According to Kowalevsky. Salensky, however, considers that the atrial aperture closes, and that a new surface depression appears later.
See Barrois, Journ. d'Anat. et Physiol. 1885.
Mitth. Z. Stat. Neapel, x. 1891.
The most useful works on the Salpidae are Traustedt, Vid. Selsk. Skr. ii. 8, 1885, Copenhagen; and Brooks's "The genus Salpa," Johns Hopkins Biolog. Memoirs, ii. 1893.
According to Metcalf, Salpa cylindrica is protandrous.
For a more detailed account of these subdivisions of the Salpidae, and other groups, see Herdman's "Revised Classification of Tunicata," Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xxiii. 1891, p. 558.
See Herdman, Challenger Report on Tunicata, part iii. 1888, p. 88; and Metcalf, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ. No. 106, 1893, and Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Anat. xiii. 1900, p. 572.
Although the correct systematic name of the commonest species is Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas), it is convenient in non-systematic usage to employ the term "Amphioxus," which is in general use in zoological laboratories.
Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlv. March 1902, p. 493.
The cerebral eye and the pigment spots of the spinal cord are especially prominent in the oceanic species Branchiostoma pelagicum, Günther.
The mesoblastic somites in Figs. 84 and 85 are all derivatives of the larger posterior pair of coelomic pouches, the smaller more anterior ones not being shown. For further details in regard to the coelomic pouches see MacBride, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xliii. p. 351, 1900.
I have to thank Mr. Walter Tattersall, B.Sc., working in my laboratory, for a detailed summary and discussion of the various published schemes from which this table has been drawn up. He has also filled up for me the map (Fig. 90) showing the geographical distribution of the species. (See also Trans. Biol. Soc. Liverpool, vol. xvii. 1903, p. 269.)
A coelom formed by the union of one or more pairs of primitively distinct coelomic cavities.
Gadow, A Classification of Vertebrata, 1898, p. 4.
Sucker-like modifications of the ventral surface of the body, in which the paired fins take no part, are present on the throat in many Fishes which frequent hill-streams, as in some small African and Asiatic Cyprinidae (e.g. Discognathus) and a few Siluridae (e.g. Euglyptosternum).
Saville Kent, The Naturalist in Australia, London, 1897, p. 150.
Ibid. p. 167
Ibid. p. 168.
Ibid. p. 173.
Ibid. p. 188.
Cunningham and MacMunn, Phil. Trans. 184, 1893, p. 765, where references to many other papers are given.
Ablette is the French name for the Bleak.
Either singly or in combination with lime (Guaninkalk), guanin is often present in the tissues of Fishes (air-bladder, gall-bladder, subcutaneous connective tissue, muscle-fasciae, peritoneum, and the retinal epithelium and tapetum of the eye). For references see Cunningham and MacMunn, op. cit. p. 781 et seq.
Cunningham and MacMunn, op. cit. pp. 768 and 771.
A. Agassiz, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Camb. U.S.A., xxiii. 1892, p. 189.
Cunningham and MacMunn, op. cit. p. 791, et seq.
Ibid. p. 800.
Saville Kent, Nat. Austr. p. 163.
Poulton, The Colours of Animals, Internat. Scientific Series, London, 1890, p. 82.
Percy St. John, quoted by Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, London, 1880-84, ii. p. 58.
Poulton, op. cit. p. 82.
Ibid. p. 86.
Cunningham and MacMunn, op. cit. p. 773.
C. Stewart, quoted by Poulton, op. cit. p. 67.
Saville Kent, op. cit. p. 186, describes the colours of the living Fish as "various shades of light crimson and lilac."
Günther, Study of Fishes, London, 1880, p. 524.
Poulton, op. cit. p. 72.
For another view of the use of the "lure," see Cunningham, Marketable British Marine Fishes, London, 1896, p. 338.
Günther, Chall. Reports, Zool. vol. xxii. 1887, p. 50.
Suggested by Lütken; Günther, l. c.
Garstang, quoted by Poulton, op. cit. p. 165.
E. Ray Lankester, Proc. Roy. Soc. 1873, p. 70.
Cunningham and MacMunn, op. cit. p. 781.
W. Newton Parker, P.Z.S. 1888, p. 359.
Günther, Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1869, p. 437.
Ibid., Study of Fishes, Edinburgh, 1880, p. 191.
Ibid. p. 192.
Ibid. p. 190.
Lendenfeld, Chall. Reports, Zool. xxii. 1887, p. 277. For references to papers by Leydig, Ussow, Emery, and others, see Lendenfeld, op. cit.
Moseley, Challenger Reports, Zool. xxii. 1887, p. 267.
C. W. Wilson, Journ. Morph. xv. 1899, p. 667.
Burckhardt, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), vi. 1900, p. 568.
Ibid. op. cit. p. 558.
Wiliamson, Phil. Trans. cxxxix. 1849, p. 435; Hertwig, Morph. Jahrb. ii. 1876, p. 328; v. 1879, p. 1; vii. 1882, p. 1; Klaatsch, ib. xvi. 1890, p. 97 et seq., p. 209 et seq.
Klaatsch has since affirmed the epidermic origin of the scleroblasts, ibid. xxi. 1894, p. 153.
Klaatsch, Morph. Jahrb. xvi. 1890, p. 125; Nickerson, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, xxiv. 1893, p. 115.
Ryder, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1892, p. 219; Smith Woodward, Nat. Sci. iii. 1893, p. 448.
Smith Woodward, op. cit. p. 449.
O. Hertwig, Morph. Jahrb. ii. 1876, p. 374; Klaatsch, xvi. 1890, p. 146.
Klaatsch, op. cit. p. 178.
O. Hertwig, Morph. Jahrb. vii. p. 15.
O. Hertwig, Morph. Jahrb. vii. p. 7.
Ibid. vii. p. 29.
Ibid. ii. p. 334.
Hoffbauer, "Die Altersbestimmung des Karpfen an seiner Schuppe." Jahresb. des Schlesischen Fischerei-Vereins, 1899; J. Stewart Thomson, Journ. Marine Biol. Assoc. vi. No. 3, 1902, p. 373.
Günther, Phil. Trans. clxi. 1871, p. 516; Klaatsch, op. cit. p. 209.
This portion of the chapter is mainly based on the important researches of Dr. Gadow and Miss Abbott. See Phil. Trans. 186, 1895, p. 163 et seq. where copious references to the work of other writers are given.
Neuromeres are body-segments defined and limited by the exits of the successive pairs of spinal nerves from the neural canal.
Gadow, op. cit. p. 190.
Schneider, Beitr. z. vergl. Anat. u. Entwickl. Wirbelth., Berlin, 1879, p. 51; also Gadow, op. cit. p. 196.
Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Fossil Fishes, Pt. i. 1889, p. xvii.
Hasse, Das natürliche Syst. d. Elasmobranchier; etc., Jena, 1879, p. 30, et seq.
Gadow, op. cit. p. 194; Ridewood, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xxvii. 1899, p. 46.
Günther, Phil. Trans. 161, 1872, p. 526; Wiedersheim, Morph. Studien, Jena, 1880, Pt. i. p. 65; Gadow, op. cit. p. 198.
Bridge, P.Z.S. 1897, p. 722.
Gadow, op. cit. p. 201, et seq.
See Budgett, Trans. Zool. Soc. xvi. Pt. vii. 1902, p. 315.
Zittel, Handb. d. Palaeontologie, iii. 1887-1890, p. 137 et seq.; Gadow, op. cit. p. 208.
F. M. Balfour and W. N. Parker, Phil. Trans. 173, 1882, p. 388.
As additional primary cranial elements mention may be made of a pair of independently developed "alisphenoid" cartilages, which lie in front of the parachordals between the brain and the eyes, and above the trabeculae, and form a considerable part of the inter-orbital region of the cranium. See Sewertzoff, Anat. Anz. xiii. 1897, p. 413; ibid., Kupffer Festschrift, Jena, 1899, p. 281.
W. K. Parker, Trans. Zool. Soc. x. 1878, p. 189.
Huxley, P.Z.S. 1876, p. 40.
W. K. Parker, Phil. Trans. 163, 1873, p. 95.
M‘Murrich, Proc. Canadian Inst. (N.S.) ii. Toronto, 1884, p. 278; Cole, Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. Pt. v. 1898, p. 131.
W. K. Parker, Phil. Trans. 174, Pt. ii. 1883, p. 411; Huxley, Journ. Anat. and Phys. x. 1876, p. 412; Howes, Trans. Biol. Soc. Liverpool, vi. 1891, p. 122.
Huxley, op. cit. p. 421.
W. K. Parker, Phil. Trans. 174, 1883, pp. 376-405; Ayers and Jackson, Journ. Morph. xvii. 1901, p. 193.
Huxley, P.Z.S. 1876, p. 40, et seq.
Dollo, Bull. Soc. Belge Géol. etc. ix. 1895, p. 110.
Hubrecht, Niederländ. Archiv f. Zool. iii. 1877, p. 255.
W. K. Parker, Phil. Trans. 173, 1882, p. 139; Bridge, Phil. Trans. 169, 1878, p. 683.
Traquair, Journ. Anat. and Phys. v. 1871, p. 166; Bridge, Proc. Birm. Phil. Soc. vi. 1888, p. 118; Budgett, Trans. Zool. Soc. xvi. Pt. vii. 1902, p. 315.
Budgett, Trans. Zool. Soc. xv. 1900, p. 334.
Sagemehl, Morph. Jahrb. ix. 1884, p. 177.
W. K. Parker, Phil. Trans. 173, 1882, p. 443.
Bridge, P.Z.S. 1895, p. 302.
Sagemehl, Morph. Jahrb. x. 1885, p. 1; xxvii. 1891, p. 489. Swinnerton, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xlv. 1902, p. 503.
Günther, Phil. Trans. 161, 1871, p. 521; Huxley, P.Z.S. 1876, p. 31; Wiedersheim, Morph. Stud. i. Jena, 1880, p. 46; Bridge, Trans. Zool. Soc. xiv. 1898, p. 350.
Ridewood, P.Z.S. 1894, p. 632.
Ibid. p. 638.
Traquair, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), ii. 1878, p. 1.
Thacker, Trans. Connecticut Acad. iii. 1877, p. 281; Mivart, Trans. Zool. Soc. x. 1879, p. 439; Bridge, Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool. xxv. 1896, p. 530.
Goodrich, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. 47, 1903-1904, p. 465.
Smith Woodward, Nat. Sc. i. 1892, p. 29.
Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, ii. 1891, p. 335.
W. K. Parker, Shoulder-girdle and Sternum of Vertebrata, Ray Soc. 1868; Gegenbaur, Untersuch. Vergl. Anat. Wirbelth. Pt. ii. Leipzig, 1865; Wiedersheim, Das Gliedmassenskelet d. Wirbelth. Jena, 1892.
Traquair, Nature, 62, 1900, p. 502.
Traquair, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. xxxix. 1899, p. 843.
It is more probable that in most existing Teleostomi the pelvic girdle has undergone complete suppression, in which case these cartilages are vestiges and not rudiments.
See, however, Goodrich, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlv. 1901, p. 311.
Bashford Dean, Anat. Anz. xi. 1896, p. 673.
Budgett, Trans. Zool. Soc. xvi. Part vii. 1902, p. 328.
Thacker, Trans. Connecticut Acad. iv. 1877, p. 233.
Traquair, Geol. Mag. vii. 1890, p. 15; Goodrich, l.c.
Haswell, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. ix. 1884, p. 71; Howes, P.Z.S. 1887, p. 3.
Warren, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlv. 1902, p. 631.
See Ridewood, Nat. Sci. viii. 1896, p. 391, for references.
Ridewood, op. cit. p. 390.
For references see Howes, Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool. xxiii. 1890, p. 381.
Howes, op. cit.
Macallum. Reprinted from Proc. Canadian Instit. N.S. ii. 1884, p. 387.
Howes, op. cit.
Howes, P.Z.S. 1890, p. 669.
Balfour and Newton Parker, Phil. Trans. 173, 1882, p. 425.
Newton Parker, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. xxx. 1892, p. 140.
Günther, Phil. Trans. 161, 1871, pp. 542-543.
Owen, Anat. Phys. Vertebrates, London, 1866, i. p. 424.
For the histology of the alimentary canal and its glands in Fishes, see Leydig, Lehrb. d. Histol. d. Menschen u. d. Tiere, 1857; Id. Beitr. zu mikrosk. Anat. u. Entwickl. d. Rochen u. Haie, Leipzig, 1852; Id. Anat.-histol. Untersuch. üb. Fische u. Reptilien, Berlin, 1853; Molin, Sitz. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Wien, v. 1850, p. 416; Macallum, Proc. Canadian Inst. N.S. ii. 1884, p. 387; Id. Journ. Anat. and Phys. xx. 1886, p. 604; N. Parker, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. xxx. 1893, p. 109; Ayers, Jen. Zeitsch. xviii. 1885, p. 479; Edinger, Archiv f. mikr. Anat. xiii. 1876, p. 651; Trinkler, Archiv f. mikr. Anat. xxiv. 1884, p. 174. Also Oppel, Lehrb. d. vergl. mikrosk. Anat. d. Wirbeltiere, i.-ii. Jena, 1896-97, where numerous other references are given.
Owen, op. cit. p. 418.
Owen, l.c.
Hyrtl, Lepidosiren paradoxa. Abhand. d. böhm. Gesell. d. Wiss. 1845, p. 629.
Newton Parker, op. cit.
Paul Mayer, Mitt. zool. Stat. zu Neapel, viii. 1888, p. 307.
Wiedersheim, Lehrb. d. vergl. Anat. d. Wirbelthiere, ed. ii. Jena, 1886, p. 576.
Owen, op. cit. p. 415.
T. Jeffery Parker, Trans. Zool. Soc. xi. 1879, p. 49.
Jeffery Parker, op. cit. pl. xi. Fig. 5.
Ibid. p. 58.
Ibid. p. 58.
Ibid. p. 59.
Ibid. p. 58, pl. xi. Fig. 6.
Günther, op. cit. p. 544.
Newton Parker, op. cit. p. 141.
Macallum, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xx. 1886, pp. 618, 619.
Owen, op. cit. p. 424.
Macallum, l.c.
Balfour and Newton Parker, op. cit. p. 425.
Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. d. Poiss. xix. 1846, p. 151.
Rathke, Üb. d. Darmkanal u. d. Zeugungsorgane d. Fische, Halle, 1824, pp. 62 f.
Edinger, op. cit. p. 678.
T. Jeffery Parker, op. cit. p. 55.
Archiv f. mikr. Anat. xiii. 1876.
Krukenberg, quoted by Miss Alcock, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xiii. (N.S.), 1899, p. 613.
Stannius, Handb. d. Zool., Berlin, 1854, ii. p. 201; Owen, op. cit. p. 425.
Macallum, reprinted from Proc. Canadian Institute, N.S. ii. 1884, p. 407.
Newton Parker, op. cit. p. 138.
Macallum, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xx. 1886, p. 632.
Legouis, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5), xvii. 1873, Art. 8; and xviii. 1873, Art. 3. Also Macallum, op. cit. p. 629.
Newton Parker, op. cit. pp. 138-139.
Turner, Journ. Anat. and Phys. vii. 1873, p. 233.
Stannius, op. cit. pp. 197, 198; Owen, op. cit. p. 428, et seq.
For references, see Macallum, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xx. p. 624 et seq.
Wiedersheim, op. cit. p. 556.
Howes, op. cit. p. 393.
Günther, Challenger Reports, "Zool." xxii. 1887, p. 3; Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Camb. Mass. xii. 1885, p. 20.