[470] Beiträge (Hanover, 1837), p. 17.
[471] Grotefend, Beiträge (1837), pp. 34, 45. See Plate IV. where a misprint makes it look like rk.
[472] Ib. p. 17. See alphabet in Plate IV.
[473] Spiegel, p. 140.
[474] Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, ii. 172 for i and u; p. 174 for all three. Holtzmann, Beiträge, p. 15.
[475] As regards the y, Lassen always substitutes the palatal j for the half-vowel, and Holtzmann follows him; but this was, no doubt, due to the practical exclusion of y from the German alphabet. Lassen says that Beer and Jacquet both corrected the sign to j, though we know that Jacquet always wrote y; and Rawlinson acknowledges that he received the y from Lassen. From the time of Benfey (1847) the y is finally adopted in German transliterations.
[476] Mémoire de E. Jacquet, par Félix Nève (Bruxelles, 1855), p. 10.
[477] Mémoire, par Nève, p. 74.
[478] Rawlinson, J. R. A. S. x. 41, note.
[479] Mémoire, par Nève, p. 101.
[480] April, May, June, and October, 1838, Journal Asiatique, 3ᵉ série, vols. v. and vi.
[481] Mémoire, p. 77. See Journal Asiatique, v. 561, 566, vi. 404, 424, note, and passim.
[482] Journal Asiatique, v. 591, vi. 403.
[483] Journal Asiatique, v. 571 (cf. 562), vi. 414, 421.
[484] Ib. v. 562, note.
[485] Ib. v. 592, vi. 419. Zeitschrift für die Kunde &c. ii. 171.
[486] Spiegel, p. 140. See Zeitschrift, ii. 165.
[487] Spiegel, p. 140.
[488] See his contributions in vols. i. ii. and iii. Urkunden in Babylonischer Keilschrift.
[489] Zeitschrift, ii, 165.
[490] Zeitschrift, ii, 169.
[491] Ib. p. 172.
[492] Ib. p. 173.
[493] Mémoire, par Nève, p. 81.
[494] J. R. A. S. x. 5.
[495] Canon Rawlinson explains the process thus: ‘Applying to the letters of these names the phonetic values previously obtained from the trio Hystaspes, Darius, Xerxes, twenty-one out of the twenty-eight letters were found exactly to suit their place. The remainder were new forms and furnished the alphabet with four new letters, m, n, h, and ch.’ (Memoir of Sir Henry Rawlinson, p. 320.) Rawlinson himself, however, confessed in 1846: ‘I am neither able, nor is it of any consequence after the lapse of so many years, to describe the means by which I ascertained the power of each particular letter, or to discriminate the respective dates of the discoveries.’ (J. R. A. S. x. 6, note.)
[496] J. R. A. S. x. 7.
[498] Memoir by Canon Rawlinson, pp. 311-17.
[499] Babylon and Persepolis, preface, p. vii. Cf. Vaux, Nineveh and Persepolis, p. 426.
[500] J. R. A. S. x. 8-10.
[501] Ib. x. 10.
[502] J. R. A. S. x. 8, note. Cf. Behistun, Col. I. line 28.
[503] Lassen, Ueber die Keilinschriften, 1845 (henceforth referred to as ‘Second Memoir’), p. 49. Rawlinson in J. R. A. S. x. 8, 17, 130.
[505] Spiegel, p. 152.
[506] The German periodicals of 1839 recognised Rawlinson as discoverer of the tr. Dublin University Magazine (1847), p. 21.
[507] J. R. A. S. x. 9, 12-13.
[508] His paper is noticed in the Athenæum, Jan. 1840. J. R. A. S. vol. viii. Report, 1845: Athenæum, Nov. 8, 1884.
[509] J. R. A. S. x. 18.
[510] Beiträge, p. 16.
[512] These inscriptions were reviewed by Lassen in the Zeitschrift (1840, iii, 442) when he attempted the translation of the Artaxerxes Inscription.
[514] So late as 1839, he could not bring himself to give up ‘Ochus’ in the Murgab inscription, although he felt greatly shaken by the arguments of Jacquet in support of ‘Kurus.’ He ended by leaving 25 𐎤 unaltered, but changed 40 (𐎽) from s into gh (Zeitschrift, ii. 169-71). His acceptance of the correct value, r, appears in 1844: and the approximate value of q for 25 (𐎤) k, making ‘Qurus’ for ‘Kurus.’
[515] Beiträge zur Erklärung &c. (Karlsruhe, 1845), ap. Spiegel, p. 142.
[516] Zeitschrift für die Kunde &c. ii. 172.
[517] Journal Asiatique, vi. 416.
[518] Lassen, Second Memoir, p. 5.
[519] See Alphabet in Burnouf.
[520] Second Memoir, p. 76.
[521] Ib. p. 166. This was not discovered when Lassen wrote in 1839. He then thought the new letter had the value of x (Zeitschrift, ii. 175).
[522] Lassen, First Memoir, p. 14. In 1852 we are told that English scholars were still disposed to distrust ‘the authenticity of the Zendavesta as translated by Anquetil,’ and it is curious to learn that the Achaemenian inscriptions were appealed to, to prove ‘that there was in use in Persia in the time of Darius a language very much the same as Zend.’ J. R. A. S. xiii. (1852) 200.
[523] Lassen, First Memoir, p. 3.
[524] Ib. p. 11. Cf. Beiträge (1837), p. 24.
[525] Lassen, Second Memoir, p. 253. Burnouf seemed to think that the Old Persian descended directly from the Zend. Jacquet, Journal Asiatique, v. 371.
[526] Lassen, Second Memoir, p. 6.
[527] Dublin University Magazine, Jan. 1847, p. 21.
[528] Rawlinson in J. R. A. S. x. 313.
[529] Second Memoir, pp. 80, 145.
[531] Holtzmann, Beiträge zur Erklärung, Carlsruhe, 1845.
[532] I Inscription, line 19 (Second Memoir, p. 176); Eᵇ Inscription, line 24 (ib. p. 173).
[533] Second Memoir, pp. 65, 68; Holtzmann, p. 62.
[534] Holtzmann, p. 78.
[535] By Spiegel, p. 142, who erroneously says he valued it as j.
[536] Lassen, Second Memoir, p. 28; Holtzmann, p. 74.
[537] First Memoir, p. 152; Second Memoir, p. 52.
[538] Lassen, Second Memoir, pp. 53, 64; Holtzmann, p. 120.
[539] I Inscription, lines 20-4; Second Memoir, p. 176; Holtzmann, p. 63; Spiegel, p. 51.
[540] Inscription H, line 11; Second Memoir, p. 27; Holtzmann, p. 65; Rawlinson, J. R. A. S. x. 274; Spiegel, p. 49.
[541] Holtzmann, p. 117; Second Memoir, p. 116; Rawlinson, J. R. A. S. x. 308.
[542] Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy (1848), vol. xxi. pt. ii.
[543] J. R. A. S. ix. 387.
[544] Trans. R. I. Acad. loc. cit. p. 131.
[545] Trans. R. I. Acad. loc. cit. pp. 242, 244, 253.
[546] In Journal of Sacred Literature, 1855; J. R. A. S. (1866), vol. ii.
[547] Trans. R. I. Acad. loc. cit. p. 243.
[548] Ib. p. 233; J. R. A. S. x. lxx.
[549] Athenæum, December 19, 1846.
[550] It took forty-four days to communicate between Bagdad and London. If, therefore, Hincks’s paper had been forwarded earlier, say on June 12, it would have been in Major Rawlinson’s hands on July 26; but we have positive assurance on Mr. Norris’s authority that this was not the case. See the Athenæum, loc. cit.
[552] Trans. R. I. Acad. loc. cit. pp. 117-18.
[553] Ib. p. 124; cf. Spiegel, E Inscription, line 18, p. 60.
[554] Trans. R. I. Acad. loc. cit. p. 116. For Hincks’s Alphabet see Trans. R. I. Acad. loc. cit. p. 131 and App. A.
[555] Athenæum, Nov 8, 1884.
[556] J. R. A. S. x. 16. Hincks received Part I. in time for his papers, read on Nov. 30 and Dec. 14, 1846. Trans. R. I. Acad. vol. xxi. part ii. p. 233.
[557] Report, June 1847, J. R. A. S. x. p. vii.
[558] Ib. p. xvi.
[559] J. R. A. S. x. 18.
[560] Ib. x. 2.
[561] Lassen’s first letter to Rawlinson is dated August 19, 1838. See Memoir by Canon Rawlinson, p. 316.
[562] J. R. A. S. x. 8, 9, 10, notes.
[563] J. R. A. S. x. 10, note.
[564] See ib. p. 8, note.
[565] Spiegel, p. 154.
[566] Rawlinson wrote, early in 1846: ‘The cause of the affinity of the vowel i for the characters j, t, m and v can neither be explained, nor can we perceive any uniform effect which the coalition produces upon the phonetic power of the consonant. I can only illustrate the formation of the different groups by adverting to the law which still prevails in the Tartarian dialects, requiring the juxtaposition of certain vowels with consonants in order to render the latter articulable; and by observing that, as a similar rule appears to hold good in the so-called Median alphabet, which has every indication of a Scythic origin, it is not improbable that the Persian writing may have been indebted to that source for so remarkable a deviation from the true principles of Arian orthography.’ J. R. A. S. x. 65.
[567] J. R. A. S. x. 176.
[568] J. R. A. S. x. 185.
[569] Holtzmann, Beiträge, p. 152.
[570] J. R. A. S. x. 177.
[571] Ib. x. 175.
[572] Athenæum, December 19, 1846, p. 1302. Cf. ib. November 22, 1884.
[573] J. R. A. S. x. 195, note.
[574] Ib. x. 56, 60, 65, 69.
[575] Ib. xi. 15, 20, 47, 72. Cf. Spiegel, pp. 180, 204, 208, 210.
[576] Ib. xi. 27, 176. Cf. Spiegel, p. 209, 222.
[577] J. R. A. S. x. 83.
[578] Ib. p. 40.
[579] Ib. p. 50.
[580] J. R. A. S. xi. 51.
[581] Die Persischen Keilinschriften, Leipzig, 1847.
[582] In the Persepolitan texts there are not more than four hundred words; the Behistun comprises ten times as many as all the rest put together. Darmesteter, quoted by Perrot, History of Art in Persia, p. 33, note.
[583] J. R. A. S. x. p. xlvi.
[584] Spiegel, p. 23.
[585] J. R. A. S. x. p. lvii.
[586] Benfey, Die Persischen Keilinschriften (Leipzig, 1847), p. 9.
[587] Records of the Past, O.S. i. 112. Spiegel, pp. 7, 86.
[588] Records, loc. cit. p. 112.
[589] J. R. A. S. x. 206.
[590] Spiegel, p. 89. Spiegel translates (1881): ‘Die Plätze der Anbetung, welche Gaumâta der Mager zerstört hatte, bewahrte ich dem Volke, die Weideplätze (?), die Heerden, die Wohnungen je nach Clanen, was Gaumâta der Mager ihnen weggenommen hatte’ (p. 9). Weissbach (1898): ‘Die Tempel, welche Gaumâta, der Mager, zerstört hatte, stellte ich wieder her, für das Volk die Hilfsmittel, die Herden und das Wohnen in den Häusern (?) welche Gaumâta, der Mager, geraubt hatte’ (p. 15).
[591] Records, O.S. i. 128.
[592] Ib. ix, 68, 69. Cf. Spiegel, pp. 41, 109; Menant, Les Achéménides, p. 122; Weissbach, Altpersischen Keilinschriften. p. 31.
[593] Records, O.S. ix. 77; Rawlinson, J. R. A. S. x. 311; Spiegel, p. 121. M. Benfey attempted to restore this inscription, but in 1852 Oppert declared that the labour was a simple loss of time. It is perhaps to be regretted that he did not adhere to his first impression. Journal Asiatique, xix. 172 (March 1852).
[594] Vol. xii. p. xix, xv. p. 432; Spiegel, p. 59; Oppert, Rec. O.S. ix. 78.
[595] Spiegel, pp. 59, 122.
[596] Die Grabschrift des Darius, Zürich, 1847.
[597] Vapereau, Dictionnaire des Contemporains.
[598] Published at Berlin, 1847.
[599] J. R. A. S. xii. 403.
[600] Memoir by Canon Rawlinson, p. 165.
[601] Memoir by Canon Rawlinson, p. 324.
[602] Ib. p. 33.
[603] Mémoire sur les Inscriptions des Achéménides, Paris, 1852, 8vo. Journ. Asiatique (4ᵉ série), vols. xvii.-xix.
[604] Journal Asiatique, xviii. 560.
[605] Rec. O.S. i. 107.
[606] Ib. ix. 67.
[607] Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften, von Fr. Spiegel, second edition, Leipzig, 1881.
[608] Les Achéménides et les Inscriptions de la Perse, par Joachim Menant, Paris, 1872.
[609] Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften, von F. H. Weissbach und W. Bang, Leipzig, 1893. Die Achämenideninschriften zweiter Art, von F. H. Weisbach, Leipzig, 1890.
[610] Die Achäm. Ins. des Babylonischen Textes, von Dr. Carl Bezold, Leipzig, 1882.
[611] This opinion is attributed to Niebuhr by M. Oppert (Expédition en Mésopotamie, 1859, ii. 2); in the passage referred to Niebuhr merely says there are three alphabets, but says nothing about their being in the same language (Niebuhr, ii. 113).
[612] Heeren, Historical Researches (Eng. ed.), ii. 324. Durow, Die Assyrische Keilschriften erläutert (Wiesbaden, 1820), p. 38.
[613] Beiträge, 1837, p. 24.
[614] Heeren, ib. pp. 329-30.
[615] Beiträge, 1837, p. 39.
[616] Copenhagen, 1844.
[617] Bonn, 1845. Westergaard wrote a later essay on the same subject in Danish, which we have not been able to consult (Kjöbenhavn, 1856).
[618] Copenhagen edition, pp. 330, 338.
[619] Ib. pp. 340, 364. The E inscription from the seventeenth line may be seen at page 347. Cf. with Weisbach, Die Inschriften Zweiter Art, p. 82.
[620] Cf. Copenhagen edition, p. 419; Bonn ed. p. 113.
[621] Copenhagen edition, p. 323. Cf. this with the declination of the same word by De Saulcy (Journal Asiatique, 1849, xiv. 179), where the accusative singular is ‘Keiounay,’ and the genitive plural ‘Keiouyna’ or ‘Keioulara’!
[622] Beiträge, 1837, p. 42.
[623] No. 24 of Weisbach.
[624] Nos. 9, 10, 18, 65. Appendix C.
[625] No. 12 in Weisbach’s list: the others are 63 and 65 in the same list.
[626] Copenhagen edition, p. 278. This statement is softened in the Bonn edition (p. 6), where he merely says that neither of the two determinatives he had recognised preceded these words. Cf. ib. p. 124.
[627] He thought possibly the vowels might be limited to the long and short sounds of a, i and u, and in that case he was disposed to change his e into i, which would have been correct (p. 118).
[628] Bonn edition, pp. 118-119. See Appendix C.
[629] Burnouf, Mémoire sur Deux Inscriptions (1836), p. 2.
[630] Westergaard (Bonn edition), pp. 4, 123. Cf. Copenhagen edition, 272.
[631] J. R. A. S. x. 228.
[632] Ib. xv. 115.
[633] J. R. A. S. x. 20, note.
[634] Westergaard was also struck by the similarity of the Georgian plural affix ‘bi.’ Copenhagen edition, pp. 300, 305.