Both Col. Feilden and Mr. Trevor-Battye found specimens in Kolguiev.
Neue wirbellose Thiere, Leipzig, ii. 1861, p. 11.
Kew Bull. Misc. Information, No. 46, 1890.
Rev. Biol. Nord France, i. 1889, p. 197.
SB. Ges. naturf. Berlin, 1893, p. 19.
System u. Morph. d. Oligochaeten, Prag, 1884.
See my text-book of Zoogeography (Cambridge, 1895) for fuller treatment.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) ix. 1892, p. 12.
Darwin, Vegetable Mould and Earthworms, p. 121.
"An Attempt to classify Earthworms," Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxi. 1890, p. 201.
Oxford, 1895.
See especially Vejdovsky, Syst. u. Morph. Olig. Prag, 1884.
Vejdovsky, Monographie der Enchytraeiden, Prag, 1879. Michaelsen, "Synopsis der Enchytraiden," Abh. Ver. Hamburg, xi. 1889, p. 1.
J. P. Moore, "The Anatomy of Bdellodrilus," J. Morphol. x. 1895, p. 497.
Beddard, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. xxxv. 1890, p. 629, and xxxvi. 1892, p. 1.
A. G. Bourne, "On the Naidiform Oligochaeta," Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxii. 1891, p. 335.
F. E. Beddard, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. xxxvi. 1892, p. 273.
Vejdovsky, System u. Morph. d. Oligochaeten, Prag, 1884.
"Anatomical Notes on Sutroa," Zoe. ii. 1892, p. 321.
"Pacific Coast Oligochaeta," Mem. California Acad. Sci. vol. ii.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxvi. 1894, p. 307.
See Spencer, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. v. 1893, and Fletcher, P. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1886-1888, for Australian forms; Rosa, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, vi. 1886, x. 1890, and xii. 1892, for Oriental species, etc.
See Fletcher and Spencer, already quoted, for Australian species.
Eisen, "Anat. Studies on Ocnerodrilus," Proc. Calif. Acad. (2) iii. 1892, p. 228.
Beddard, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) x. 1892, p. 74.
Beddard, P. Z. S. 1885 and 1895, for Antarctic Acanthodrilids; Michaelsen, in Jahrb. Hamburg. Anst. 1888-95, for Benhamia.
For a general account of the Eudrilidae, see my Monograph of the Order Oligochaeta, Oxford, 1895.
Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, viii. 1872, p. 5.
The scattered literature of this family is due to Benham, Michaelsen, Perrier, Rosa, and others.
Rosa, "Revisione dei Lumbricidae," Mem. Acc. Torino (2), xliii. 1893, p. 399; also the Rev. H. Friend's numerous and useful papers, and especially "A New Species of Earthworms," Proc. Roy. Irish Ac. (3) ii. 1891-93, p. 402; and "The Earthworms of Ireland," Irish Nat. v. 1896, p. 69, etc.
In the tables the figures refer to the segments of the body. Opposite the name of each species are two sets of lines; the upper series indicate the segments occupied by the clitellum; the lower series those occupied by the tubercula pubertatis. The dots indicate the occasional extension of the clitellum or of the tubercula.
"Annelés," vol. iii. 1889-90, p. 477, in the Suites à Buffon.
See v. Kennel, Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1887, p. 37.
Nouvelle Monographie des Sangsues médicinales. Paris, 1857.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxvi. 1886, p. 317.
See Grube, "Annulaten" of Middendorff's Sibirische Reise, Zoology, 1851, p. 20; and Kowalevsky, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. v. June 1896.
Asajiro Oka, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lviii. 1894, p. 79.
Loc. cit.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxiv. 1884, p. 419; see also ibid. xxxiv. 1893, p. 545, which is mainly a criticism of Bolsius' additions to the very considerable literature upon the Leech nephridium.
"Spermatophores as a Means of Hypodermic Impregnation," J. Morphol. iv. 1891, p. 361.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lviii. 1894, p. 440; and Zool. Jahrb. Anat. iv. 1891, p. 697.
"Annelés," vol. iii. 1889-90, p. 493, in the Suites à Buffon.
Whitman quotes with regretful approval (Proc. Americ. Acad. xx. 1884-85, p. 76) Sir J. Dalyell's remark, "It does not appear that the history of the leech has advanced in proportion to the number of literati who have rendered it the subject of discussion," and adds on his own account the following severe indictment of his predecessors: "As a considerable share of the work done in this direction is purely systematic, it is somewhat surprising that not a single description of any Hirudo has been given with sufficient accuracy and completeness for a close comparison of even its more important external characters with those of other species."
"Hirudinées de l'Italie," etc., Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, vol. ix. 1894, No. 192. See also Apathy, "Süsswasser-Hirudineen," Zool. Jahrb. Syst. iii. 1888, p. 725.
Zeitschr. f. die gesammt. Naturwiss. vi. 1872, p. 422.
But Pennant in his British Zoology has referred to a leech which is even larger. Upon the huge Basking shark (Selache) the fishermen sometimes observe a leech, which invariably drops off when the fish is brought to the surface, "of a reddish colour and about 2 feet in length"; this may be a Pontobdella.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xii. 1893, p. 75.
Memorie sulla Storia e Notomia degli Animali senza Vertebre, 1823.
Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres, vol. iii. 1816, p. 76.
Le Règne Animal, 2nd ed. 1830.
γέφῦρα = a bridge, Ann. Sci. Nat. (3), vol. vii. 1847, p. 340.
Fischer, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, Bd. xiii. 1895, p. 1.
Cuénot, Arch. Zool. exp. (2) ix. 1891, p. 593.
Bull. Mus. Harvard, vol. xxi. 1891, p. 143.
Shipley, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xxxi. 1890, p. 1.
Stud. Johns Hopkins Univ. vol. iv. 1887-90, p. 389.
Conn, Stud. Johns Hopkins Univ. vol. iii. 1884-87, p. 351.
Arb. Instit. Wien, Bd. v. 1884, p. 61.
Shipley, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xxxii. 1891, p. 111.
Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. xviii. 1892, p. 17.
Selenka, Die Sipunculiden. Semper's Reisen im Archipel d. Philippinen, vol. iv. 1883.
Stud. Johns Hopkins Univ. vol. iv. 1887-90, p. 389.
Selenka, Challenger Reports, vol. xiii. 1885.
Ann. Sci. nat. (7) vol. xx. 1895, p. 1.
Zool. Anz. ix. 1886, p. 574.
This is not true of all species.
Acta Ac. German, Halle, xli. Part II. No. 1, 1879.
Recueil Zool. Suisse, iii. 1886, p. 313.
P. Phys. Soc. Edinb. vol. i. 1856, p. 165; and Edinb. New Phil. Journ. vol. iv. (n.s.) 1856, p. 313; Ann. Sci. Nat. 4th ser. vol. xi. 1859, p. 150; and F. D. Dyster, Tr. Linn. Soc. London, vol. xxii. 1859, p. 251.
Ann. Sci. Nat. 4th ser. vol. x. 1858, p. 11.
"Beiträge zur Anatomie der Phoronis," Inaug. Dissert. Prag. 1889, and Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. li. 1891, p. 480.
P. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1st ser. vol. vii. 1883, p. 606; and 2nd ser. vol. vii. 1893, p. 340.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xxx. 1890, p. 125.
Challenger Reports, vol. xxvii. 1888; and Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. vol. xi. 1882, p. 211.
Proc. Roy. Soc. London, vol. xxxiv. 1883, p. 371.
Zapiski Acad. St. Petersb. vol. xi. No. 1, 1867 (Russian). Abstract in Arch. Naturg. Jahrg. xxxiii. 1867, Bd. ii. p. 235.
Caldwell, loc. cit. Foettinger, Arch. Biol. vol. iii. 1882, p. 679; Gegenbaur, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. v. 1854, p. 345; Krohn, Arch. Anat. Jahrgang 1858, p. 289; Metschnikoff, Nachricht. k. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen, No. 12, 1869, p. 227, and Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. xxi. 1871, p. 233; J. Müller, Arch. Anat. Jahrgang 1846, p. 101; Schneider, Monatsber. Ak. wiss. Berlin, 1861, p. 934, and Arch. Anat. Jahrgang 1862, p. 47; Wagener, Arch. Anat. Jahrgang 1847, p. 202; Wilson, Amer. Natural. vol. xiv. 1880.
Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. vol. xxi. 1896, p. 59; and Zool. Anz. xix. 1896, p. 266.
The account given in the following pages has been deliberately restricted, for the most part, to British species. Our own fauna contains an assemblage of Polyzoa which is so representative that it has seemed better to do some justice to the British forms than to attempt to cover the whole ground in the limited number of pages devoted to this group. Those who desire to make a wider study of the subject should refer, for marine forms, to Busk's Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British Museum, Parts I.-III. 1852, 1854, 1875; to the Challenger Reports on Polyzoa, Parts 30 (1884), 50 (1886), and 79 (1888); for references and lists of species, to Vine's Report on Recent Marine Polyzoa, Cheilostomata and Cyclostomata (Report, 55th meeting Brit. Ass. Aberdeen, 1885, pp. 481-680); [and to Nickles and Bassler, Synopsis Amer. Foss. Bryozoa incl. Bibliography (Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, No. 173, 1900)]. References to the literature of the fresh-water forms will be found below, in Chap. XVIII.
Hooker, quoted by Landsborough, Hist. Brit. Zoophytes, 1852, p. 346.
Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland, ii. 1848, p. 15.
Arch. Zool. Exp. 2 sér. x. 1892.
Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, x. 1887, No. ix. p. 19; κάμπτειν, to bend; δέρμα, skin.
Parts of the ectocyst of some calcareous forms are covered by an external investment of cells, which give rise to secondary thickenings, ridges, and other growths.
From the Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxiii. 1892.
Ibid. p. 123.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxiii. 1892, p. 147. The experiment was conducted in a laboratory, and the results may not be perfectly normal with regard to the time occupied.
See also Joliet, Arch. Zool. Exp. vi. 1877, p. 202, and explanation of plate viii. for another series of observations.
See especially G. J. Allman, Monograph of the Fresh-water Polyzoa, Ray Society, 1856, p. 41; and H. Nitsche, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. 1871, p. 479.
Ray Society, 4to, 1856.
Zoological Researches and Illustrations, v. "On Polyzoa." Cork, 1830.
"Symbolae Physicae," 1831, and Abh. Ak. Berlin, 1832, i. p. 377, etc.
T. cit. p. 92.
Vol. i. 1880, Introduction, p. cxxxi.
Élémens de Zoologie, 2nd ed. Animaux sans Vertèbres, 1843, pp. 238, 312. Prof. A. Milne-Edwards has kindly written to me, informing me that he believes this to have been the first occasion on which the term was thus used.
Phil. Trans. vol. cxliii, 1853, p. 62.
Nitsche, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xx. 1870, p. 34.
πρωκτός, anus; ἐντός, within; ἐκτός, without.
λοφός, crest or tuft.
γυμνός, naked; λαιμός, throat.
φυλάσσω, I guard.
κύκλος, circle; στόμα, mouth.
χεῖλος, lip.
κτείς, κτενός, comb.
Miss E. C. Jelly, Synonymic Cat. Recent Marine Bryozoa, London, 1889.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. 1871, p. 421.
Fischer, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, ii. 1866, p. 293.
Ehlers, Abh. Ges. Göttingen, xxi. 1876, p. 3, and Joyeux-Laffuie, (as Delagia) Arch. Zool. Exp. 2 sér. vi. 1888, p. 135.
Busk, "Challenger" Reports, Parts 30 and 50.
Hincks, Brit. Marine Polyzoa, Introduction, p. cxxxv.
Hincks, Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, i. p. 558.
See Hincks, Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, i. p. lxiv.; and Busk, Cat. of Marine Polyzoa in the British Museum, part ii. 1854, p. 103.
J. Linn. Soc. xv. 1881, p. 359.
"Challenger" Report, part xxx. 1884, pl. ix.
Hincks, Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, i. p. 58.
Brit. Mus. Cat. part ii. 1854, p. 106; Hincks, t. cit. p. 181 n.
Barentsia Hincks (= Ascopodaria Busk) differs from Pedicellina in that each stem has a muscular swelling at its base. The genus is represented by two British species, B. gracilis Sars and B. nodosa Lomas.
Arch. Zool. Exp. 2 sér. ix. 1891, p. 91.
For structure, see Davenport, Bull. Mus. Harvard, xxiv. 1893, p. 1.
λοξός, oblique; σῶμα, body.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxvii. 1887, pl. xxi. Fig. 10.
For a recent account of the Entoprocta, see Ehlers, "Zur Kenntniss d. Pedicellineen," Abh. Ges. Göttingen, xxxvi. 1890, No. iii.
[An important account of the structure of marine Ectoprocta is given by Calvet, "Contribution à l'Histoire Naturelle des Bryozoaires Ectoproctes Marins," Trav. Inst. Zool. Montpellier, N.S., Mém. No. 8, 1900.]
Kraepelin, K., "Die deutschen Süsswasser-Bryozoen."—Abh. Ver. Hamburg, x. 1887, No. 9, p. 95.
Jullien, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, x. 1885, p. 92.
Hincks, Brit. Marine Polyzoa, i. p. 132.
T. cit., p. 167.
Quoted by Kraepelin, t. cit., p. 83.
Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 65.
Zool. Anz., xvi. 1893 (1894), p. 385.
Hyatt, Proc. Essex Institute (U.S.A.) (reprint from vols. iv., v. 1866-1868), p. 9.
Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland, ii. 1848, p. 93.
Trembley, Mém. Hist. Polypes, 1744; iii. Mém., p. 217. The same processes are described by Baker, Employment for the Microscope, new ed. 1785, p. 311.
Oka, J. Coll. Japan, iv. 1891, p. 90.
Hyatt, t. cit. p. 99.
Verworn, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xlvi. 1888, p. 119.
Dalyell, t. cit. p. 94.
Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, x. 1887, No. 9, p. 141.
Phil. Trans. 1837, p. 396.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. 1871, p. 426.
J. Coll. Japan, iv. 1891, p. 113.
Zool. Anz. xii. 1889, p. 508. This paper contains references to M. Jullien's writings on the mechanism of protrusion.
[See P. Cambridge Soc. vol. xi. Part 1, 1901.]
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xlvi. 1888, p. 124.
Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 47; Braem, Bibl. Zool. (Bd. ii.) Heft 6, 1890, pp. 66 f.
Cf. Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, x. 1887, No. 9, pp. 154 f.
T. cit. p. 83.
Joliet, Arch. Zool. Exp. vi. 1877, p. 262.
Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 22.
Harmer, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxiv. 1893, p. 211.
Arch. Zool. Exp. 2 sér. x. 1892, p. 557.
Phil. Trans. 1837, p. 408.
Brit. Marine Polyzoa, Introduction, pp. lxxxvi, xc.
Arch. Zool. Exp. vi. 1877, p. 261.
Recherches sur l'Embryologie des Bryozoaires, 4to Lille, 1877.
Prouho, loc. cit.
Arch. Zool. Exp. 2 ser. v. 1887, p. 446.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxiv. 1893, p. 199; xxxix. part i. 1896, p. 71.
Jullien, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, iii. 1890, p. 381.