[1] Walerjan Krasiński, Zarys dziejów Reformacji w Polsce, Warsaw, 1903, vol. i, p. 26; Wł. Smoleński. Dzieje narodu polskiego, Warsaw, 1904, p. 21.

[2] Smoleński, pp. 30-31; Krasiński, vol. i, pp. 29-30.

[3] Krasiński, vol. i, p. 31.

[4] Ibid., vol. i, pp. 31-32.

[5] Smoleński, pp. 41-42.

[6] Krasiński, vol. i, p. 34.

[7] Smoleński, p. 31.

[8] An interesting and detailed account of this incident is given by Stanislaus Smolka in his Szkice historyczne, Warsaw, 1883, pp. 259-281. See also Eugene Starczewski, Możnowładztwo polskie, Warsaw, 1914, pp. 114-115.

[9] Krasiński, vol. i, pp. 34-36.

[10] Smoleński, pp. 25-26.

[11] Ibid., p. 31; Krasiński, vol. i, p. 30.

[12] Smoleński, p. 31; Krasiński, vol. i, p. 37.

[13] Starczewski, p. 72.

[14] Vincent Zakrzewski, Powstanie i wzrost Ref. w Polsce, Leipzig, 1870, p. 112. When the Roman Inquisition called Uchański to appear before it to give account of himself and to be tried as a heretic, he refused to do so, protesting against being called a heretic before a previous trial (see Zakrzewski, p. 140).

[15] Zakrzewski, pp. 179-180.

[16] Smoleński, p. 19.

[17] Krasiński, vol. i, p. 32.

[18] Smoleński, p. 93.

[19] T. Grabowski, Literatura luterska, Posen, 1920, p. 13. Many of the Polish bishops were great admirers of Erasmus, and they constituted, says Grabowski, the vanguard of the reformers.

[20] See E. H. Lewinski-Corwin, The Political History of Poland, N. Y. 1917, p. 138; Smoleński, pp. 80-81.

[21] Lewinski-Corwin, p. 138.

[22] Antoni Lorkiewicz, Bunt Gdański Roku 1525, Lemberg, 1881, p. 7.

[23] Lewinski-Corwin, p. 137.

[24] Krasiński, vol. i, pp. 37-38.

[25] Artur Górski, Ku czemu Polska szła, 2nd Ed., Warsaw, 1919, p. 55.

[26] August Sokołowski, Dzieje Polski. Wiedeń, 1904, vol. ii, p. 250.

[27] Krasiński, vol. i, p. 38.

[28] Grabowski, p. 6.

[29] “Cantilena vulgaris de Wikleph.” See Piotr Chmielowski, Historja literatury polskiej, vol. i, pp. 77-78.

[30] Ibid., vol. i, p. 78.

[31] The Bohemians or Czechs fought together with the Poles against the Order of Teutonic Knights, and twice offered the Bohemian crown to the Polish King, Wladislaus Jagiello. The Poles and the Lithuanians had separate colleges of their own at the University of Prague, established by Queen Hedwig, and Polish youth resorted to that University in large numbers. Huss corresponded with King Jagiello, and his close associate, Hieronim of Prague, spent some time in Poland, spreading his master’s ideas.

[32] Smoleński, p. 75.

[33] Zakrzewski, pp. 19-20.

[34] Smoleński, p. 75.

[35] This violated fundamental constitutional rights granted the “szlachta” at Czerwińsk in 1422, and therefore could not possibly be enforced. See Appendix, No. 14. The term szlachta denotes in its narrow meaning the gentry, in its large and general meaning the Polish nobility as a whole.

[36] Volumina legum, vol. i, p. 38, folio 85. For text see Appendix, No. 1.

[37] Krasiński, vol. i, pp. 50-51.

[38] The starostas were royal administrators and judicial officials similar to the Frankish counts.

[39] Volumina legum, vol. i, fol. 193 ff. See Appendix, No. 2.

[40] Ibid., vol. i, fol. 140; Zakrzewski, p. 18. See Appendix, No. 3.

[41] Ibid., fol. 141; ibid., pp. 18-19.

[42] Raczyński, Codex diplomaticus Majoris Poloniae, p. 172 ff.; Zakrzewski, p. 20.

[43] Krasiński, vol. i, pp. 54-55.

[44] Górski, p. 117.

[45] Chmielowski, vol. i, pp. 66-70; Grabowski, p. 6.

[46] Chmielowski, vol. i, pp. 70-71.

[47] Lorkiewicz, p. 97; Górski, p. 56.

[48] Lorkiewicz, pp. 32-33.

[49] Ibid., pp. 40-41, 43, 68.

[50] Ibid., pp. 50-51, 58-59.

[51] Ibid., pp. 43, 68.

[52] Ibid., pp. 58-60.

[53] Ibid., pp. 58-75.

[54] Smoleński, p. 94.

[55] Lorkiewicz, pp. 119-148.

[56] Ibid., pp. 153-155.

[57] Ibid., pp. 154-155; Krasiński, vol. i, 81-82.

[58] Krasiński, vol. i, pp. 80-81.

[59] Balzer, Corpus Juris Polonici, vol. iii, pp. 579, 584. Original in Acta Tomiciana, vol. v, fol. 284, ff., and in Friese, Beiträge zur Reformationsgeschichte in Polen, vol. ii, No. 1, p. 36. See Appendix, No. 4.

[60] Krasiński, vol. i, p. 81.

[61] Ibid., vol. i, p. 81.

[62] R. N. Bain, Slavonic Europe, Cambridge, 1908, pp. 24-25.

[63] Ibid., p. 59; Lewinski-Corwin, pp. 131-133.

[64] Theiner, Vetera Monumenta Poloniae et Lithuaniae, vol. ii, fol. 429; Lewinski-Corwin, p. 182; Bain, p. 59.

[65] J. Janssen, History of the German People, vol. v, pp. 114-115.

[66] Urkundenbuch zur Reformationsgeschichte des Herzogthums Preussens, Leipzig, 1890, vol. i, p. 337; vol. ii, p. 289.

[67] Zakrzewski, p. 28.

[68] Volumina legum, vol. i, fol. 448, p. 223. For text see Appendix, No. 5.

[69] See Edict of Dec. 28, 1524, appendix, No. 6.

[70] Krasiński, vol. i, p. 83 n. Dr. Warmiński, however, claims that this date has no documentary support, that we do not know anything certain of Seklucyan until the year 1536. See his Andrzej Samuel i Jan Seklucyan, Posen, 1906, pp. 18-21n., 22.

[71] Krasiński, vol. i, p. 83n.; Warmiński, p. 23.

[72] Warmiński, pp. 19-21.

[73] Smoleński, p. 94; Starczewski, p. 69.

[74] Ludwik Kubala, Stanisław Orzechowski, p. 101 n. 42.

[75] Zakrzewski, p. 24.

[76] Balzer, Corpus juris Polonici, vol. iii, pp. 649-650. See Appendix, No. 7.

[77] Ibid., vol. iv, p. 3. See Appendix, No. 8.

[78] Ibid., vol. iv, pp. 29-30. See Appendix, No. 9.

[79] Krasiński, vol. i, pp. 82-84, Prof. Merczyng’s note.

[80] Zakrzewski, pp. 23-24, 226-227. Roman Pilat, Historja poezji polskiej, Warsaw, 1909, p. 30.

[81] Theiner, vol. ii, fols. 426-429; Zakrzewski, pp. 29-30.

[82] Zakrzewski, p. 30.

[83] Ibid., p. 30.

[84] Ibid., pp. 30-31.

[85] Ibid., p. 31.

[86] Krasiński, vol. i, p. 84.

[87] Zakrzewski, p. 31.

[88] Grabowski, p. 16; Alexander Brückner, Dzieje literatury polskiej, Warsaw, 1908, vol. i, p. 82.

[89] See text of the king’s letter in Appendix, No. 10.

[90] Ibid., No. 11.

[91] Volumina legum, vol. i, p. 257.

[92] Krasiński, vol. i, p. 85.

[93] Zakrzewski, p. 40; Warmiński, p. 10.

[94] Lewinski-Corwin, p. 139; cf. also David Hannay, Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. xxi, Article “Poland.” Lutheranism penetrated into Poland by 1520, Calvinism by 1534, the Bohemian Brethren by 1548, and the Anabaptists by 1533, preceding the Calvinists by one year (Kubala, Orzechowski, p. 100, n. 23).

[95] See Starczewski, pp. 84-131.

[96] Reformacja w Polsce, vol. i, No. 1, pp. 65-67.

[97] Starczewski, pp. 105-106; L. Kubala, Stanisław Orzechowski, pp. 31-33.

[98] Zakrzewski, p. 41.

[99] Ibid., p. 44.

[100] Ibid.; Smoleński, p. 103.

[101] Krasiński, vol. i, p. 85.

[102] Ibid., vol. i, p. 86.

[103] Quoted by Zakrzewski from the Crown Register for 1543, as the Constitution in the Volumina legum, vol. i, fol. 566 ff. omits that particular provision. See Zakrzewski, pp. 240-241. First instance of the use of Polish. See Appendix, No. 12.

[104] Zakrzewski, p. 241. See text in Appendix, No. 12.

[105] Ibid., p. 47.

[106] Alex. Brückner, Mikołaj Rej. Lemberg, 1922, pp. 17-25; Dzieje lit. pol., Warsaw, 1908, vol. i, p. 102; Zakrzewski, pp. 48-49.

[107] Zakrzewski, p. 242; for text, see Appendix No. 13. It is of considerable interest to note the various royal and ecclesiastical measures of Sigismund I’s reign against the Reformation. In 1520, by the Edict of Thorn, the importation and sale of Luther’s works was prohibited; in 1523 censorship and search of residences was introduced; in the same year the heretics of Łęczyca were excommunicated, and in 1527 the synod of Łęczyca renewed the Inquisition; in 1534 the Poles were forbidden to resort to foreign educational institutions; in 1541 the Polish nobles were forbidden to harbor heretics under penalty of deprivation of nobility rights; and in 1544 the Polish clergy abroad were ordered to return home under penalty of deprivation of their benefices (Kubala, Stanisław Orzechowski, p. 100, n. 22).

[108] Zakrzewski, p. 49.

[109] Crown Register, Bk. 70, ZF. fol. 643, cited by Zakrzewski, pp. 242-243.

[110] Raynold, Annales Ecclesiastici ad annum, 1546, No. 97, cited by Zakrzewski, p. 243.

[111] Alex. Brückner, Różnowiercy polscy, Warsaw, 1905, p. 7 ff.; John Fijałek, in Reformacja w Polsce (Reformation in Poland), Quarterly of Reformation Historical Society, Warsaw, 1922, Nos. 5-6, p. 1 ff.; Dalton, John a Lasco.

[112] Warmiński, pp. 3 ff., 42 ff.

[113] Zakrzewski, p. 50.

[114] Ibid., p. 53.

[115] Ibid., pp. 52-58; Roman Pilat, Hist. poezji pol., p. 30.

[116] Warmiński, p. 17.

[117] Zakrzewski, p. 53.

[118] Ibid., p. 56.

[119] Theiner, vol. ii, folios 560, 561, 563-565.

[120] Zakrzewski, p. 59.

[121] Ibid., p. 60.

[122] Ibid.

[123] Ibid.

[124] Ibid.

[125] Brückner, Dz. lit. pol. vol. i, p. 102; Zakrzewski, p. 246, n. 11a.

[126] Jos. Łukaszewicz, Dzieje kościołów wyznania helweckiego, Posen, 1853.

[127] Kubala, Orzechowski, pp. 28-37; Zakrzewski, p. 65.

[128] Brückner, Dz. lit. pol., vol. i, p. 102.

[129] Zakrzewski, p. 61.

[130] Kubala, p. 30.

[131] Zakrzewski, p. 61.

[132] Ibid., pp. 65-66.

[133] Ibid., p. 67.

[134] Kubala, pp. 31-32.

[135] Ibid., pp. 35-37; Zakrzewski, p. 69.

[136] Zakrzewski, p. 69.

[137] Ibid., p. 71.

[138] Ibid., p. 70.

[139] Ibid., pp. 72, 251; Eichhorn Hosius, vol. i, p. 212.

[140] Zakrzewski, pp. 72-73.

[141] Łukaszewicz, Dz. kośc. helw. w Małopolsce, pp. 20-44.

[142] Zakrzewski, p. 75.

[143] Ibid., pp. 75-76.

[144] Ibid., pp. 80-81.

[145] Ibid., pp. 91-92.

[146] Theiner, vol. ii, fols. 576, 577; Zakrzewski, pp. 92-93.

[147] Zakrzewski, pp. 94-95.

[148] Ibid., pp. 96-97.

[149] Ibid., p. 97.

[150] Ibid., p. 98.

[151] Ibid., pp. 98-99.

[152] Ibid., pp. 103-104.

[153] Łukaszewicz, Dz. kośc. helw., pp. 247-248; Reformation in Poland, vol. i, No. i, pp. 15-34.

[154] Łukaszewicz, O Kościołach Braci Czeskich w Wielkopolsce, p. 49.

[155] Lismanini went to East Prussia, where he found protection, and whence he was sent on missions to the King of Poland by Duke Albert.

[156] Brückner, Różnowiercy polscy, pp. 74-89; Zakrzewski, pp. 99-100.

[157] Zakrzewski, pp. 106-107.

[158] For the original, see Friese, Beiträge, vol. ii, No. 1, p. 269.

[159] Zakrzewski, pp. 108-109.

[160] Ibid., p. 109.

[161] Ibid., pp. 109-110.

[162] Ibid., pp. 110-111, 259, n. 34.

[163] Łukaszewicz, O Kościołach Braci Czeskich, pp. 46-48.

[164] Zakrzewski, pp. 132, 134.

[165] Ibid., pp. 117, 118.

[166] Ibid., pp. 119-126.

[167] Ibid., p. 144.

[168] Ibid., p. 152.

[169] Ibid., pp. 146-147.

[170] See Appendix, No. 14.

[171] Smoleński, pp. 77, 78, 91.

[172] Vol. leg., vol. ii, fol. 661.

[173] Zakrzewski, pp. 178-179.

[174] Ibid., pp. 199-200, 201-207.

[175] Ibid., p. 206; Vol. leg., vol. ii, fol. 694.

[176] Henry Merczyng, Zbory i Senatorowie w Dawnej Polsce, Appendix in Krasiński, vol. iii, pp. 143, 262-263.

[177] Ibid., p. 143.

[178] Winter, Poland of Today and Yesterday, p. 305.

[179] Krasiński, vol. i, pp. 237-242; Zakrzewski, p. 219.

[180] Vol. leg., vol. ii, pp. 124-125; see also Reformation in Poland, Nos. 5-6, pp. 54-70.