Ostwald, Hans O. A. Dunkle Winkel in Berlin, Vol. I in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
A description of the more obscure areas in Berlin, particularly those of the underworld. (II, 3; VII, 2; IX, 2, 3, 4.)
Scharrelmann, Heinrich. Die Grossstadt; Spaziergänge in die Grossstadt Hamburg, 1921.
Sketches of city areas encountered in a walk about the city.
Seligman, Edwin R. A. (editor). The Social Evil, with Special Reference to Conditions Existing in the City of New York (New York and London, 1912).
The vice area of a large city. Typical of a number of surveys of moral areas in the larger cities of the United States. Compare, for instance, with the report of the Illinois investigation, The Social Evil in Chicago. (VII, 2, 5; IX, 1.)
Smith, F. Berkley. The Real Latin Quarter (New York, 1901). (V, 3; VII, 2; IX, 2, 3, 4.)
Strunsky, Simeon. Belzhazzar Court, or, Village Life in New York City (New York, 1914). (V, 2, 3; VII, 2; IX, 2, 3, 4.)
Timbs, John. Curiosities of London (London, 1868). (IX, 1, 4.)
Werthauer, Johannes. Moabitrium, Vol. XXXI of the “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
A report of a personal investigation of the rooming-house area of Berlin. (VII, 2, 4; IX, 2, 3, 4.)
Woods, Robert A. The City Wilderness: A Settlement Study of South End, Boston (Boston and New York, 1898).
One of a number of similar studies viewing the city and its slums from the standpoint of the settlement worker. (V, 2, 3; VI; VII, 5.)
Young, Erle Fiske. “The Social Base Map,” Jour. App. Sociol., IX (January-February, 1925) 202–6.
A graphic device for the study of natural areas. (VII, 2.)
2. The neighborhood is typically the product of the village and the small town. Its distinguishing characteristics are close proximity, co-operation, intimate social contact, and strong feeling of social consciousness. While in the modern city we still find people living in close physical proximity to each other, there is neither close co-operation nor intimate contact, acquaintanceship, and group consciousness accompanying this spatial nearness. The neighborhood has come to mean a small, homogeneous geographic section of the city, rather than a self-sufficing, co-operative, and self-conscious group of the population.
Daniels, John. America via the Neighborhood (New York, 1920). (V, 3; IX, 3.)
Felton, Ralph E. Serving the Neighborhood (New York, 1920). (V, 3; VI, 4.)
Jones, Thomas Jesse. The Sociology of a New York City Block, “Columbia University Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law,” Vol. XXI (New York, 1904).
A minute cross-section of a congested urban block. (VI; VII, 2, 4, 5; VIII; IX, i, 3.)
McKenzie, R. D. The Neighborhood: A Study of Local Life in Columbus, Ohio (Chicago, 1923).
An excellent study of local groupings. (V, 1, 3; VII, 1, 2, 4, 5.)
Perry, Clarence A. “The Relation of Neighborhood Forces to the Larger Community: Planning a City Neighborhood from the Social Point of View,” Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work (Chicago, 1924), pp. 415–21. (V, 2, 3; VII, 5.)
White, Bouck. The Free City: A Book of Neighborhood (New York, 1919).
A fantastic, sentimental picture of what city life might become if the author’s views of social organization were a reality. (V, 3, 5; IX, 1, 2, 3.)
Williams, James M. Our Rural Heritage; the Social Psychology of Rural Development (New York, 1925).
A book which has as its subject matter the analysis of rural life in New York State up to about the middle of the last century. Chapter iii deals with the distinction between neighborhood and community. (V, 3; X, 1, 2, 3.)
3. The local community and the neighborhood in a simple form of society are synonymous terms. In the city, however, where specialization has gone very far, the grouping of the population is more nearly by occupation and income than by kinship or common tradition. Nevertheless, in the large American city, in particular, we find many local communities made up of immigrant groups which retain a more or less strong sense of unity, expressing itself in close proximity and, what is more important, in separate and common social institutions and highly effective communal control. These communities may live in relative isolation from each other or from the native communities. The location of these communities is determined by competition, which can finally be expressed in terms of land values and rentals. But these immigrant communities, too, are in a constant process of change, as the economic condition of the inhabitants changes or as the areas in which they are located change.
Besant, Walter. East London (London, 1912).
A remarkable account of an isolated community in a metropolis. (V, 1; VII, 2; IX, 1, 2, 3, 4.)
Buchner, Eberhard. Sekten und Sektierer in Berlin, Vol. VI in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1904).
An intimate account of the habitat of the many obscure religious sects that congregate in local communities in the large city. (VII, 2; IX, 2, 3, 4.)
Burke, Thomas. Twinkletoes: A Tale of Chinatown (London, 1917).
A romantic account of London’s Chinatown. (VII, 2.)
Daniels, John. In Freedom’s Birthplace (Boston and New York, 1914).
The Negro community in Boston. (VII, 2.)
Dreiser, Theodore. The Color of a Great City (New York, 1923).
The various aspects of city life by an observer with keen insight and rare literary genius. (IX, 2, 4)
Dunn, Arthur W. The Community and the Citizen (Boston, 1909).
An elementary textbook in civics. Gives a simple presentation of the concept community. (V, 3, 2; I, 4; II, 3; IV, 3; VI.)
Eldridge, Seba. Problems of Community Life: An Outline of Applied Sociology (New York, 1915).
A sociological textbook dealing with the various phases of community organization and disorganization. (V, 2, 4, 5; VI; VII, 5; VIII; IX, 3.)
Hebble, Charles Ray, and Goodwin, Frank P. The Citizens Book (Cincinnati, 1916).
Discusses the foundations of community life, its cultural activities, business interests, governmental activities, and gives suggestions on the future city. (VI, 7; IX, 3.)
Jenks, A. E. “Ethnic Census in Minneapolis,” Amer. Jour. Sociol., XVII (1912), 776–82.
The ethnic groupings in a large city.
Jewish Community of New York City: The Jewish Communal Register of New York City (New York, 1917–18).
A collection of studies on the organization, size, distribution, history, and activities of the New York Jewish Community. (VII, 2, 3, 4, 5; IX, 3, 4.)
Katcher, Leopold (pseudonym, “Spektator”). Berliner Klubs, Vol. XXV in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
An inside view of club life in Berlin. (VI, 6; IX, 1, 2, 3, 4.)
Lucas, Edw. V. The Friendly Town: A Little Book for the Urbane (New York, 1906). (V, 1; IX, 2, 3.)
Maciver, R. M. Community; a Sociological Study, Being an Attempt to Set Out the Nature and Fundamental Laws of Social Life (London, 1917).
Distinguishes between natural areas and communities, showing how occupational and cultural groupings enter into the political process. (IV, 3; V, 1, 2, 4; VI, 7.)
Maurice, Arthur Bartlett. The New York of the Novelists (New York, 1916).
The New York as seen through the eyes of literary men.
Park, Robert E., and Miller, H. A. Old-World Traits Transplanted (New York, 1921).
A study of immigrant communities. (VII, 2, 5; IX, 3, 4.)
Sears, C. H. “The Clash of Contending Forces in Great Cities,” Biblical World, XLVIII (October, 1916), 224–31. (VII, 5; IX, 1, 3.)
Symposium, “The Greatest Negro Community in the World,” Survey Graphic, LIII (March 1, 1925), No. 11.
A collection of articles on the Negro community in Harlem, New York. (VII, 2, 3; IX, 1, 3, 4; X, 1.)
Williams, Fred V. The Hop-Heads: Personal Experiences among the Users of “Dope” in the San Francisco Underworld (San Francisco, 1920). (VII, 2; IX, 3, 4.)
4. The city may be graphically depicted in terms of a series of concentric circles, representing the different zones or typical areas of settlement. At the center we find the business district, where land values are high. Surrounding this there is an area of deterioration, where the slums tend to locate themselves. Then follows an area of workmen’s homes, followed in turn by the middle-class apartment section, and finally by the upper-class residential area. Land values, general appearance, and function divide these areas off from each other. These differences in structure and use get themselves incorporated in law in the form of zoning ordinances. This is an attempt, in the face of the growth of the city, to control the ecological forces that are at work.
Cheney, C. H. “Removing Social Barriers by Zoning,” Survey, XLIV (May, 1922), 275–78. (V, 1, 5; VII, 2.)
Eberstadt, Rudolph. Handbuch des Wohnungswesens und der Wohnungsfrage (4th ed.; Jena, 1910).
An encyclopedic work on housing, city-zoning, and planning. (VI, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10; VII.)
Kern, Robert R. The Supercity: A Planned Physical Equipment for City Life (Washington, D.C., 1924).
A planned model city with co-operative services of many sorts, with zoning as an important feature. (V, 5; VI.)
Wuttke, R. Die deutschen Städte (2 vols.; Leipzig, 1904).
A collection of articles on various technical phases of city life. Article 4, “Die Baupolizei,” by Oberbaukommissar Gruner, is a discussion of the public regulation of buildings and the function of zoning and building codes in the modern city. (VI; VII, 3; VII, 1, 2.)
In addition there are available reports of zoning commissions of the various cities and numerous articles in magazines dealing with the administrative aspects of city life, such as The American City, in which digests, criticisms, and discussions of these zoning devices may be found.
5. The needs of communal life impose upon the city a certain degree of order which sometimes expresses itself in a city plan which is an attempt to predict and to guide the physical structure of the city. The older European cities appear more like haphazard, unplanned products of individualistic enterprise than the American cities with their checkerboard form. And yet, most European cities were built according to some preconceived plan which attempted to take account of the needs of the community and the limitations of the environment. There is a tendency, however, for the city to run counter to the plan which was laid out for it, as is seen, for instance, in the problems of city-planning of the city of Washington. The fact is that the city is a dynamic mechanism which cannot be controlled in advance unless the conditions entering into its genesis and its growth are fully known. City-planning, which has grown into a highly technical profession, is coming to be more concerned with studying the problems of a changing institution, with city growth, and the forces operating in city life than with the creation of artistic schemes of city structure. On the one hand the importance of devising a scheme of wholesome, orderly existence in the city is being recognized, on the other hand, the limitations of any attempt to make the city conform to an artificial plan impresses itself upon the experience of the technicians engaged in this work.
Agache, Auburtin and Redont. Comment reconstruire nos cités destruites, reviewed in Scott. Geog. Mag., XXXIII, 348–52, and Annales de Geog., January, 1917, by F. Schrader.
A criticism of suggested plans for the reconstruction of cities in the French devastated area. (III, 6.)
American Institute of Architects. City-Planning Progress in the United States (New York, 1917).
Bartlett, Dana W. The Better City: A Sociological Study of a Modern City (Los Angeles, 1907). (III, 6.)
English Catalogue, “International Cities and Town-Planning Exhibition, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1923.”
A comprehensive summary of the town-planning movement. A work to be consulted by all students of the subject. (II, 3; V, 4.)
Geddes, P. Cities in Evolution: An Introduction to the Town-Planning Movement and the Study of Civics (London, 1915).
An introductory statement by the foremost authority in England. (II; III; IV, 2; V, 4; VI, 3, 5, 6, 9; VII, 1, 2.)
Haverfield, F. J. Ancient Town Planning (Oxford, 1913). (II, 1; III, 6.)
Hughes, W. R. New Town: A Proposal in Agricultural, Industrial, Educational, Civic, and Social Reconstruction (London, 1919).
Lewis, Nelson P. The Planning of the Modern City: A Review of the Principles Governing City-Planning (New York, 1916).
Mulvihill, F. J. “Distribution of Population Graphically Represented as a Basis for City-Planning,” American City, XX (February, 1919), 159–61. (VII, 2.)
Purdom, C. B. The Garden City (London, 1913). (IV, 6.)
Roberts, Kate L. The City Beautiful: A Study of Town-Planning and Municipal Art (New York, 1916). (VI, 3, 5, 6.)
Sennett, A. R. Garden Cities in Theory and Practice (2 vols.; London, 1905). (III, 6.)
Stote, A. “Ideal American City,” McBride’s, XCVII (April, 1916), 89–99.
Symposium. “Regional Planning,” Survey Graphic, May 1, 1925.
Contains a series of suggestive articles on various aspects of city growth and city-planning. (V, 5; VII, 1, 2, 3; III, 6.)
Tout, T. F. Medieval Town-Planning (London, 1907). (II, 2; III, 6.)
Triggs, H. Inigo. Town Planning (London, 1909).
The aggregation of large numbers of human beings within a restricted area, as is represented by the modern city, makes possible, and at the same time makes imperative, the communal effort to satisfy certain essential needs of all the inhabitants. The manner in which these needs are met has become institutionalized. The facilities which have been created to meet these needs make up the physical structure of the city as a social mechanism.
1. The need for uninterrupted water supply, fuel, and light have brought it about that the means of satisfying these wants are either in the hands of the city as a corporate body, or, if in private hands, are controlled and regulated by the city government. These public utilities are of interest to the sociologist only in so far as they have a bearing on group life and call forth attitudes, sentiments, and behavior which influences the group. These factors may have an important relation to the ecological organization of the city, and may furnish indexes to the selective and distributive processes which result in the grouping of the population. The lighting of the city may have a direct bearing on the crime of the city, the water supply, on the health, etc. The regulation of public utilities may become issues at elections and call forth factionalism, thus bringing into play the social groupings in the community.
Fassett, Charles M. Assets of the Ideal City (New York, 1922).
A brief statement of various structural aspects of the city, with a bibliography. (V, 4, 5; VI.)
Grahn, E. “Die städtischen Wasserwerke,” in Wuttke, Die Deutschen Städte (Leipzig, 1904), pp. 301–44.
A statement of the water-supply problem in German cities.
Höffner, C. “Die Gaswerke,” in Wuttke, Die Deutschen Städte (Leipzig, 1904), pp. 198–238.
A statement of the evolution and present status of the technique of gas supply in the modern city.
Jephson, H. L. The Sanitary Evolution of London (London, 1907). (VI.)
Kübler, Wilhelm. “Über städtische Elektrizitätswerke,” in Wuttke, Die Deutschen Städte, pp. 239–300.
An account of the municipal electricity works in German cities.
Most books on the modern city contain a chapter on public utilities, and a great many technical journals and municipal reports are accessible giving detailed accounts of various aspects of both the technical, the administrative, and the functional sides of the public utility situation.
2. One of the most characteristic features of city life is the high degree of intercommunication. This is made possible by technical devices, such as the telephone, street cars, and the automobile. While the sociologist has no intrinsic interest in these technical devices, they become an object of study as factors entering, for instance, into the problem of mobility of the city population.
D’Avenel, G. le Vicomte. Le Mécanisme de la Vie moderne (3 vols.; Paris, 1922).
Among many other aspects of the city as a physical mechanism, has a chapter on publicity, urban transportation, and communication. This work has gone through many editions and is written in a popular style. (VI; IX, 1.)
Harris, Emerson Pitt. The Community Newspaper (New York, 1923). (IX, 3.)
Kingsbury, J. E. The Telephone and Telephone Exchanges: Their Invention and Development (London and New York, 1915).
Lewis, H. M., and Goodrich, E. P. Highway Traffic in New York and Its Environs (New York, 1924).
The results of a study embodied in a report for the Committee on a Regional Plan for New York and its Environs. (IV, 2; V, 4, 5; VI, 2; VII, 2, 4.)
Park, Robert E. The Immigrant Press and Its Control (New York, 1922).
A study of the organization and the influence of the press in the immigrant communities of the large city (IX, 3.)
The municipal transportation and communication question has developed a large literature which is to be found in many separate works on the telephone, telegraph, radio, street-car systems, busses, automobile, mail service, newspaper, and railways as well as in municipal reports, technical and administrative journals, and textbooks on the city.
3. The existence of streets, pavement, alleys, sewers, and other devices of the same sort that characterize the city as a physical mechanism influence the behavior of the person and the group, and as such are of interest to the sociologist.
Hirschfeld, Magnus. Die Gurgel Berlins, Vol. XLI in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
A study of the main street of Berlin from the standpoint of its effect on the individual and as a revelation of city life. (VI, 2; VII, 2, 4.)
Quaife, Milo Milton. Chicago’s Highways, Old and New (Chicago, 1923).
The changes wrought in the character of the city as viewed from the point of view of the streets. (VI, 2; VII, 1, 2.)
Whipple, G. C. “Economical and Sanitary Problems of American Cities,” American City (February, 1921), p. 112. (VI.)
4. The many devices in the realm of public safety and welfare which are the characteristic product of the city, such as fire department, police, health inspection, and the manifold activities of the social agencies concern the sociologist as typical expressions of group life in the city environment.
Addams, Jane. Twenty Years at Hull House; With Autobiographical Notes (New York, 1910).
City life as seen in a typical social agency—the social settlement. (V, 2, 3; VII, 5.)
Assessor (pseudonym). Die Berliner Polizei, Vol. XXXIV in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
A personal account of the police force of the modern city. (IX, 1.)
Anonymous. Berliner Gerichte, Vol. XXIV in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Daily experiences in a typical city court.
Carbaugh, H. C. Human Welfare Work in Chicago (Chicago, 1917).
A brief account of the various specialized social agencies operating in the large city. (VII, 5; IX, 1.)
Fitzpatrick, Edward A. Interrelationships of Hospital and Community, reprint from Modern Hospital, February, 1925. Pamphlet.
A sketch of the possible place and nature of a health agency in a modern urban community.
Fosdick, Raymond, and Associates. Criminal Justice in Cleveland, directed and edited by Roscoe Pound and Felix Frankfurter (Cleveland, 1922). (VI, 7.)
Fosdick, Raymond B. European Police Systems (New York, 1915).
——. American Police Systems (New York, 1920).
Harrison, Shelby M. Public Employment Offices; Their Purpose, Structure, and Method (New York, 1924). (IX, 1.)
Richmond, Mary E. The Good Neighbor in the Modern City (Philadelphia and London, 1913).
Suggestions to the layman about the social agencies and their work in the large modern city. (V, 2; VII, 5.)
Wilson, Warren H. The Evolution of the Country Community: A Study in Religious Sociology (Boston, New York, Chicago, 1912).
Gives types of organizations and institutions. (V, 3; X, 2.)
In almost every large city the number of social agencies and public institutions is so large and their work so varied that directories of these agencies have been made available. In addition, reports and surveys of many cities are at hand, and the periodical literature is tremendous.
5. The cultural needs of the community find expression in the city in the form of schools, theaters, museums, parks, monuments, and other public enterprises. They exert an influence extending beyond the boundaries of the city itself, and may be regarded as agencies for the definition of the person’s wishes. They are indicative of the level of social life which the community has achieved.
Carroll, Charles E. The Community Survey in Relation to Church Efficiency (New York, 1915).
Typical of studies bearing on the place of religious and cultural agencies in city life. (X, 2.)
For a basic statement of the problem of education in the modern city, compare Dewey, John, Democracy and Education (New York, 1916).
Moore, E. C. “Provision for the Education of the City Child,” School and Society, III (February 19, 1916), 265–72.
Phelan, J. J. Motion Pictures as a Phase of Commercialized Amusement in Toledo, Ohio (Toledo, Ohio, 1919).
Tews, Johannes. Berliner Lehrer, Vol. XX in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
An intimate study of a professional group in the large city. (IX, 1.)
Trawick, Arcadius McSwain. The City Church and Its Social Mission (New York, 1913).
Turszinsky, Walter. Berliner Theater, Vol. XXIX of “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905). (III, 4; V, 1; VI, 6.)
Ward, Edward J. The Social Center (New York and London, 1915). (VI, 6; VII, 5.)
6. The leisure-time activities which the city produces are so intimately connected with the life of the people that they furnish clues as to the pathology or disorganization typical of city life. The dance hall, the movie, the amusement park, the back-yard or vacant lot improvised playground, and the many other forms of public, commercialized, or improvised recreation facilities are phases of group life which cannot escape the Sociologist.
Arndt, Arno. Berliner Sport, Vol. X in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Describes various specialized, institutionalized, and commercialized forms of sport life in Berlin. (IX, 2, 4.)
Bowman, LeRoy E., and Lambin, Maria Ward. “Evidences of Social Relations as Seen in Types of New York City Dance Halls,” Jour. Social Forces, III (January, 1925), 286–91. (IX, 2, 3, 4.)
Buchner, Eberhard. Berliner Variétés und Tingeltangel, Vol. XXII in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Analysis of various types of the variété, cabaret, and burlesque, and the development of these institutions in the city. (IX, 1, 3, 4.)
Günther, Viktor. Petersbourg s’amuse, Vol. XXXII in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
The recreational activities of the Russian capital. (III, 4; V, 1; IX, 2.)
Herschmann, Otto. Wiener Sport, Vol. XII in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Describes the recreational activities of the dominant population groups in Vienna. (IX, 4.)
Ostwald, H. O. A. Berliner Kaffeehäuser, Vol. VII in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Human behavior in the coffee houses of Berlin. (IX, 1, 4.)
——. Berliner Tanzlokale, Vol. IV in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Intimate glimpses of the diverse types of dance halls and their habitués. (V, 2, 3; VII, 5; IX, 1, 4.)
Phelan, John J. Pool, Billiards, and Bowling Alleys as a Phase of Commercialized Amusement in Toledo (Toledo, 1919). (VII, 5)
Rhodes, H. “City Summers,” Harper’s, CXXXI (June, 1915), 2–15.
The seasonal aspects of city recreation.
7. The city government shows, perhaps more clearly than many other phases of city life, the extent to which the city has revolutionized social life and has changed the habits and attitudes of the people. In the city government we can see the various local, national, cultural, and interest groups attempting to exert their influence. In the city we see the political boss as a typical product of an anomalous situation. Here we find such phenomena as non-voting, the clash between local and occupational groups, and many other disharmonies between the needs of the people and the institutions that are present to satisfy them.
Bruere, Henry. The New City Government (New York, 1913).
A study of the commission form of government in cities.
Capes, William Parr. The Modern City and Its Government (New York, 1922).
Clerk (pseudonym). Berliner Beamte, Vol. XLIII in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
A study of the types of civil servants developed by modern city government. (IX, 1, 2, 4.)
Cleveland, Frederick A. Chapters on Municipal Administration and Accounting (New York, 1909 and 1915).
Cummin, G. C. “Will the City-Manager Form of Government Fit All Cities—Large Cities—Machine-Controlled Cities?” National Municipal Rev., VII (May, 1918), 276–81.
Ely, Richard T. The Coming City (New York, 1902).
An address taking up some of the problems connected with the government, public interest in administration, and corruption in the modern American city. (VII, 5.)
Gilbert, Arthur Benson. American Cities: Their Methods of Business (New York, 1918).
Goodnow, Frank J. City Government in the United States (New York, 1904 and 1909).
Hill, Howard C. Community Life and Civic Problems (New York, 1922).
An elementary textbook for community civics classes. (V, 3; VI.)
McKenzie, R. D. “Community Forces: A Study of the Non-Partisan Municipal Elections in Seattle,” Journal of Social Forces (January, March, May, 1924).
A study of the relation between local groupings and political attitudes. (IV, 3; V, 1, 2, 3; VII, 5; IX, 3.)
Munro, W. B. Municipal Government and Administration (New York, 1923). (II, 3; IV, 3; VII, 1.)
——. The Government of American Cities (3d ed.; New York, 1921).
A standard textbook on city government in the United States. By the same author, a companion volume, The Government of European Cities. (VI, 7; IV, 3.)
Odum, Howard W. Community and Government: A Manual of Discussion and Study of the Newer Ideals of Citizenship (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1921).
Steffens, Lincoln. The Shame of the Cities (New York, 1907).
An exposure of corruption in city governments. (VII, 5.)
Toulmin, Harry A. The City Manager: A New Profession (New York, 1915). (IX, 1.)
Weber, G. A. Organized Efforts for the Improvement of Methods of Administration in the United States (New York and London, 1919).
Weyl, Walter E. “The Brand of the City,” Harper’s, CXXX (April, 1915), 769–75.
Wilcox, Delos F. Great Cities in America: Their Problems and Their Government (New York, 1910). (IV, 3; VI; VII, 1, 5.)
Zueblin, Charles. A Decade of Civic Development (Chicago, 1905).
A discussion of the state of American city civilization at the beginning of the twentieth century. (V, 4, 5; VI; VII, 1; VIII, 1.)
8. The complexity, specialization, and dependence of the city are seen clearly in the methods by which the city gets its food supply and other vital necessities for the existence of the population. The food trains, milk trains, cattle trains, the miles of refrigerator cars and coal cars that daily enter the large city, the warehouses and the stores, the countless delivery wagons that line the streets—all these are evidence of what a tremendously complex and efficient organization has grown up to meet the urgent wants, the desires for subsistence and for luxury of our millions of city-dwellers. Here too we sometimes see examples of what anxiety and what calamity might result from the slightest interruption or dislocation in the methods of supplying the city with these varied specialties. The department store and the chain store are characteristic city institutions, corresponding to the grouping of the city population.
Colze, Leo. Berliner Warenhäuser, Vol. XLVII in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Berlin stores. (III, 4; IV, 1; V, 1; IX, 1.)
Loeb, Moritz. Berliner Konfektionen, Vol. XV in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Ready-made clothing establishments. (V, 1, 4; IX, 1.)
Parker, Horatio Newton. City Milk Supply (New York, 1917). (IV, 1.)
Shideler, E. H. “The Business Center as an Institution,” Jour. Appl. Sociol., IX (March, April, 1925), 269–75.
An outline of the local trade center in the urban community and its significance in city life. (IV, 1; V, 1, 2, 3; VII, 1, 2.)
9. One of the latest phases of city development is the direct result of the invention of a new technique of building. Steel construction has made possible the skyscraper, the elevated railroad, and the subway, and thus introduced a new dimension into city growth. This new technique has made possible a density, per unit of ground surface, which has given the city an entirely new complexion. The full effects of this new invention are still not fully known.
Holborn, I. B. S. “The City: The Outer Expression of an Inner Self,” Art World, III (December, 1917), 217–21. (III, 1; IX, 2.)
Mumford, Lewis. Sticks and Stones: A Study of American Civilization (New York, 1925).
An evaluation and critique of the architectural aspects of American cities and their cultural significance. (V, 5; VI, 9; X, 2.)
Nichols, C. M. (editor). Studies on Building-Height Limitations in Large Cities (Chicago, 1923).
Written from the point of view of the real-estate profession.
Schumacher, Fritz. “Architektonische Aufgaben der Städte,” in Wuttke, Die Deutschen Städte, pp. 47–66.
Discussion of the changing needs and methods in urban construction.
The literature on the significance of the steel-construction technique is still very small. The professional engineers and architects have contributed some to their journals, but the interpretation of their contributions is still to be made.
10. Land values are the chief determining influence in the segregation of local areas and in the determination of the uses to which an area is to be put. Land values also determine more specifically the type of building that is to be erected in a given area—whether it shall be a tenement house, an office building, a factory, or a single dwelling—what buildings shall be razed, and what buildings are to be repaired. The technique of determining city land values has developed into a highly specialized and well-paid profession. Land values are so potent a selective factor that the human ecologist will find in them a very accurate index to many phases of city life.
Aronovici, Carol. Housing and the Housing Problem (Chicago, 1921).
A study of the relation between rent, income, and housing.
Arner, G. B. L. “Urban Land Economics,” in volume, Urban Land Economics, Institute for Research in Land Economics (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1922).
Gives a summary of land values in New York City and an outline of the subject. (VII, 1, 2.)
George, W. L. Labor and Housing at Port Sunlight (London, 1909). (III, 4, 6; V, 4, 5; IX, 1.)
“Housing and Town Planning,” Ann. Amer. Acad., LI (January, 1914), 1–264.
An excellent collection of authoritative articles on housing, city planning, city land values, transportation, and government. (III, 6; IV, 1, 2, 3; V; VII; VIII.)
Hull House Maps and Papers (New York, 1895).
A presentation of nationalities and wages in a congested district of Chicago together with comments and essays on problems growing out of the social conditions. (VII, 2, 3, 4, 5; IX, 3.)
Hunter, Robert. Tenement Conditions in Chicago: Report by the Investigating Committee of the City Homes Association (Chicago, 1901). (VII, 5.)
Hurd, Richard M. Principles of City Land Values (New York, 1924).
Land valuation on the basis of city growth. Shows that the coming of the automobile, making available large tracts for residential purposes, the radio, and other devices for intercommunication have not materially changed the general principles of city growth. Contains maps and photographs showing foot-front values for various cities and land utilization. (VII, 1, 4; VI, 2.)
Morehouse, E. W., and Ely, R. T. Elements of Land Economics (New York, 1924).
An introduction to land valuation. Chapter vi, on urban land utilization. (VII, 1, 2; X, 2.)
McMichael, Stanley L., and Bingham, Robert F. City Growth and Values (Cleveland, 1923).
An authoritative statement. (VII, 1.)
Olcott, George C. Olcott’s Land Value Maps (annually, Chicago, 1909–25).
Valuations of Chicago real estate.
Pratt, Edward Ewing. Industrial Causes of Congestion of Population in New York City (New York, 1911).
Contains an excellent bibliography. (III, 4; V, 1, 2, 4, 5; VI, 2, 3; VII, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.)
Reeve, Sidney A. “Congestion in Cities,” Geog. Rev., III (1917), 278–93.
Regards congestion as a growing menace to public health and social stability, and analyzes the causes and suggests remedies. (V, 4, 5; VI; VII, 1, 2, 5; VIII 1.)
Riis, Jacob A. How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York (New York, 1890 and 1914).
This together with his other book, The Battle with the Slum (New York, 1892), has done much to call public attention to the tenement problem of the large American city and to invite remedial legislation. (V, 1, 2, 4, 5; VII, 1, 2, 5.)
Schumacher, F. “Probleme der Grossstadt,” Deutsche Rundschau für Geog., CXXC (July 5, 1919), 66–81, 262–85, 416–29. (V; VI; VII; VIII.)
Smythe, William Ellsworth. City Homes on Country Lanes: Philosophy and Practice of the Home-in-a-Garden (New York, 1921). (V, 5.)
Stella, A. “The Effects of Urban Congestion on Italian Women and Children,” Medical Record, LXXIII (New York, 1908), 722–32. (V, 1, 3; VIII, 1.)
Südekum, Albert. Grossstädtisches Wohnungselend, Vol. XLV in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
A description of a typical tenement area in the European city and its effects on human behavior. (VII, 5; IX, 3.)
Veiller, Lawrence. “The Housing Problem in America,” Ann. Amer. Academy, XXV (1905), 248–75.
In this article, as well as in his later works (for instance, Housing Reform (New York, 1910)), the writer, who has been regarded as one of the foremost housing students in America, outlines some of the social consequences of bad housing in the modern city and questions the adequacy of democratic form of government in the slum areas. (V; IX, 3.)
The growth of the city has been described as the outstanding characteristic of modern civilization. The sociologist is interested in the processes underlying this phenomenon.
1. One of the most obvious phases of this growth is the addition in numbers and the expansion in area of the city. This has been accurately measured by the statisticians and geographers. The typical process of expansion is from the core of the city outward toward the periphery. While ample materials for such studies of processes exist, their interpretation and analysis is yet to be undertaken. In the process of growth the city tends to become empty, as concerns habitations, at the center. This phenomenon is referred to as “city-building.”
Ballard, W. J. “Our Twenty-nine Largest Cities, Jour. Educ., XXCIII (April 27, 1916), 468.
Bassett, E. M. “Distribution of Population in Cities,” American City, XIII (July, 1915), 7–8.
Bernhard, H. “Die Entvölkerung des Landes,” Deutsche Rundschau für Geog., XXXVII (1914–15), 563–67.
Of twenty-one countries examined, all showed an increase in urban population between 1880–1910, in most cases far exceeding the natural increase in population, and a decrease in percentage of rural population. (VII, 3; VIII, 1; X, 2.)
Brown, Robert M. “City Growth and City Advertising” (Abstract of paper read at 1921 Conference of American Geographers), Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geog., XII (1922), 155.
A discussion of the causes of growth of American cities with an analysis of the one hundred cities showing the largest gains since 1910. Classification as to type of advertising campaigns used.
Bushee, F. A. “The Growth of Population of Boston,” Pub. Amer. Statistical Assoc., VI (1899), 239–74. (VIII, 3.)
City-Building: A Citation of Methods in Use in More Than One Hundred Cities for the Solution of Important Problems in the Progressive Growth of the American Municipality (Cincinnati, 1913). (V, 4, 5; VI; VII, 5.)
“City Growth by Dead Reckoning,” Literary Digest, XXCII (August 9, 1924), 12.
Fawcett, C. B. “British Conurbations in 1921,” Sociol. Rev., XIV (April, 1922), 111–22.
Feather, W. A. “Cities That Make Good,” Forum, LVII (May, 1917), 623–28.
Gregory, W. M. “Growth of the Cities of Washington,” Jour. Geog., XIV (May, 1916), 348–53. (VII, 3.)
“How Big Should a City Be?” Literary Digest, LI (August 28, 1915), 399–400.
James, Edmund J. “The Growth of Great Cities,” Ann. Amer. Academy, XIII (1899), 1–30. (VII, 2, 3.)
Traces the growth of the cities and the genesis of the problems connected with it.
Jefferson, Mark. “Great Cities of the United States in 1920,” Geog. Rev., XI (July, 1921), 437–41.
Martell, P. “Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung der Stadt Berlin,” Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv, X (1917), 207–15. (VII, 3; VIII, 1.)
Püschel, Alfred. Das Anwachsen der Deutschen Städte in der Zeit der mittelalterlichen Kolonialbewegung (Berlin, 1910).
Contains fifteen city plans. Traces the growth of cities in the medieval period and the changes in city structure. (II, 2; VII, 2.)
Ridgley, D. C. “Sixty-eight Cities of the United States in 1920,” Jour. Geog., XX (February, 1921), 75–79.
One of a series of postcensus-report analyses of the growth of the urban population.
Roth, Lawrence V. “The Growth of American Cities,” Geog. Rev., V (May, 1918), 384–98.
Holds that the growth of the cities of the United States has passed through four periods, each of which in its turn was the response to the commercial and industrial development of a new geographical region. Distinguishes between site and situation in city growth, and is here concerned mainly with general situation as a contributory influence. (III, 2, 3, 4.)
Sedlaczek. “Die Bevölkerungszunahme der Grossstädte im XIX Jahrhundert und deren Ursachen,” Report of the Eighth International Congress of Hygiene and Demography (Budapest, 1894). (VII, 3; VIII, 1; X, 1.)
United States Bureau of the Census. A Century of Population Growth (Washington, 1909). (VII, 3; VIII; X, 2.)
United States Bureau of the Census. Population: Fourteenth Census of the United States (3 vols.; Washington, 1920). (VII, 3; VIII, 1, 2; IX, 1; X, 2.)
Van Cleef, E. “How Big Is Your Town?” American City, XVII (November, 1917), 471–73.
Weber, Adna Ferrin. The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century: A Study in Statistics, “Columbia University Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law” (New York, 1899).
Besides being the most important book on the growth of the city from a statistical standpoint, it contains many other features of great value to the student of the city, especially of the influence of the urban environment on the population. (VII, 2, 3; VIII.)
“Why Cities Grow,” Literary Digest, LVIII (August 17, 1918), 22–23.
Zahn, F. “Die Volkszählung von 1900 und die Grossstadtfrage,” Jahrbuch für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, XXCI (1903), 191–215. (VII, 3.)
2. Every addition in numbers and expansion of the city area is accompanied by the redistribution and re-allocation of the whole population. Some elements are given a new locus, while others shift but little as a result of the stimulus incident to the arrival of newcomers. This redistribution of the city population has become a constantly operating process in view of the constant growth of the city either through natural increase of the population or through migration from without.
Allison, Thomas W. “Population Movements in Chicago,” Jour. of Social Forces, II (May, 1924), 529–33. (V, 1, 3; VII, 4.)
Aurousseau, M. “Distribution of Population: A Constructive Problem,” Geog. Rev., XI (October, 1921), 568–75.
“Density concerns itself with the number of people per unit of area; distribution deals with the comparative study of density from area to area; and arrangement considers the way in which people are grouped. Grouping is the fundamental concept....” (I, 1; IV, 1; X, 2.)
Bushee, F. A. “Ethnic Factors in the Population of Boston,” Pub. Amer. Statistical Assoc., Vol. IV, No. 2, pp. 307–477. (V, 1, 2, 3.)
Douglas, H. Paul. The Suburban Trend (New York, 1925).
Traces the movement toward decentralization in the larger American urban communities. (VII, 2, 1, 4; IV, 2; III, 5; V, 4.)
Hirschfeld, Magnus. Berlins drittes Geschlecht, Vol. III in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
A study of the homosexuals in Berlin as a sample of the grouping of population in the large city. (V, 1, 3; VII, 5.)
Hooker, G. E. “City-Planning and Political Areas,” Nat. Mun. Rev., VI (May, 1917), 337–45. (IV, 3; V, 1, 4, 5; VI, 7.)
The London Society. The London of the Future (New York and London, 1921).
An excellent view of the processes bringing about the allocation of the population and the trend of growth of the city from the core pressing outward toward the periphery. (II, 3; III, 1, 5, 6; IV; V; VI; VII; VIII, 1, 2, 3; IX, 1, 2, 3, 4.)
Ripley, W. Z. “Racial Geography of Europe,” Popular Science Monthly, LII (1898), 591–608; XIV, “Urban Problems.” See also his “Races of Europe,” chap. xx, on “Ethnic Stratification and Urban Selection.” (V, 3.)
Salten, Felix. Wiener Adel, Vol. XIV in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Shows the local grouping of the nobility in the large European city. (IX, 4.)
Schmid, Herman. City bildung und Bevölkerungsverteilung in Grossstädten: Ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des modernen Städtewesens (München, 1909).
Shows that the normal process of growth of the city is by emptying at the center, and redistributing its population around the periphery. (Compare Mark Jefferson, “The Anthropography of Some Great Cities: A Study in Distribution of Population,” Bull. Amer. Geog. Soc., XLI (1909), 537–66. (VII, 4, 5.))
Williams, James M. An American Town: A Sociological Study (New York, 1906).
Primarily an analysis of an American community from a socio-psychological standpoint. Contains some interesting facts on growth and distribution of population. (III, 5; V, 1, 2, 3; IX, 1, 3.)
Winter, Max. Im unterirdischen Wien, Vol. XIII in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
A description of Vienna, showing the processes of segregation, allocation, and communication at work in the city population. (V, 1; VI, 4, 6; VII, 5; IX, 3, 4.)
3. During the latter part of the nineteenth century the expressions, “the flight from the country,” and “the drift to the city” began to be heard. The rapid increase in population of the cities was found to be due not to natural increase, i.e., excess of births over deaths, but to migration from the surrounding rural area. In America the rapid increase in the size of the cities was due chiefly to an increasing stream of European immigrants who avoided the farm but were attracted to the urban environment. Population statisticians have been alert to discover whether this process is continuing or whether a change is taking place. Improvements in rural life and conscious efforts to control the movement of population have been observed as to their possible effect on the rural-urban population equilibrium.
Ashby, A. W. “Population and the Land,” Edinburgh Rev., CCXXIV (1916), 321–39. (X, 1, 2.)
Ballod, C. “Sterblichkeit und Fortpflanzung der Stadtbevölkerung,” Jahrbuch für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, XXXIII (1909), 521–41. (VIII, 1, 3.)
Bauer, L. Der Zug nach der Stadt (Stuttgart, 1904). Reviewed in Archiv f. Rassen u. Gesellschaftsbiologie, II, 300. (VII, 1.)
Beusch, P. Wanderungen und Stadtkultur: eine bevolkerungspolitische und sozialethische Studie (München-Gladbach, 1916).
Böckh, R. “Der Anteil der örtlichen Bewegung an der Zunahme der Bevölkerung der Grossstädte,” Congress Intern. d’Hygiène et de Démographie (Budapest, 1894). (VII, 1.)
Bowley, A. L. “Births and Population in Great Britain,” Econ. Jour., XXXIV (June, 1924), 188–92. (VII, 1; VIII, 1.)
Bryce, P. H. “Effects upon Public Health and Natural Prosperity from Rural Depopulation and Abnormal Increase of Cities,” Amer. Jour. Public Health, New York, V, 48–56. (VIII; X, 1, 2.)
Cacheux, E. “Influence des grandes villes sur la dépopulation,” Rev. Philanthrop. Paris, XXXVII (1916), 513–18. (VIII; X, 1.)
Dickerman, G. S. “The Drift to the Cities,” Atlantic Monthly, CXI (1913), 349–53. (IX, 2; X, 1, 2.)
Dittmann, P. Die Bevölkerungsbewegung der deutschen Grossstädte seit der Gründung des deutschen Reiches (Bamberg, 1912). (VII, 1.)
Groves, E. R. “Urban Complex: A Study of the Psychological Aspects of the Urban Drift,” Sociol. Rev., XII (1920), 73–81. (IX, 2; X, 2.)
Hecke, W. “Volksvermehrung, Binnenwanderung, und Umgangssprache in den österreichischen Alpenländern und Südländern,” Statist. Monatsschr., XXXIX (1913), 323–92. (VIII, 1. 3; X, 2.)
Hoaglund, H. E. “The Movement of Rural Population in Illinois,” Jour. Pol. Econ., XX (1912), 913–27.
Mayr, G. von. Die Bevölkerung der Grossstädte, in “Die Grossstadt” (Dresden, 1903).
One of the best statements of the problem. (VII, 1, 2; VIII, 1, 2, 3.)
Prinzing, Dr. F. “Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung Stockholms, 1721–1920,” Jahrbuch für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, XLVII (1924), 87–93.
An excellent case study of the situation in a modern European city. (VII, 1; X, 1, 2.)
——. “Einheimische und Zugezogene in den Grossstädten,” Zeitschr. für Sozialwiss., VII (Berlin, 1904), 660–67.
Ravenstein, E. G. “The Laws of Migration,” Jour. Royal Statist. Soc., XLVIII (1885), 167–227. (X, 2.)
Spencer, A. G. “Changing Population of Our Large Cities,” Kindergarten Primary Mag., XXIII (1910), 65–71.
Steinhart, A. Untersuchung zur Gebürtigkeit der deutschen Grossstadtbevölkerung, Entwicklung, und Ursachen, “Rechts und Staatswissenschaftliche Studien,” Heft 45 (Berlin, 1912). (VIII, 1; X, 2.)
Voss, W. “Städtische Kleinsiedlung,” Archiv für exacte Wirtschaftsforschung, IX (1919), 377–412.
Weisstein, G. “Sind die Städte wirklich Menschenverzehrer?” Deutsche Städte Ztg. (1905), pp. 153–54.
4. The mobility of a city population incident to city growth is reflected in the increased number of contacts, changes of movement, changes in appearance, and atmosphere of specific areas due to succession of population groups, and in differences in land values. Mobility implies not mere movement, but fresh stimulation, an increase in number and intensity of stimulants, and a tendency to respond more readily to new stimulation. The process by which the city absorbs and incorporates its own offspring or foreign elements into its life, and what becomes of them, may be referred to as the metabolism of city life. Mobility is an index of metabolism.
Bercovici, Konrad. Around the World in New York (New York, 1924).
Discusses the local communities and the sifting process in the large city. (VII, 1, 2; IX, 3; V, 1, 2, 3.)
Digby, E. “The Extinction of the Londoner,” Contemp. Rev., London, XXCVI (1904), 115–26. (VII, 2, 3; VIII, 1; IX, 2, 3.)
Herzfeld, Elsa G. Family Monographs; The History of Twenty-four Families Living in the Middle West Side of New York City (New York, 1905).
Examples of extreme mobility (tendency to migrate) in the tenement district. (VII, 5.)
Meuriot, P. “Les Migrations internes dans quelques grandes villes,” Jour. Soc. Stat., Paris, L (1909), 390. (V, 1; VII, 2.)
Prinzing, F. “Die Bevölkerungsbewegung in Paris und Berlin,” Zeitschr. für Soziale Medizin, Leipzig, III (1908), 99–120.
Stephany, H. “Der Einfluss des Berufes und der Sozialstellung auf die Bevölkerungsbewegung der Grossstädte nachgewiesen an Königsberg i. Pr.,” Königsb. Statist., No. 13, 1912. (VII, 2, 3.)
Weleminsky, F. “Über Akklimatisation in Grossstädten,” Archiv für Hygiene, XXXVI (1899), 66–126. (VII, 3, 5; VIII, 1.)
Woods, Robert A. Americans in Process: A Settlement Study, North- and West-End Boston (Boston, 1902). (VII, 2; V, 3; IX, 3.)
Typical of a number of settlement studies giving a view of the effect of the city on its foreign population.
5. City growth may be thought of as a process of disorganization and reorganization. Growth always involves these processes to some extent, but when the city grows rapidly we see the disorganization assuming proportions which may be regarded as pathological. Crime, suicide, divorce, are some of the behavior problems in which social disorganization, when viewed from the personal side, expresses itself. The disappearance of the neighborhood and the local community with its personal forms of control is one of the immediate causal elements in this process.
Addams, Jane. The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets (New York, 1909). (V, 1, 2, 3; IX, 3; X, 2.)
Bader, Emil. Wiener Verbrecher, Vol. XVI, “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905). (VI, 4; VII, 5; IX, 4.)
Bonne, G. “Über die Notwendigkeit einer systematischen Dezentralisation unserer Grossstädte in hygienischer, sozialer, und volkswirtschaftlicher Beziehung,” Monatschr. für soz. Med., I (Jena, 1904), 369, 425, 490. (V, 5; VIII.)
Buschan, G. H. Geschlecht und Verbrechen, Vol. XLVIII, “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Some observations on the natural history of the city population. Very fragmentary. (VIII, 2; IX, 3, 4.)
Chalmers, Thomas. The Christian and Civic Economy of Large Towns (Glasgow, 1918). (IV, 5; VII; VIII, 1, 4.)
Classen, W. F. Grossstadt Heimat: Beobachtungen zur Naturgeschichte des Grossstadtvolkes (Hamburg, 1906).
Classen, W. Das stadtegeborene Geschlecht und seine Zukunft (Leipzig, 1914).
Henderson, C. R. “Industry and City Life and the Family,” Amer. Jour. Sociol., XIV, 668. (VIII, 1, 2, 3.)
Lasson, Alfred. Gefährdete und verwahrloste Jugend, Vol. XLIX, “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
The dangers confronting youth in the city and juvenile delinquency. (IX, 4.)
Marcuse, Max. Uneheliche Mütter, Vol. XXVII in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905). (VIII, 1, 3; IX, 3.)
Illegitimacy in Berlin. Types of unmarried mothers.
Ostwald, H. O. A. Das Berliner Spielertum, Vol. XXXV in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905). (VI, 6; IX, 4.)
Gambling in the city.
——. Zuhältertum in Berlin, Vol. V, “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905). Panderers and their victims in the city. (IX, 1, 4.)
Schuchard, Ernst. Sechs Monate Arbeitshaus, Vol. XXXIII in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Six months’ experiences in the workhouse of the city, where the opportunity to observe social disorganization is great. (VI, 4; IX, 3, 4.)
Sears, Charles H. The Redemption of the City (Philadelphia, 1911).
Sharp, Geo. W. City Life and Its Amelioration (Boston, 1915).
Steiner, Jesse F. “Theories of Community Organization,” Jour. Social Forces, III (November, 1924), 30–37. (V; VIII, 3.)
——. “A Critique of the Community Movement,” Jour. App. Sociol., IX (November-December, 1924), 108.
Problems of social control in relation to community organization and disorganization. (V; VIII, 3.)
Stelze, Charles. Christianity’s Storm Center: A Study of the Modern City (New York and Chicago, 1907).
Strong, Josiah. The Challenge of the City (New York, 1907).
From a religious and moral standpoint. (X, 1, 2.)
Thomas, W. I., and Znaniecki, Florian. The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, Vol. V, “Organization and Disorganization in America” (Boston, 1920). (V, 3; VII, 2.)
“The Tragedy of Great Cities,” Outlook, CXXVI (1920), 749–50.
Werthauer, Johannes. Sittlichkeitsdelikte der Grossstadt, Vol. XL in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
A collection of typical city delinquencies of the sex type. (V, 4; IX, 4.)