Günther, op. cit. p. 545; Newton Parker, op. cit. p. 137.
Howes, op. cit. p. 393 et seq.
Graham Kerr, P.Z.S., 1901, ii. p. 484.
In those Elasmobranchs which have more than five branchial clefts there is a corresponding increase in the number of branchial arches and hemibranchs.
Ridewood, Anat. Anz. xi. 1895, p. 425.
Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, xii. 1885, p. 1; Günther, Challenger Reports, "Zool." xxii. 1887, p. 2.
In the Ammocoetes stage the gill-sacs open directly into the larval pharynx, which is retained as the branchial canal, the oesophagus of the adult being an independent and later formation.
Dohrn, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vi. 1886, p. 49.
Shipley, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxvii. 1887, p. 350.
Howes (P.Z.S. 1893, p. 730) has described certain remarkable variations in the respiratory organs of Petromyzon and Myxine.
In certain Teleosts more or fewer of the branchial arches may lose their gills. This reduction attains its maximum in the singular Indian amphibious Fish, Amphipnous cuchia, where only the second arch has a biserial gill, the remaining arches being wholly devoid of gills (cf. p. 598).
Balfour, Comp. Embryol. ii. 1881, p. 62.
Ramsay Wright, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xix. 1885, p. 476.
Sagemehl, Morph. Jahrb. ix. 1884, p. 213.
Ramsay Wright, op. cit. p. 482.
F. W. Müller, Arch. Mikrosk. Anat. xlix. 1897, p. 463.
Ramsay Wright, op. cit. p. 492.
F. Maurer, Morph. Jahrb. ix. 1884, p. 229; xiv. 1888, p. 175.
Günther, Phil. Trans. clxi. 1871, p. 511; Baldwin Spencer, Macleay Memorial Volume, 1892, p. 1.
Newton Parker, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. xxx. 1892, p. 161; Bridge, Trans. Zool. Soc. xiv. 1898, p. 361.
Bischoff, Lepidosiren paradoxa, Leipzig, 1840; Hyrtl, Abhand. d. böhm. Gesellsch. 1845, p. 637; also Bridge, op. cit. pp. 344, 345.
Turner, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xiv. 1879, p. 273. For references to other writers see Turner, op. cit.
For this information, which was based on an examination of a specimen, parts of which are now in the Cambridge University Museum, I am indebted to Dr. Harmer.
Van Beneden, quoted by Turner, op. cit. p. 282.
Andrew Smith, also quoted by Turner, op. cit. p. 281.
Dahlgren, Zool. Bull. ii. 3, Boston, 1898; Allis, Anat. Anz. xviii. 1900, p. 257.
M‘Kendrick, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xiv. 1879, p. 461.
Naturalist in Celebes, London, 1889, p. 30.
Nature, xxxix. 1889, p. 285.
Budgett, Trans. Zool. Soc. xvi. Pt. ii. 1901, p. 126.
Götte, quoted by Balfour, Comp. Embryol. ii. 1881, p. 62.
Steindachner, Sitz. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. i. 1869, p. 103; Hyrtl, ibid. p. 109; Budgett, op. cit. p. 118.
Boulenger, P.Z.S. 1899, p. 554.
Semon, Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien, Pt. i. p. 44, and Atlas.
Burt G. Wilder, Proc. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci. 1875, p. 151; ibid. 1877, p. 306.
Ann. d. Sci. Nat. sér. 6, vii. 1878, Art. 5.
Baldwin Spencer, op. cit. p. 3.
Sörensen, Journ. Anat. and Phys. 1894, p. 127-138.
Moreau, Ann. d. Sci. Nat. sér. 6, Zool. iv. 1876, Art. 8, p. 62.
Erman, Gilbert Ann. d. Physik. xxx. 1808, p. 113.
Jobert, op. cit.; ibid. v. 1877, Art. 8.
Zograff, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxviii. 1888, p. 501.
Hyrtl, Sitz. d. k. Akad. Wiss. x. 1853, p. 148.
Hyrtl, Denksch. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien. xxiii. 1863, p. i.; ibid. x. 1855, p. 48.
Hyrtl, ibid. viii. 1854, p. 185.
Hyrtl, ibid. xxi. 1863, p. 7; Sagemehl, Morph. Jahrb. xii. 1887, p. 307.
Taylor, Edin. Journ. Sci. v. 1831, p. 33; Hyrtl, Denksch. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien. xiv. 1858, p. 39.
Hyrtl, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien. xi. 1853, p. 302; Day, Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool. xiii. p. 198.
Burne, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xxv. 1894, p. 48.
For much interesting information on aerial respiration in Fishes, see Day, op. cit.; also P.Z.S. 1868, p. 274; and Dobson, ibid. 1874, p. 312.
Semper, Animal Life, Intern. Sci. Series, London, 1881, p. 172.
Miklucho-Maclay, Jen. Zeitsch. iii. 1867, p. 448.
Wiedersheim, Lehrb. d. vergl. Anat. d. Wirbelth. ed. 2, Jena 1886, p. 616.
The glottis is furnished with a structure analogous to the epiglottis-like plate of Protopterus (Wiedersheim, op. cit. p. 616).
Balfour and Newton Parker, Phil. Trans. 173, Part ii. 1883, p. 425.
Günther, Phil. Trans. 161, 1871, p. 511; Baldwin Spencer, Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien (Semon), i. Jena 1898, p. 53.
Newton Parker, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. xxx. 1892, p. 109; Baldwin Spencer, op. cit. p. 54.
Henle, quoted by Howes, P.Z.S. 1887, p. 501; also Wiedersheim, op. cit. p. 622 and Fig. 483.
Bischoff, Ann. d. Set. Nat. (2) Zool. xiv. 1840, p. 136.
Stannius, Handb. d. Zool. Berlin ii. 1854, p. 220.
Günther, Study of Fishes, Edinburgh, 1880, p. 457.
Bridge and Haddon, Phil. Trans. B, 184, 1893, p. 209.
Reinhardt, quoted by Stannius, op. cit. p. 225.
Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. d. Poissons, xxi. 1848, p. 139; Bridge, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xxvii. 1900, p. 503.
Day, P.Z.S. 1871, p. 703.
Sörensen, "Lydorganer hos Fiske," Copenhagen, 1884, p. 85; Kner, SB. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xi. 1853, p. 138.
Cuvier and Valenciennes, op. cit. v.
Günther, Brit. Mus. Cat. Fishes, ii. 1860, p. 313.
Moreau, Compt. Rend. lix. 1864, p. 436.
J. Müller, Ber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1842, p. 177.
Bridge and Haddon, op. cit. p. 234, Pl. II. Fig. 18.
Ibid. p. 216.
Weber, De aure et auditu Hominis et Animalium, Leipzig, 1820, p. 73.
Moreau, Compt. Rend. lxxx. 1875, p. 1247.
Coggi, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vii. 1887, p. 381; Swale Vincent and Stanley Barnes, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xxx. 1896, p. 545.
For the blood-supply of the air-bladder see Chap. XII.
See Chaps. XIV. XIII. and X.
Moreau, Ann. d. Sci. Nat. (6) iv. 1876, Art.
Moreau, op. cit.
Bridge and Haddon, op. cit. p. 286.
Semper, Animal Life, Internat. Sci. Series, London, 1881, p. 321.
Moreau, op. cit. pp. 3, 4.
J. Müller, Vergl. Anat. d. Myxinoiden, Pt. iii. (1839), Berlin, 1841, p. 186. For an account of the vascular system of Bdellostoma see Jackson, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. xx. 1901, p. 13.
T. Jeffery Parker, Phil. Trans. 177, Pt. ii. 1886, p. 702. For references to Elasmobranchs in general, see Parker, op. cit. p. 725.
In the common Dog-Fish (Scyllium canicula) each lateral vein joins the posterior cardinal near the junction of the latter with the Cuvierian duct, the subclavian vein from the pectoral fin opening directly into the corresponding Cuvierian duct.
Jourdain, Ann. Sci. Nat. (4), xii. 1859, p. 321; M‘Kenzie, Reprint from the Proc. Canadian Institute (N.S.) ii. 1884, p. 428. For references to Hyrtl and other writers, see Jourdain, op. cit.
Balfour, Comparative Embryology, London, ii. 1881, pp. 66, 91, and 96.
A subintestinal vein is also present in adult Holocephali (e.g. Callorhynchus antarcticus), T. Jeffery Parker, op. cit. p. 706. The persistence of this vein in adult Fishes is associated with the presence of a well-developed spiral valve.
Budgett, Trans. Zool. Soc. xiv. Pt. vii. 1901, p. 332.
Günther, Phil. Trans. 161, 1872, p. 535; Baldwin Spencer, Macleay Memorial Volume, 1894, p. 17.
Baldwin Spencer, op. cit. pp. 24, 30-31. Not represented in Fig. 191.
Hochstetter, Morphol. Jahrb. xiii. 1888, p. 153.
The vertebral vein, which is present only on the right side, may represent the reduced anterior portion of the right posterior cardinal, as Baldwin Spencer (op. cit.) has suggested.
As an abnormality the adult Frog may retain the embryonic connexion of the right anterior abdominal vein with the heart (Buller, Journ. Anat. and Phys. iii. 1896, p. 211).
Newton Parker, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. xxx. 1892, p. 179.
Hyrtl, Abhand. d. Böhm. Gesellsch. 1845, p. 643.
There is an incomplete auricular septum in the Holocephali (e.g. Chimaera monstrosa), see Ray Lankester, Trans. Zool. Soc. x. 1879, p. 502.
Stannius, Handb. d. Anat. d. Wirbelth. Berlin, ii. 1854, p. 235; Boas, Morphol. Jahrb. vi. 1880, p. 527.
Boas, Morphol. Jahrb. vi. 1880, p. 321.
Ibid. op. cit.
J. Müller, Vergl. Anat. d. Myxinoiden, Pt. iii. (1839) Berlin 1841 p. 179.
T. Jeffery Parker, Phil. Trans. 177, Pt. ii. 1886, p. 686; cf. H. Ayers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, xvii. No. 5, 1889, p. 191.
Chlamydoselachus is more primitive in this respect, and has but a single efferent vessel for the two hemibranchs of each arch, which corresponds with the more anterior of the two in Mustelus (Ayers, op. cit.).
Note, however, that in the young Lepidosteus there are two efferent vessels in each arch, which, nevertheless, differ from those of Mustelus in uniting to form an epibranchial artery before joining the dorsal aorta (F. W. Müller, Arch. Mikr. Anat. xlix. 1897, p. 463).
T. Jeffery Parker, op. cit. p. 691.
Cf. Figs. 195 and 196.
Ramsay Wright, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xix. 1885, p. 482; F. W. Müller, op. cit.
These vessels are not to be regarded as homologous with the primitive paired aortae of Amphioxus and the embryos of higher Vertebrates. The true dorsal aorta sometimes persists as a median vestigial vessel which traverses the circulus cephalicus.
For the relations of the efferent branchial vessels to the cephalic circle and the median dorsal aorta in different Teleosts, see Ridewood, P.Z.S. 1899, p. 939.
Only one of the two internal carotid arteries is shown in Fig. 199.
J. Müller, U. d. Bau u. d. Grenzen d. Ganoiden, Berlin, 1846, p. 43; Ramsay Wright, Standard Nat. Hist. iii. pp. 48, 49.
Baldwin Spencer, Macleay Memorial Volume, 1892, p. 1.
Newton Parker, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. xxx. 1892, p. 173.
This structure may prove to be a hemibranch of the first branchial arch.
Newton Parker, op. cit. p. 167.
Newton Parker, op. cit. p. 138.
De Meuron, Recherches sur le développement du Thymus et de la glande thyreoïde, Inaug. Dissert. Genève, 1886; Maurer, Morph. Jahrb. xi. 1886, p. 129; W. Müller, Jen. Zeitsch. vi. 1871, p. 428; vii. 1873, p. 327; Dohrn, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vi. 1886, p. 49; vii. 1887, p. 301.
Newton Parker, op. cit. p. 135.
Quoted by N. Parker, l.c.
Van Bemmelen, Anat. Anz. iv. 1889, p. 400.
W. Müller, op. cit.
Dohrn, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel. v. 1884, pp. 141-151; see also the previously cited works of De Meuron and Maurer.
Dohrn, op. cit.
See pp. 120 and 135. Willey, Amphioxus and the Ancestry of the Vertebrates, New York, 1894, pp. 30, 31.
Beard, Anat. Anz. ix. 1894, p. 485.
Newton Parker, op. cit. p. 135.
Giacomini, quoted by Swale Vincent, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xxxviii. 1903, p. 41.
Vincent, Trans. Zool. Soc. xiv. Part iii. 1897, p. 41. For bibliography see Vincent, Internat. Monatsschr. f. Anat. u. Phys. xv. 1898, p. 319.
Giacomini, quoted by Swale Vincent, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xxxviii. 1903, p. 41.
Vincent, op. cit. pp. 32, 33.
Balfour, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxii. 1882, p. 12.
Swale Vincent, op. cit. p. 78.
Ibid. pp. 77, 78.
Balfour, op. cit. p. 16.
See Chapter XI.
Pettigrew, Animal Locomotion, Internat. Sci. Series, London, 1874, p. 64; Gadow, Science for All (Cassell), v. p. 302.
Bridge, Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), xxv. 1896, p. 530.
Sörensen, Om Lydorganer hos Fiske, Copenhagen, 1884; Dufossé, Ann. d. Sci. Nat. Ser. 5, xix. Art. 5, 1874, and xx. Art. 3, 1874. For references to earlier papers see Sörensen, op. cit.
Haddon, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xv. 1881, p. 322; Bridge and Haddon, Phil. Trans. 184, 1893, p. 168.
Möbius, Sitz. d. Berlin. Akad. d. Wiss. 1889, p. 999.
Notes by a Naturalist on H.M.S. "Challenger," London, 1879, p. 51.
The elastic-spring-mechanism has been described by several writers, who had assigned to it various functions, but Sörensen (op. cit. pp. 85-91) was the first to discover its vocal function by observations and experiments on Doras maculatus.
The mechanism is apparently absent in one species of Pangasius (P. micronema). Bridge and Haddon, op. cit. p. 220.
Moreau, Compt. Rendus, lix. 1864, p. 436; Ann. d. Sci. Nat. (6) iv. 1876, p. 65.
Sörensen, Lydorganer, p. 82, et. seq.
Cf. Mettenheimer, Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1858, p. 302.
Günther, Phil. Trans. 161, 1871, p. 542.
Pappe, Synopsis of the Edible Fishes at the Cape of Good Hope, Capetown, 1853, p. 8.
Günther, Study of Fishes, Edinburgh, 1880, p. 427.
Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, London, i. 1880-1884, p. 151.
Sörensen, op. cit.
Moreau, op. cit.
Ewart, Phil. Trans. 179 (B), 1888, pp. 399, 410, and 539; 183 (B), 1893, p. 389.
Ballowitz, Arch. Mikr. Anat. l. 1897, p. 686; Carl Sachs, Untersuchungen am Zitteraal, Leipzig, 1881.
Ballowitz, Das Electrische Organ des Africanischen Zitterwelses, Jena, 1899.
Gotch, Phil. Trans. 178, 1888, p. 487.
Id. op. cit. p. 535.