[635] J. R. A. S. x. 37.

[636] Ib. vol. ix. Report, 1846, and Report, May 1848.

[637] In his last paper he made several corrections in the values of the letters (Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 241) which Menant has not taken into account in his Table. Les Ecritures cunéiformes (second ed. 1864), p. 138.

[638] J. R. A. S. vol. ix. Report, 1846, p. xvii.

[639] Transactions, ib. pp. 125-28.

[640] Transactions, ib. p. 129. J. R. A. S. xii. 483.

[641] Journal Asiatique (4ᵉ série), vols. xiv. xv. August 1849, May 1850.

[642] De Saulcy was distinguished for his success in reading the Egyptian demotic character, which Mohl regarded as the greatest achievement since Champollion (Rapports Annuels à la Société Asiatique, 1844, p. 36).

[643] Weisbach, op. cit. p. 47.

[644] Le Peuple et la Langue des Mèdes (1879), p. 41.

[645] Journal Asiatique, xiv. 103, xv. 527.

[646] Weisbach, op. cit. p. 47. Oppert, Nos. 52, 77, 88.

[647] Journal Asiatique, xiv. 212: ‘Que certains signes de l’écriture médique avaient une assez grande ressemblance avec les signes Persans de même valeur, mais que la plupart d’entre eux étaient identiques avec des signes de l’écriture Assyrienne.’ Hincks had already pointed out, in 1845, that there were many characters common to both (Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 131); and in June 1849 he added that a ‘very large proportion of the Median characters can be identified with Assyrio-Babylonian characters, having nearly the same phonetic values’ (xxii. 4). Westergaard thought the writing originated in Babylon, ‘whence it spread in two branches, eastward to Susiana and northward to the Assyrian Empire, from whence it passed to Media, and last to ancient Persis’ (p. 273, Copenhagen edition). He thought the Median bore most resemblance to Assyrian writing, and Persian to Babylonian writing (ib. p. 272; cf. Bonn edition, p. 4).

[648] Copenhagen ed. p. 271.

[649] Weisbach, p. 7; Mohl, Vingt-sept ans d’Etudes, i. 419; Athenæum, July 6 and September 7, 1850. Cf. above, p. 194.

[650] Holtzman’s essays appeared in the Zeitschrift D.M.G. between 1851 and 1854. They are reported by Weisbach and Mohl, loc. cit.

[651] Journal Asiatique (4ᵉ série), xvii. 541. Cf. Les Mèdes, p. 2.

[652] Norris, No. 97; Weisbach, No. 108.

[653] J. R. A. S. xv. 5.

[654]

[655] He attributes this observation to Holtzmann, who wrote in 1851; but Hincks’s opinion was published three years previously in the Trans. R. I. Acad. 1848. Norris had heard of De Saulcy, but did not read him; see J. R. A. S. xv. 153, note.

[656] We have counted 47, ib. pp. 7-46.

[657] See also Nos. 67, 74 (Norris’s list).

[658] For example, Nos. 17, 35, 58.

[659] Oppert takes the credit of this to himself: ‘Depuis 1851, j’avais entrevu l’origine touranienne de l’écriture cunéiforme’ (Les Mèdes, p. 5), but he acknowledges that Norris had suggested it.

[660] M. Oppert claims to have suggested in 1847 that Median belongs to the ‘Finno-ouralienne’ race (Expédition, p. 82). He has not given any reference, and we know of no writing of his of that date except the tract already reviewed: and this opinion does not appear to be stated there.

[661] Cf. J. R. A. S. xv. 63; cf. Weisbach, p. 49.

[662] Cf. Westergaard, Bonn edition, p. 113; Journal Asiatique, xv. 426.

[663] Cf. J. R. A. S. xv. 149; Les Mèdes, p. 197; Weisbach, p. 77.

[664] Mohl, op. cit. vol. ii. Report, June 1855; Weisbach, p. 7.

[665] Expédition scientifique en Mésopotamie (1851-4), par Jules Oppert, vol. ii. Paris, 1859.

[666] M. Oppert cannot always be taken seriously where his own claims are concerned. Writing in 1859, he says of the Median: ‘Tous nos devanciers, y compris M. Norris, l’ont prise pour une écriture distincte de celle des Assyriens’ (p. 71). Leaving out of account Norris’s identification of 47 of the characters, De Saulcy had pronounced them to be ‘identical’ in 1848. Oppert now compares 97 Median signs and 8 ideograms with both Babylonian and Assyrian groups.

[667] ‘Deux caractères n’expriment jamais le même son,’ p. 35. ‘Les mêmes sons syllabiques sont toujours attachés au même signe,’ p. 77.

[668] Bonomy, Nineveh and its Palaces (1889), p. 479; J. R. A. S. xii. 482.

[669] J. R. A. S. (1855), xv. 97; Memoir by Canon Rawlinson, p. 174.

[670] Layard (Sir H.), Early Adventures (1894), pp. 168, 220. Cf. Professor Sayce in Trans. Soc. Bib. Arch. iii, 472.

[671] J. R. A. S. x. 28; ib. xii. 483.

[672] ‘Development of Cuneiform Syllabary’ (1887), J. R. A. S. vol. xix. They appeared to Mr. Vaux in 1851 ‘to contain a considerable number of new characters, for which no conjectural equivalent can be found either in the Babylonian or the Assyrian alphabet’ (Nineveh and Persepolis, p. 431).

[673] Trans. S. B. A. vol. iii. (1874), p. 479; Records of the Past, O.S. vol. vii. (1876), p. 81.

[674] Trans. S. B. A. loc. cit. p. 472.

[675] The word ‘Assyrian’ is often used as interchangeable with ‘Babylonian,’ especially by French writers. Professor Sayce, although he here lapses into this habit, is careful to explain that ‘the form of the character proves that the syllabary was derived from Babylonian, and not from Assyrian as the Armenian.’ Trans. S. B. A. (1874), iii, 471.

[676] Menant, Les Ecritures, p. 137.

[677] Weisbach, Die Achaemenideninschriften Zweiter Art, pp. 25-27.

[678] Trans. S. B. A. vol. iii, article by Prof. Sayce ‘On the Cuneiform Inscriptions of Elam and Media,’ p. 465.

[679] Cf. Oppert, Les Mèdes, p. 41; Weisbach, p. 33. With regard to the other two, he now omits No. 21, to which he had formerly assigned ‘kam’—the ‘zis’ of Weisbach (No. 25). The other, 71ᵇ, he changes from ‘tu’ to ‘kin,’ the ‘en’ of Weisbach (No. 109).

[680] These are: 16, ‘ni’ to ‘ne’; 34, ‘ta’ to ‘te’; 75, ‘ha’ to ‘a’; 77, ‘nu’ to ‘ni.’

[681] 16ᵃ, ‘çi’; 39ᶜ, ‘mak’; 60ᵃ, ‘tin.’

[682]

[683] These are:

[684] Namely, No. 21, which Weisbach values as ‘zis’ No. 25. No. 20 Oppert includes among his signs, but cannot find its value. In Norris it is ‘kwe.’ In the list given in Sayce’s article it is ‘khub.’ Weisbach gives ‘kup (?)’ No. 29.

[685] Weisbach fails to find a value for 71ᵃ, to which Oppert gives ‘nu’ (No. 41).

[686] No. 35 Oppert ‘git,’ Weisbach ‘am’; 39ᶠ Oppert ‘mun,’ Weisbach ‘tum’; 71ᵇ Oppert ‘kin’; Weisbach ‘en’; 76 Oppert o, Weisbach u.

[687] Weisbach, op. cit. p. 33.

[688] Oppert, op. cit. p. 30.

[689] Oppert, pp. 77, 81-4. Weisbach, pp. 51, 53.

[690] Oppert, p. 62. Weisbach, p. 50.

[691] Oppert, p. 196. Weisbach, p. 77.

[692] Oppert, p. 215. Weisbach, p. 79.

[693] Norris in J. R. A. S. xv. 145; Oppert, Records of the Past, vii. 109. Cf. Les Mèdes, p. 155; Weisbach, p. 77. See also the surprising expansion into ‘the future life,’ Col. IV. par. 7 (Les Mèdes, p. 149), which, however, he softens in the English version to ‘May I die as a Mazdean’ (Records, loc. cit. p. 106). Cf. Weisbach, p. 73. par. 46, line 99.

[694] ‘Nous ne connaissons pas un seul nom propre de Mède qui ne soit Aryan—ceux de Déjocès et d’Ecbatane sont du perse le plus pur.’—1852, Les Mèdes, p. 2.

[695] Sayce seems to be the only noteworthy exception. See Early Israel, p. 242.

[696] Le Peuple des Mèdes, Bruxelles, 1883.

[697] Trans. S. B. A. iii. 468.

[698] Hommel (Dr. Fritz), Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens (Berlin, 1885), p. 101.

[699] Gobineau, Lectures des Textes cunéiformes. He afterwards wrote Traités des Ecritures cunéiformes, 2 vols. 1864. Mohl, op. cit. Report 1859, ii, 257.

[700] Major Conder also, J. R. A. S. (1892), xxiv. 734. He thinks Akkadian is also nearest to Turkish, though Akkadian words survive unchanged to the present day in Finnic-Hungarian and Ugric (ib.).

[701] Op. cit. p. 46.

[702] Weisbach, op. cit. pp. 13, 45. He has since given in his adhesion to the orthodox view. See Zur Lösung der Sumerischen Frage (Leipzig, 1897), pp. 16, 36.

[703] Trans. S. B. A. iii. 466.

[704] Rawlinson was the first to show that the Alarodians of Herodotus (iii. 94, vii. 79) were probably the Uradhians or people of Ararat of the Assyrian texts. See Sayce on Van, J. R. A. S. 1882, vol. xiv.

[705] The knowledge of Kassite is limited to about fifty words found in a lexicon list (Hommel, p. 47, note 3). Delitzsch denies their relationship to Susian.

[706] Of Hittite it could still be said in 1893, ‘So far we know nothing whatever about the Hittite language’ (J. R. A. S. 1893, p. 404). Cf. Conder’s notes in the same volume, p. 823.

[707] Mr. Sayce succeeded in deciphering the Vannic in 1893 and 1894 (J. R. A. S. 1894, p. 699).

[708] Conder on Lycian, J. R. A. S. 1891, p. 614.

[709] Beiträge, 1840, p. 60.

[710] Rich, Babylon and Persepolis, p. 185, note.

[711] The third system is seen in Rich, Pl. IX. No. 4. Cf. Rawlinson, J. R. A. S. x. 24.

[712] Beiträge, 1840, p. 7.

[713] See Table, ib. p. 65.

[714] See Hincks, Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 242.

[715] Beiträge, p. 33. See Table, p. 72.

[716] Ker Porter, Pl. 78, vol. ii. East India House Inscription, Col. III. lines 15-65. Ap. Menant, Ecritures, p. 144.

[717] Nov. 1846; Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 243-5.

[718] In Koordistan, ii. 130, he gives a facsimile of writing from Nimrud. See also Babylon and Persepolis, Pl. IX. No. 5. Rawlinson, J. R. A. S. x. 27.

[719] Journal Asiatique, ix. 257.

[720] Menant, Ecritures, p. 170.

[721] In July 1849, 88 plates were out, but not the descriptive text. The work was finally in five volumes folio, and contained 220 inscriptions. The inscriptions were sold separately for 60 francs.

[722] See the drawing of it in Menant, Ecritures, p. 168. It is published by Layard, Pl. 53-6, and translated by Rawlinson, 1850, and by Hincks, 1854.

[723] Hincks, Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi, 253.

[724] Neue Beiträge (1837), p. 41.

[725] Menant, Les Langues perdues: Assyrie (Paris, 1886), p. 135.

[726] Essai de Déchiffrement (1845), p. 11. Cf. Exposé des Eléments constitutifs (1847), p. 11.

[727] Trans. R. I. Acad. 1846, xxi. 131.

[728] Exposé, p. 14, note.

[729] Journal Asiatique (4ᵉ série, 1847-8), vols. ix-xi, Mémoire sur l’Ecriture Assyrienne, Paris, 1848.

[730] Journal Asiatique, 1848, xi. 248 ff.

[731] Ib. 1847, ix. 376.

[732] Ib. xi. 249.

[733] Hommel, Geschichte, p. 95, note.

[734] J. R. A. S. 1847, x. 28.

[735] J. R. A. S. x. 22 ff. Rawlinson’s classification of the writing is as follows (1847):

[736] J. R. A. S. xii. 407. Layard, Nineveh and its Remains (1849), ii. 171.

[737] Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 131.

[738] Westergaard, Copenhagen edition, p. 271.

[739] Bertin in Trans. S. B. A. 1885, vol. viii. Cf. his article on the Syllabary in J. R. A. S. 1887, vol. xix.

[740] Sayce, Hibbert Lectures, 1887, p. 13.

[741] Athenæum, Sept. 20, 1884.

[742] Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 131.

[743] Journal Asiatique, ix. 377, xi. 266-71.

[744] J. R. A. S. 1848, ix. 414.

[745] The Armenian inscription Schulz, No. 8, was the one De Saulcy attempted (Mohl, Vingt-sept ans d’histoire, i. 350). Nos. 9, 10, and 11 are the trilingual of Xerxes.

[746] J. R. A. S. 1850, x. 410.

[747] Boscawen, The Bible and the Monuments, p. 18; Pinches, S. B. A., 1882, vol. vii. ‘On Assyrian Grammar.’ Cf. Sayce, The Science of Language (3rd ed. 1890), ii. 168.

[748] Beiträge, 1887, pp. 24, 37, 39; 1840, p. 65, Plate. Cf. above, pp. 184, 299.

[749] See these stated by Löwenstern, Essai de Déchiffrement, 1845, p. 12.

[750] Löwenstern, op. cit. p. 13.

[751] Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 131.

[752] Trans. R. I. Acad. p. 249-52.

[753] Exposé, p. 44.

[754] Ib. p. 38; Menant, Ecritures, p. 224.

[755] Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 247; Menant, p. 216; Journal Asiatique, x. 146.

[756] Journal Asiatique, xi. 272.

[757] Sept. 14 and Nov. 27.

[758] Hommel, Geschichte, p. 95.

[759] ‘On the Khorsabad Inscription,’ Trans. R. I. Acad. xxii. 71.

[760] J. R. A. S. xii. 410-16.

[761] Ib. p. 414. Prof. Haupt in J. R. A. S. 1878, x. 244-6.

[762] King (L. W.), First Steps in Assyrian, 1898, Introduction, p. xvii. See Sayce, J. R. A. S. 1877, ix. 23. Cf. Science of Language, ii. 167.

[763] Trans. S. B. A. 1882, vol. vii. ‘On Assyrian Grammar.’

[764] The Bible and the Monuments, p. 30.

[765] Menant, Ecritures, p. 224.

[766] Mohl, op. cit. i. 419.

[767] Evans (George), Essay on Assyriology, p. 1.

[768] Evetts, New Lights, p. 123.

[769] Menant, Ecritures, p. 245; Langues Sémitiques, 1863, p. 63.

[770] J. R. A. S. vol. i. N. S. Report, May 1865, p. x.

[771] Beiträge, 1837, Pl. I.; cf. Menant, Manuel de la Langue Assyrienne, 1880, p. 282. Beiträge, Pl. III.; Menant, p. 278.

[772] Beiträge, 1840, Plate, p. 65.

[773] Ib. p. 65.

[774] Ib. 1837, Pl. IV.

[775] Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 242.

[776] Beiträge, 1840, pp. 56-7, and Plate. Cf. Menant, Manuel, p. 305.

[777] Journal Asiatique, ix. 377.

[778] Cf. Grotefend, Beiträge, 1840, p. 65. Löwenstern’s r is only the first portion of Grotefend’s sign.

[779] ‘Lettre de Longpérier,’ Sept. 1847, in Revue Archéologique, 1848, p. 503.

[780] Postscript, written June 1846, to paper ‘On the First and Second Kinds of Persepolitan Writing,’ Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 131.

[781] ‘On the Three Kinds of Persepolitan Writing,’ read Nov. and Dec. 1846: Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 242.

[782] Transactions, ib. p. 249.

[783] J. R. A. S. ix. 432.