1. Mason, Otis T., “Migration and the Food Quest,” American Anthropologist, 7:279.

2. Mason, Otis T., “Migration and the Food Quest,” American Anthropologist, 7:275.

3. Professor A. G. Keller brings out this point in his unpublished lectures on Colonization, where the causes of emigration are classified under unsatisfactory conditions of environment, either physical or human. He also emphasizes the strength of the home tie in resisting emigration.

4. Henry George does not appear to recognize this dividing line, but seems to regard an indefinite increase of numbers as bearing with it the possibility of improvement. The opposite view is maintained by Professor Irving Fisher, Elementary Principles of Economics, pp. 434 ff.

5. Cf. Bryce, James, “Migrations of the Races of Men Considered Historically,” Contemporary Review, 62:128.

6. Bradley, H., The Story of the Goths, p. 21. Cf. Von Pflugk-Harttung, J., The Great Migrations, p. 110.

7. Bradley, op. cit., p. 365. See this work for fuller details of the Gothic invasion. Also Von Pflugk-Harttung, op. cit., and Hodgkin, Thomas, Theodoric the Goth.

8. Huntington, Ellsworth, The Pulse of Asia, pp. 357, 373, 383.

9. Keller, A. G., Colonization, Ch. I.

10. Sumner, W. G., War and Other Essays, “Sociology.”

11. Well developed, of course, in the sense of culture, not in the exploitation of natural resources.

12. There has not only been much looseness and ambiguity in the use of the word “immigration,” but also an apparent feeling that immigration and emigration are two different things, as is witnessed by the title of one of the standard works on the subject. They are, in fact, only two different ways of looking at the same thing. As so often happens in the social sciences, the student of immigration is under the necessity of taking a word from the common language, and giving it a more restricted and inflexible meaning than either everyday usage or the etymology of the word would warrant.

13. Mayo-Smith, R., Emigration and Immigration, p. 36.

14. Cobb, S. H., The Story of the Palatines. Cf., also, Faust, A. B., The German Element in the United States, Chs. II, III, IV; Bittinger, Lucy F., The Germans in Colonial Times, pp. 12–19; Proper, E. E., Colonial Immigration Laws, Columbia College Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 40–42.

15. Commons, J. R., Races and Immigrants in America, p. 32.

16. Cf., especially, Commons, op. cit., pp. 31–38. Also Hanna, Charles A., The Scotch-Irish, esp. Vol. II, pp. 172–180; Green, S. S., The Scotch-Irish in America; MacLean, J. P., Settlements of Scotch Highlanders in America, pp. 40–61.

17. Kapp, F., Immigration and the Commissioners of Emigration of the State of New York, p. 21.

18. Pennsylvania Colonial Records, 6:385.

19. Early examples of this practice are furnished by Holland, which in 1655 sent out large numbers of orphan boys and girls from its asylums. The action in this case was less grievous, however, as they were apparently bound out to service for a term of four years, so that they did not at once come on the community. Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York, 14:166, 264, etc.

20. Cf. Proper, E. E., op. cit., pp. 19, 20.

21. Diffenderffer, F. R., German Immigration into Pennsylvania through Philadelphia, p. 143.

22. Pennsylvania Colonial Records, 2:282 ff.

23. Diffenderffer, op. cit., pp. 51–53.

24. Ibid., p. 53, quoted from Watson’s Annals of Philadelphia, 2:266–7.

25. Proper, op. cit., p. 50.

26. The action of the governor in recommending the passage of the act of 1727 is exceptional.

27. Pennsylvania Colonial Records, 4:516.

28. William Penn in his day reckoned the average voyage at between six and nine weeks, though voyages sometimes took four months. Diffenderffer, op. cit., pp. 29, 62.

29. North Carolina Colonial Documents, 25:120.

30. Archives of Maryland, 2:540.

31. Ibid., 15:36.

32. See, for instance, Archives of Maryland, 13:440 and 19:183.

33. Yet in 1700 Massachusetts passed an elaborate immigration law, requiring shipmasters to furnish lists of their passengers, and prohibiting the introduction of lame, impotent, or infirm persons, or those incapable of maintaining themselves, except on security that the town should not become charged with them. In the absence of this security, shipmasters were compelled to take them back home. This statute was reënacted with amendments from time to time. Proper, op. cit., pp. 29, 3.

34. Commercial Relations of the United States, 1885–1886, Appendix III, p. 1967.

35. Hall, Prescott F., Immigration, p. 4.

36. Mass. Election Sermons, 1754, pp. 30, 48.

37. Doc. Col. Hist. of N. Y., 6:60.

38. Proper, E. E., op. cit., p. 13.

39. Ibid., pp. 25, 63.

40. Ibid., p. 36.

41. Ibid., pp. 13, 57, 62.

42. Archives of Maryland, 22:497.

43. These terms are used somewhat loosely in the contemporary documents and in modern writings. “Indented servants” is the broader term, including all who signed indentures, or were sold under an indenture, whether they came willingly or under compulsion. “Redemptioners” is sometimes used to refer specifically to those who voluntarily sold themselves. But there is authority for the view that “redemptioner,” strictly speaking, referred to one who came without an indenture, on the expectation of finding some one on this side who would pay for his passage. He was given a period of time after landing to accomplish this. Failing in this, he was to be sold by the captain to the highest bidder. See Geiser, K. F., Redemptioners and Indentured Servants in the Colony and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Ch. I. But the words are sometimes used interchangeably.

44. Fiske, J., Old Virginia and her Neighbors, Vol. II, pp. 177 ff.

45. Evans-Gordon, W., The Alien Immigrant, pp. 192–193.

46. Hall, P. F., Immigration, p. 4.

47. Encyc. Britannica, article “United States.”

48. Commons, op. cit., p. 27.

49. Encyc. Britannica, article “United States.”

50. American Museum, 1:206.

51. Ibid., 7:233.

52. Ibid., 2:213.

53. American Museum, 10:114.

54. North Carolina Colonial Documents, 25:120.

55. Jefferson is quoted as having expressed the wish that there were “an ocean of fire between this country and Europe, so that it might be impossible for any more immigrants to come hither.” Hall, P. F., op. cit., p. 206.

56. McMaster, J. B., History of the United States, Vol. II, p. 332; “The Riotous Career of the Know Nothings,” Forum, 17:524; Franklin, Frank G., Legislative History of Naturalization.

57. Monthly Anthology, Boston, 6:383.

58. Niles’ Register, 13:378.

59. McMaster, J. B., History of the United States, Vol. V, pp. 121 ff.

60. Hazard’s Register of Pennsylvania, 6:266; 11:362, 416; 15:157.

61. Trollope, Mrs. T. A., Domestic Manners of the Americans, p. 121.

62. Niles’ Register, 24:393.

63. Ibid., April 26, 1823.

64. Ibid., Aug. 23, 1823; July 21, 1827; Aug. 14, 1830.

65. Executive (House) Documents, 25th Cong., 2d Ses., 370.

66. Ibid.

67. Ibid.

68. Executive (House) Doc., 25th Cong., 2d Ses., 370, and House Reports of Committees, 34th Cong., 1st and 2d Ses., 359.

69. Executive (House) Doc., 29th Cong., 2d Ses., 54.

70. Senate Doc., 29th Cong., 2d Ses., 161.

71. As late as 1884–1885 thousands of immigrants were sent from Ireland to the United States and Canada, partly at state expense and partly at the expense of the “Tuke Fund.” Some of these were admittedly paupers. Cf. Tuke, J. H., “State Aid to Emigrants,” Nineteenth Century, 17:280.

72. Knickerbocker, 7:78.

73. It is said that the natives suspected a deliberate plan on the part of the Catholic powers to destroy the free institutions of America. McMaster, Forum, 17:524.

74. Hall, P. F., op. cit., p. 207.

75. Franklin, F. G., op. cit., p. 247.

76. Report of the Immigration Commission, Federal Immigration Legislation, Abstract, pp. 7, 8.

77. Roscher-Jannasch, Kolonien, Kolonialpolitik, und Auswanderung, p. 380.

78. The statistics at this period are confused by changes in the time of ending of the fiscal year, but the above statement corresponds with the figures of the Immigration Commission.

79. Mar. 21, 1823; Rev. Stat., 1827, Ch. XIV, Title IV, Sec. 7; Apr. 18, 1843; May 7, 1844.

80. In 1818 a book was published under the title Der Deutsche in Nord-Amerika, by M. von Fürstenwärther. According to a review of this book which appeared in the North American Review for July, 1820, Mr. von Fürstenwärther mentions a New York State law requiring security from ship captains against their immigrant passengers becoming public burdens. This reference does, in fact, occur on page 38 of the book in question, but the present author, after a careful search, has not succeeded in finding any such law on the New York Statutes previous to 1824.

81. 7 Howard, 283. Passenger Cases, U. S. Supreme Court, Jan. Term, 1849.

82. Endicott, William C., Jr., Commercial Relations of the United States, 1885–1886, pp. 1968 ff.

83. The following passage, quoted from J. T. Maguire’s The Irish in America, gives a vivid picture of conditions on the voyage, and of the circumstances that attended landing in Canada. “But a crowded immigrant sailing ship of twenty years since [written in 1868], with fever on board!—the crew sullen or brutal from very desperation, or paralysed with terror of the plague—the miserable passengers unable to help themselves or afford the least relief to each other; one fourth, or one third, or one half of the entire number in different stages of the disease; many dying, some dead; the fatal poison intensified by the indescribable foulness of the air breathed and rebreathed by the gasping sufferers—the wails of children, the raving of the delirious, the cries and groans of those in mortal agony!” The only provision for the reception of these sufferers at Grosse Isle, where many of them were landed, consisted of sheds which had stood there since 1832. “These sheds were rapidly filled with the miserable people, the sick and the dying, and round their walls lay groups of half-naked men, women and children, in the same condition—sick or dying. Hundreds were literally flung on the beach, left amid the mud and stones, to crawl on the dry land how they could. ‘I have seen,’ says the priest who was chaplain of the quarantine, ... ‘I have one day seen thirty-seven people lying on the beach, crawling on the mud, and dying like fish out of water.’ Many of these, and many more besides, gasped out their last breath on that fatal shore, not able to drag themselves from the slime in which they lay.” As many as 150 bodies, mostly half naked, were piled up in the dead-house at a time. (pp. 135, 136.) The moral evils and dangers were said to be even worse than the physical.

84. For accounts of the activities at Castle Garden, and of the operations of the runners, see Kapp, Friedrich, Immigration and the Commissioners of Emigration of the State of New York; Chambers’ Journal, 23:141, “Emigrant Entrappers”; Bagger, L., “A Day in Castle Garden,” Harper’s Monthly, 42:547.

85. Maguire, op. cit., pp. 185–187.

86. See Mr. Maguire’s description, footnote, p. 79.

87. Congressional Globe, Feb. 1, 1847, p. 304.

88. Hale, E. E., Letters on Irish Immigration.

89. Most of these details are taken from E. E. Hale’s interesting Letters on Irish Immigration, written in 1851–1852.

90. Congressional Globe, 33d Cong., 2d Ses., p. 391.

91. Its real name was “The Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner.” There appears to be some difference of opinion as to the exact date of organization. It began to attract public attention about 1852. See Hall, op. cit., p. 207; Jenks and Lauck, The Immigration Problem, p. 297; Rept. Imm. Com., Federal Immigration Legislation, Abs., p. 8; McMaster, J. B., “The Riotous Career of the Know Nothings,” Forum, 17:524.

92. Rept. Imm. Com., Federal Immigration Legislation, Abs., pp. 8–10.

93. Rept. Imm. Com., Steerage Legislation, Abs., p. 11.

94. Rept. Imm. Com., Steer. Legis., Abs., pp. 12, 13.

95. Rept. Imm. Com., Steer. Legis., Abs., p. 13.

96. See Flom, George T., Norwegian Immigration into the United States, and Chapters on Scandinavian Immigration to Iowa; also, Nelson, O. N., History of the Scandinavians and Successful Scandinavians in the United States.

97. Commons, J. R., op. cit., p. 129.

98. Dewees, F. P., The Molly Maguires; Rhodes, J. F., The Molly Maguires in the Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania; Encyc. Britannica, article “Molly Maguires.”

99. Coolidge, Mary R., Chinese Immigration, pp. 16, 17.

100. Coolidge, M. R., op. cit., p. 107.

101. Professor Taussig justifies the exclusion of the Chinese on the ground that “a permanent group of helots is not a healthy constituent in a democratic society,” Principles of Economics, Vol. II, p. 140.

102. The subject of Chinese immigration has been treated thus summarily because of the large amount of reliable material which is easily available on the question. It has been treated as a whole, rather than divided among the different periods, because in fact it has been a distinct phase of our immigration problem; only since 1900 has the administration of the Chinese exclusion law been a part of the duties of the Commissioner General of Immigration. Foremost among the books on the topic is Mrs. Coolidge’s work, already quoted. A defense of the Chinese written in the heat of the controversy is George F. Seward’s Chinese Immigration. Interesting chapters on the topic are to be found in Mayo-Smith, and Hall, and frequent references in Jenks and Lauck, and Commons. Cf. also Sparks, E. E., National Development, 1877–1885, pp. 229–250.

103. Mason, A. B., “An American View of Emigration,” Fortnightly Review, 22:273.

104. “Deportation” must be carefully distinguished from “exclusion,” “debarment,” or “returning.” When either of the last three terms is used, it implies that the immigrant is never allowed to land in the country. The first term is applicable when the immigrant has landed in this country, and some time after, in accordance with some provision of the law, is sent back to the country from which he came.

This is the first provision for deportation in the federal laws, except the temporary provision of the Alien Bill. As early as 1837 the common council of New York City passed a resolution, authorizing the commissioners of the almshouse to send back to their native country such alien paupers as were, or were likely to become, paupers at the establishment at Bellevue or elsewhere, provided the pauper in question gave his consent. (Executive (House) Documents, 25th Cong., 2d Ses., 370, pp. 16–18.) It is amusing to note that at that period our right to send back alien paupers,—even though they had been officially transported to this country,—after they had once been admitted, was seriously questioned by foreign powers.

105. By an administrative rule of the department any alien, who is a lawful resident of the United States and becomes a public charge from physical disability arising subsequent to his landing, may, with his consent, and the approval of the bureau, be deported within one year at government expense.

106. See page 118.

107. Rept. Imm. Com., Steer. Legis., Abs., p. 14.

108. The figures since 1858 have been for the fiscal year ending June 30.

109. For a fuller discussion of this class see the discussion of crises, p. 359.

110. As, for instance, in the study of the effects of crises (see pp. 347–361).

111. Rept. Imm. Com., Emigration Conditions in Europe, Abs., p. 9.

112. Rept. Imm. Com., The Immigration Situation in Canada, p. 15.

113. Commons, J. R., op. cit., pp. 79 ff.

114. Balch, Emily G., Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens, p. 29.

115. For a detailed account of Slavic immigration, the reader is referred to Miss Emily G. Balch’s monumental work, Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens.

116. Commons, J. R., op. cit., p. 73. For fuller figures see King, B., and Okey, T., Italy To-day, p. 126.

117. Cf. Americans in Process, p. 46.

118. Bodio, Luigi, “Dell’ Emigrazione Italiana,” Nuova Antologia, 183:529.

119. Commons, J. R., op. cit., p. 92. Cf. Americans in Process, p. 48; Rubinow, I. M., “The Jews in Russia,” Yale Review, August, 1906, p. 147; Antin, Mary, The Promised Land; Evans-Gordon, The Alien Immigrant, Chs. IV, V.

120. Marsh, Benjamin C., Charities, XXI:15, p. 649.

121. The instances given by Mrs. Houghton of economic causes of immigration are mainly of this temporary nature, though not all trifling. See Houghton, Louise S., “Syrians in the United States,” Survey, July 1, 1911, p. 482.

122. Rept. Imm. Com., Steer. Cond., p. 8.

123. Caro, L., Auswanderung und Auswanderungspolitik in Österreich, pp. 59–71.

124. Mayo-Smith, R., Emigration and Immigration, p. 46.

125. Rept. Imm. Com., Brief Statement of Conclusions and Recommendations, p. 17.

126. Rept. Imm. Com., Contract Labor, etc., Abs., p. 12.

127. Canoutas, S. G., Greek-American Guide, 1909, p. 39.

128. These prepaid tickets are commonly orders, to be exchanged by the traveler, in Europe, for the actual certificate of transportation. Cf. Rept. N. Y. Com. of Imm., pp. 38 ff.

129. See pp. 192, 194.

130. See Whelpley, Jas. D., The Problem of the Immigrant, p. 3.

131. Report, 1910, p. 116.

132. Quoted from the author’s book, Greek Immigration, pp. 236–237. Cf. Cooke-Taylor, W., The Modern Factory System, p. 419.

133. Rept. Imm. Com., Japanese and Other Immigrant Races, etc., Abs., p. 46.

134. Under authority conferred by Section 1 of the Immigration Law of 1907.

135. Millis, H. A., “East Indian Immigration to British Columbia and the Pacific Coast States,” Am. Econ. Rev., Vol. I, No. 1, p. 72. Rept. Comm. Gen. of Imm., 1910, p. 148.

136. For a picturesque description of “The Beginning of the Trail” the reader is referred to the first chapter of Professor Steiner’s fascinating book, On the Trail of the Immigrant.

137. Clapp, Edwin J., The Port of Hamburg, pp. 667–688; Evans-Gordon, op. cit., Ch. XIII.

138. Rept. Com. Gen. of Imm., 1910, p. 118.

139. Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 37.

140. Ibid., p. 38.

141. For a fuller description of the system of medical examination, see the Report of the Immigration Commission, Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., pp. 35 ff., from which many of the above facts are taken.

142. See p. 149.

143. For fuller accounts of the steerage and life therein, see Rept. Imm. Com., Steerage Conditions; Steiner, E. A., On the Trail of the Immigrant; Brandenburg, B., Imported Americans, Chs. III, XIV, XV.

144. Rept. Com. Gen. of Imm., 1910, p. 135.

145. Cf. Brandenburg, B., Imported Americans, Chs. XVII and XVIII.

146. See an editorial in the New York Evening Journal, May 24, 1911.

147. Brandenburg, op. cit., p. 214.

148. Rept. Com. Gen. of Imm., 1907, p. 77.