635 “Fanny Burney’s Diary,” iv, 122. In a rare pamphlet, “A History of the Royal Malady,” by a Page of the Presence (1789), it is stated that the King, while driving in Windsor Park, alighted and shook hands with a branch of an oak tree, asserting it to be the King of Prussia, and was with difficulty persuaded to remount.

636 “Court and Private Life in the Time of Queen Charlotte,” by Mrs. Papendiek. 2 vols. (1887); vol. ii, ad init.

637 “Buckingham P.,” i, 342.

638 G. Rose, “Diaries,” i, 87.

639 T. Moore, “Life of Sheridan,” ii, 27, where Payne also suggests that Sheridan should question Pitt about the public amusements, as it would embarrass him “either way.”

640 W. Sichel, “Sheridan,” ii, 400.

641 T. Moore, “Life of Sheridan,” ii, 31–5; Campbell, “Lives of the Lord Chancellors,” vii, 248, 239 (edit. of 1857).

642 T. Moore, op. cit., p. 29.

643 Campbell, op. cit., p. 251, who had the story from Thomas Grenville. See, too, Wilberforce, i, 386, 387.

644 Dr. W. Hunt, “Political Hist. of England,” x, 64–5.

645 This letter fixes the date of Pitt’s letter to Grenville, headed merely “Tuesday morning,” in “Dropmore P.” (i, 361). Pitt quotes the phrase “perfectly maniacal,” and adds “I begin to fear the physicians have been more in the right than we thought.”

646 Pretyman MSS.

647 Chevening MSS.

648 “Buckingham P.,” ii, 9.

649 G. Rose, “Diaries,” i, 87.

650 G. Rose, “Diaries,” i, 90.

651 Ibid., 94; “Buckingham P.,” i, 446; “Quarterly Rev.,” cv, 490.

652 “Bland Burges Papers,” 118.

653 See his private reports to Pitt in “Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies.”

654 “Parl. Hist.,” xxvii, 697, gives the period as three months; “Buckingham P.,” ii, 47, gives it (erroneously, I think) as five months.

655 Wraxall, v, 243.

656 May, “Constitutional Hist.,” i, 148.

657 “Parl. Hist.,” xxvii, 709.

658 “Buckingham P.,” ii, 71.

659 Sichel, “Sheridan,” ii, 415.

660 So thought the Duchess of Devonshire’s friends. Sichel, “Sheridan,” ii, 416.

661 T. Moore, “Life of Sheridan,” ii, 42, 43; “Parl. Hist.,” xxvii, 730, 731.

662 Lecky, v, 148.

663 “Parl. Hist.,” xxvii, 705–13.

664 Tomline, “Life of Pitt,” ii, 388–92. There is a copy of this in the Pretyman archives at Orwell Park.

665 “Parl. Hist.,” xxvii, 732–47. The date is given wrongly as 1st December; it should be 16th December. So, too, on p. 778, are the numbers in the division, which should be: for Government, 268, Opposition, 204.

666 Ibid., 678.

667 “Parl. Hist.,” xxvii, 680. That Thurlow or his friends expected his dismissal, even late in the year 1789, appears from a letter of Pitt to George Rose contradicting a rumour to that effect (G. Rose, “Diaries,” i, 98, 99).

668 W. Sichel, “Sheridan,” ii, 421–3. I cannot agree with Mr. Sichel (ibid., ii, 192) that the letter was Sheridan’s. The Duchess’s diary shows it to have been a joint production. For the so-called Prince’s letter see “Parl. Hist.,” xxvii, 909–912, or “Ann. Reg.” (1789), 298–302. For Pitt’s reply see Stanhope, ii, 18–20.

669 “Parl. Hist.,” xxvii, 946–7. Able speeches on the Government side were made by the Speaker (Grenville) and the Solicitor-General, Sir John Scott, the future Lord Eldon. See Twiss, “Life of Lord Eldon,” i, ch. ix.

670 See May, “Constitutional Hist.,” i, 155, 156, for the arguments for and against this proposal.

671 For the intrigues and corruption at Dublin see “Dropmore P.,” i, 385, 389, 395, et seq. The majority at Dublin dwindled away as soon as the King’s recovery was known (ibid., i, 417–25), a fact which damages Lecky’s case.

672 “Bland Burges P.,” 116, 117; Wraxall, v, 242, 243.

673 B.M. Add. MSS., 28064.

674 “Reflections on the Formation of a Regency” (Debrett, 1788), 17.

675 “Thoughts on the present Proceedings of the House of Commons” (Debrett, 1788), 18.

676 “Answer to the Considerations on ... a Regency” (Debrett, 1788), 21.

677 “A short View of the present Great Question” (Debrett, 1788), 11–15.

678 Op. cit., p. 6. Huish, “Mems. of George IV,” i, 209, repeats some of these slanders against Pitt.

679 “Dropmore P.,” i, 377.

680 “Memorials of Fox,” ii, 302.

681 Pitt MSS., 228. This is the last of Willis’s reports to Pitt. It is undated, but must be of 23rd February. Willis ceased to attend the King on 11th March; but was at Windsor a short time in April and May.

682 “Buckingham P.,” ii, 125.

683 “Parl. Hist.,” xxvii, 1293–5; “Buckingham P.,” ii, 122, 123.

684 “Auckland Journals,” ii, 288, 289.

685 “Paradise Lost,” x, 504–17.

686 “Cornwallis Corresp.,” i, 419.

687 “Life of Sir G. Elliot,” i, 272.

688 “Dropmore P.,” i, 386.

689 The Prince promised this post to Sandwich; but on the remonstrance of the Duke of Portland and Fox, waived the point (W. Sichel, “Sheridan,” ii, 415, 416).

690 “Cornwallis Corresp.,” i, 419. Another and more probable version was that Earl Fitzwilliam would be Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Burke had striven hard to obtain the India Board of Control, “for the services and adherence of thirty years.” So wrote James Macpherson to John Robinson. He adds: “If they agree, all the fat will be in the fire. A hint to the Prince would prevent it, for I plainly see his object is to carry on business as smoothly as he can” (“Abergavenny P.,” 70).

691 “Cornwallis Corresp.,” i, 422.

692 “Life of Wilberforce,” i, 190, 191.

693 “Dropmore P.,” i, 363.

694 “Memorials of Fox,” ii, 329.

695 Wraxall, v, 336.

696 For some good results of transportation see Lecky, vi, 253.

697 “Parl. Hist.,” xxv, 430–2.

698 “Dropmore P.,” i, 257.

699 Evan Nepean in a Report to Pitt sketched the career of Matra. He was afterwards Consul for Morocco (Pitt MSS., 163).

700 “New South Wales Despatches,” vol. i, pt. ii, 1–5.

701 “New South Wales Despatches,” 6, 7; E. Jenks, “Hist. of the Australasian Colonies,” 25.

702 “New South Wales Despatches,” 11–13. A copy of this “Plan” is in Pitt MSS., 342.

703 Pitt MSS., 169.

704 “New South Wales Despatches,” 14–23.

705 Ibid., 32.

706 Pitt MSS., 119.

707 “New South Wales Despatches,” i, pt. ii, 30. See later (pp. 67–70) for the details of the Act of Parliament.

708 J. Bonwick, “The First Twenty Years of Australia,” 6.

709 “Parl. Hist.,” xxviii, 1221–5. For an account of the new settlement see “The History of New Holland, 1616–1787.”

710 Sabine, “The American Loyalists,” 51 et seq.

711 Sir C. P. Lucas, “Hist. Geography of the Brit. Colonies,” v (Canada), 73.

712 Kingsford, “Hist. of Canada,” vii, 216.

713 I cannot agree with Professor E. Channing (“The United States, 1765–1865,” 118) that the action of the States towards the Loyalists “was not an infraction of the treaty.” The terms bound the United States to do their utmost to induce the component States to compensate the Loyalists. But they took only the slightest and most perfunctory steps in that direction. Pitt, as we saw in Chapter VI, distinctly enjoined it as a debt of honour on the United States, and cannot surely be held responsible for its evasion.

714 Kingsford, “Hist. of Canada,” vii, 215; Sir C. P. Lucas, “Hist. of Canada, 1763–1812,” 214.

715 Pitt MSS., 344.

716 Ibid. The cases of Samuel Gale, Sir John Johnson, F. J. D. Smyth, and R. F. Pitt seem especially hard.

717 See J. E. Wilmott, “Hist. View of the Commission ... of the American Loyalists” (London, 1815).

718 “Parl. Hist.,” xxvii, 610–19. The total expenses incurred on behalf of the American Loyalists as shown in the Budgets of the years 1784 to 1789 are as follows: £82,750; £190,019; £315,873; £132,856; £82,346; £362,922; or a total of £1,084,016. These sums are distinct from the special votes of £1,228,239 and £113,952 above referred to; which raise the total for those six years to, £2,426,207. I take these figures from the Budgets as given in the Annual Registers. It is impossible to harmonize them with Wilmott’s figures. He gives £3,112,455 as the total up to and including the year 1790.

719 Pitt MSS., 102. Colonel Delancey named by Pitt was probably Lieutenant-Colonel Stephen Delancey (1740–98), who helped to raise a loyal battalion at New York and finally became Governor of Tobago. His son, Sir William Delancey, was Wellington’s Quarter-Master-General at Waterloo, where he was killed.

720 Greswell (“Hist, of the Dominion of Canada,” 144) states that,£4,000,000 was then allotted to the settlers in Upper Canada. I can nowhere find any confirmation of this. Kingsford, “Hist. of Canada,” mentions only grants of land and small sums of money; but states (vii, 217) that in all the sum of £3,886,087 was granted to the Loyalists in Great Britain.

721 Sir C. P. Lucas, “Hist. of Canada” (1763–1812), 230–2.

722 “Parl. Hist.,” xxviii, 505 (debate of 8th March 1790).

723 Kingsford, op. cit., vii, 234–236.

724 “Parl. Hist.,” xxviii, 503, 627.

725 “Dropmore P.,” i, 507 (Grenville to Thurlow, 12th September 1789).

726 “Parl. Hist.,” xxviii, 1377–79.

727 “Report on Canadian Archives,” by D. Brymer (Ottawa, 1891).

728 “Dropmore P.,” i, 496, 497.

729 See some good remarks on this by Sir C. P. Lucas, op. cit., 268–70.

730 Clarkson, “Hist. of the Abolition of the Slave Trade,” i, 110–113. See p. 259 for a chart showing the names of those who had protested against the Trade from the times of Charles V, Ximenes, and G. Fox.

731 Ibid., 114, 115.

732 B.M. Add. MSS., 18272 (on the Slave Trade).

733 Macpherson, “Annals of Commerce,” iii, 484.

734 “Parl. Hist.,” xxiii, 1026.

735 “Life of Wilberforce,” i, 151; for a photograph of the tree see “Private Papers of W. Wilberforce,” 17.

736 “Life of Wilberforce,” i, 152. The Minute Books of the Committee are in the B.M. Add. MSS., 21254, 21255.

737 “Auckland Journals,” i, 307.

738 Pitt MSS., 310.

739 “Life of Wilberforce,” i, 166.

740 Ibid.

741 “Auckland Journals,” i, 240.

742 Ibid., i, 267.

743 Pitt MSS., 102. For Eden’s reply, see “Auckland Journals,” i, 285.

744 “Auckland Journals,” i, 307.

745 “Dropmore P.,” i, 353.

746 “Auckland Journals,” i, 304; “Life of Wilberforce,” i, 170. See Pitt’s letter of consent of 8th April 1788, in “Private Papers of W. Wilberforce,” 17–19.

747 B.M. Add. MSS., 21255.

748 “Parl. Hist.,” xxvii, 495–506, 598; “Dropmore P.,” i, 342; Wraxall, v, 146, 149.

749 “Parl. Hist.,” xxviii, 41–75.

750 Prof. Ramsay Muir, “Hist. of Liverpool,” 193.

751 Ibid., 56. Out of 3,170 men who sailed in the slavers from Liverpool in 1787, 642 died and 1,100 were got rid of or deserted in the West Indies.

752 See a curious letter in “Woodfall’s Register” for 12th June 1789, in answer to authentic accounts of the horrors of the Slave Trade lately given in that paper by C. D. Wadstrom.

753 “Dropmore P.,” i, 278.

754 Ibid., i, 487.

755 “Auckland Journals,” i, 221; Wraxall, v, 139.

756 Stanhope, ii, App., ix, xi.

757 “Parl. Hist.,” xxviii, 711–14; “Life of Wilberforce,” i, 266, 267. The evidence ran to 1400 folio pages (ibid., i, 281).

758 “F. O.,” France, 34. Fitzgerald to Leeds, 2nd April 1790.

759 “Life of Wilberforce,” i, 284.

760 Pitt MSS., 12.

761 “Parl. Hist.,” xxix, 250–359.

762 “Hist. de la Rév. à Saint Domingue,” by A. M. Delmas. 2 vols. Paris, 1814; “Hist. Survey of ... San Domingo,” by Bryan Edwards. 1797.

763 “Life of Wilberforce,” i, 295–6, 340, 342.

764 Ibid., i, 344.

765 Virg. “Georg.,” i, 250: “On us the rising sun first breathed with panting steeds, there ruddy Vesper full late kindles his fires.”

766 “Parl. Hist.,” xxix, 1133–58.

767 “Life of Wilberforce,” i, 346. Lord Auckland (who, as Mr. Eden, had been a philanthropist) referred sarcastically to Pitt’s speech: “Mr. Pitt has raised his imagination to the belief that the trade ought, at all events and risks, to be instantly discontinued.... Some people are urging this business upon a mischievous principle” (“Auckland Journals,” ii, 400).

768 Chevening MSS.

769 Clarkson, op. cit., ii, 460.

770 “Malmesbury Diaries,” ii, 464.

771 Pitt MSS., 310. See “Life of Wilberforce,” i, 305, 307, 323.

772 “Life of Wilberforce,” ii, 196; Clarkson, op. cit., ii, 475.

773 See “Life of Wilberforce” (ii, 224) for an accusation against Pitt and the Government in this matter.

774 Pitt MSS., 189.

775 Lord Liverpool (as Mr. Jenkinson) had opposed on the ground that France, etc., would take up the trade if we let it fall.

776 Clarkson, op. cit., ii, 485.

777 Letter of James Stephen (June 1797) in “Life of Wilberforce,” ii, 225.

778 As in June 1798. See “Life of Wilberforce,” ii, 286.

779 For this letter see “Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies.”

780 Lecky, v, 64–6; J. L. le B. Hammond, “Fox,” 60.

781 “Diary of Sir John Moore,” i, 234.

782 It has been said that the journey was undertaken partly with the view of seeing whether Potemkin had honestly used the money given him for the warlike preparations in the South; and that he hastily did his utmost to impress the Czarina favourably. This last is of course highly probable; but, as we shall see presently, the journey had been projected in 1785. Moreover, Potemkin, while improvising crowds of peasants, could not improvise the warships launched at Kherson.

783 “F. O.,” Russia, 15. Fitzherbert to Carmarthen, 3rd May 1787. Fitzherbert accompanied the Empress throughout this tour. His letters are of high interest.

784 See Sorel, “La Question d’Orient,” 300 et seq.

785 “F. O.,” Austria, 11. Keith to Carmarthen, 3rd and 7th December 1785.

786 “Malmesbury Diaries,” i, 204, 534.

787 Wazilewski, “Le Roman d’une Impératrice,” 418.

788 Keith reported on 30th August 1787 (“F. O.,” Austria, 14) that the Emperor “saw this storm coming with deep regret,” and that the ferment in his Belgian lands would prevent his taking action against Turkey.

789 “F. O.,” Turkey, 8.

790 Ibid. Ainslie to Carmarthen, 9th August 1787.

791 “F. O.,” Turkey, 8. Ainslie to Carmarthen, 17th August 1787.

792 “F. O.,” Russia, 15. Despatch of 22nd September. Fitzherbert was then coming home ill. His place was filled by Fraser.

793 In view of these facts I cannot agree with the statement of Prof. Lodge (“Camb. Mod. Hist.,” viii, 316) that the action of the Turks “was dictated by passion rather than by policy.” It seems to me a skilful move, especially as they already had reason to hope for help from Prussia and Sweden. Häusser (i, 225) wrongly terms it a “desperate resolve.”