat. Bd. xxxiv. 1889, p. 248.
A. E. Verrill, P. U. S. Mus. vol. ii. 1879, p. 165.
O. Bürger, Zool. Jahrb. Anat. Bd. iv. 1891, p. 631.
H. B. Ward, Bull. Mus. Harvard, vol. xxiii. 1892-93, p. 135.
Mem. Acc. Torino, 2nd ser. vol. xl. 1890, p. 1.
Centrlb. Bakter. Bd. ix. 1891, p. 760.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. vii. 1856, p. 1.
Zool. Anz. vol. x. 1887, p. 602.
Von Linstow, Hannover, 1878, and Nachtrag, 1889.
H. B. Ward, P. Amer. Ac. new ser. vol. xix. 1892, p. 260.
Jen. Zeitschr. Bd. xxv. 1891, p. 113.
Bibl. Zool. Bd. ii. Heft 7. 1893.
Jen. Zeitschr. Bd. xxv. 1891, p. 113.
Zool. Anz. Bd. xv. 1892, p. 195.
Zool. Anz. vol. xv. 1892, p. 52.
Zool. Anz. vol. viii. 1885, p. 19.
Shipley, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xxxix. 1896.
O. Hertwig, Jen. Zeitschr. Bd. xiv. 1880, p. 196.
P. Gourret, Ann. Mus. Marseille, tom. ii. Mem. 2, 1884, p. 103.
Bibl. Zool. vol. i. 1888-89, p. 1.
Scott, Annals of Scottish Natural History, 1892 and 1893.
E. Béraneck, Rev. Zool. Suisse, vol. iii. 1895, p. 137.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6th ser. vol. xiii. 1894, p. 440.
Archiv Naturg. 58 Jahrg. Bd. i. 1892, p. 333.
I Chetognati, Flora u. Fauna d. Golfes von Neapel, Mon. v. 1883.
loc. cit.
loc. cit.
The Rotifera, two vols, and supplt. London, 1886-89.
Phil. Trans. vol. xix. No. 220, p. 254 (abridged ed. vol. iii. 1705, p. 651).
Ibid. vol. xxiii. No. 283, p. 1304 (abridged ed. vol. v. p. 6).
Ibid. vol. xxiii. No. 295, p. 1784 (abridged ed. vol. v. p. 175).
Ibid. No. 337, vol. xxviii. 1714, p. 160.
Employment for the Microscope. London, 1785.
Paris, 1841.
Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. vol. i. 1853, pp. 3-8, 65-76.
Trans. Micr. Soc. London, vol. i. (n.s.), 1853, pp. 1-19.
Verh. Ges. Würzb. vol. iv. 1854; Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vols. iii. vi. 1851-55.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vols. vii. ix. xii. 1856-58-63.
London, 1861.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. xxxix. 1883.
Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. v. 1890, p. 1; viii. 1891, p. 34.
Jen. Zeitschr. Nat. vol. xix. 1886; and Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vols. xliii. xlix. 1886-90.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. xliv. 1886, p. 273.
Ibid. vol. xliv. p. 396; xlvii. 1888, p. 353; liii. 1892, p. 1.
For additions see Rousselet, J. Roy. Micr. Soc. 1893 and 1897.
Quart. Journ. Micr. Soc. (n.s.) vol. xxiv. 1884, p. 352.
The definition of the Orders and systematic position of the genera and species referred to under this head will be found in a following section (pp. 220 f.).
Reprinted in Baker's Employment for the Microscope, 1785, pp. 267 f.
"Wheel Animals, though found with most Certainty in Leaden Gutters, etc. are often discovered in the Waters of some Ditches, and likewise in Water that has stood a considerable Time even in the House; for I have often met with them, in sufficient Plenty, in a Sort of slimy Matter that is apt to be produced on the Sides of Glasses and other Vessels, that are kept long with the Infusions of Hay or other Vegetables; and probably they are wafted thither by the Air, when in the Condition of little dry Globules."
Gosse's account of the "Structure, Functions, and Homologies of the Manducatory Organs in the Class Rotifera" (in Phil. Trans. 1856) remains as the most complete anatomical account we have, though his attempt to identify these parts with the modified limbs of the Arthropod mouth has met with no support from subsequent workers. Gosse rendered these parts clearly visible by the use of dilute caustic alkali.
A modification of this type is seen in the parasite Drilophagus, where the unci and rami are two-pronged at the end, but the trophi are not movable on one another, but protrusible as a whole to serve as an organ of attachment to the Oligochaete Lumbriculus, to which this Rotifer attaches itself. See Vejdovsky, "Ueb. Drilophaga bucephalus," etc., in SB. Böhm. Ges. Jahrg. 1882 (1883), p. 390.
"Zur Rotatorien Württemburgs," in Jahresb. Ver. Würt. vol. l. 1894, p. 57.
Similarly Hudson and Zelinka both regard the dorsal antenna as formed by the coalescence of two antennae. These retain their distinctness in Asplanchna; in some Bdelloida the single antenna is supplied by a pair of nerves.
C. R. Ac. Sci. cxi. 1890, p. 310; cxiii. 1891, p. 388.
Acta Univ. Lund. xxviii. 1891-92.
[See, however, Calman, Natural Science, xiii. 1898, p. 43.]
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxii. 1872, p. 455.
Arch. Zool. Exp. sér. 2, i. 1883, p. 131.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xliv. 1886, p. 273.
Ibid. liii. 1892, p. 1.
[See further Jennings, Bull. Mus. Harvard, xxx. 1896, p. 1; Erlanger and Lauterborn, Zool. Anz. xx. 1897, p, 452; and Lenssen, Zool. Anz. xxi. 1898, p. 617.]
It does not appear to us that Zelinka is justified by his account of the development in regarding this cup as other than a part of the disc.
The classification we have adopted is a modification of that made by Hudson and Gosse; we have divided up their first Order Rhizota into two, and split off from Flosculariidae the family Apsilidae; removed the Asplanchnaceae from the admittedly heterogeneous Order Ploima, made distinct families in the Ploima for Microcodonidae and Rhinopidae, and created a third new Order for the Seisonaceae. Ehrenberg, Gosse, and Hudson, being the authors of most of the genera, are designated by their initials only.