Cf. p. 580.
Graham Kerr, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlvi. 1902, p. 417.
For the nomenclature of the brain and its cavities see T. J. Parker, Nature, xxxv. 1886, p 208; and Parker and Haswell, Text-Book of Zoology, London, 1897, ii. p. 94.
It is possible that the prosencephalon is merely the bulging anterior part of the thalamencephalon; if this be so the hemispheres are really paired outgrowths from the thalamencephalon.
In Lizards either of the two vesicles may become a parietal eye (Dendy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlii. 1899, p. 111).
Holm, Morph. Jahrb. xxix. 1901, p. 365.
The sacci probably secrete the fluid contents of the ventricles.
Haller, Morph. Jahrb. xxvi. 1898, p. 345.
Goronowitsch, Morph. Jahrb. xiii. 1888, p. 427.
Burckhardt, Das Central-Nervensystem v. Protopterus annectens. Berlin, 1892.
Sanders, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) iii. 1889, p. 157.
See Gaskell's important paper, Journ. Physiol. vii. 1886, p. 1.
Herrick, Journ. Neur. ix. p. 153; Cole, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxxviii. 1896, p. 631; Id. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 1898, p. 115, to which an excellent bibliography is appended.
For a discussion of the relations of "end-buds" to the sense of taste in Fishes, see Bateson, Journ. Marine Biol. Ass. i. (N.S.) 1890, p. 225; and Herrick, U.S. Fish Commiss. Bull. 1902, p. 237. In the latter paper a bibliography of the subject is given.
These fibres are included in the visceral sensory or "communis" system by Herrick.
See previously cited papers by Herrick and Cole; also Ewart, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxxvi. 1892, p. 59; Collinge, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxxvi. 1894, p. 499; and Herrick, Journ. Comp. Neurology, xi. 1901, p. 177.
Allis, Journ. Morph. ii. 1889, p. 463.
Johnston, Journ. Comp. Neurology, xii. 1902, p. 2.
Fuchs (Archiv f. d. ges. Physiol. lix. 1895, p. 454) has suggested that these organs may be concerned with the perception of pressure variations. It has also been argued that they are concerned with equilibration and the co-ordination of the movements of the fins. (See American Journ. Physiol. i. p. 128.)
Burckhardt, Das Central-Nervensystem v. Protopterus, Berlin, 1892, p. 32.
Bridge, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 1900, p. 503.
Ridewood, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xxvi. 1892, p. 26.
E. H. Weber, De aure et auditu Hominis et Animalium. Pars i. De aure Animalium Aquatilium, Leipzig, 1820; Bridge and Haddon, Phil. Trans. 184, 1893, p. 65.
Sagemehl, Morph. Jahrb. x. 1885, p. 22.
The Weberian ossicles are modified components of certain of the anterior vertebrae. The scaphium represents the neural arch of the first vertebra; the intercalarium is the arch of the second vertebra; while the tripus is probably the rib of the third vertebra. In the Characinidae and the Cyprinidae an additional ossicle, the "claustrum" is present.
See also Sörensen, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xxix. 1895, p. 399; and Bridge, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 1900, p. 531.
Bridge and Haddon, op. cit. p. 261.
Id. Proc. Roy. Soc. lii. 1892, p. 139.
Kupffer, Stud. vergl. Entwickl. d. Kopfes d. Kraniaten, iii. 1895, p. 6.
In Bdellostoma the olfactory organ arises as a pair of outgrowths from the pituitary involution (Bashford Dean, Kupffer's Festschrift, Jena, 1899, p. 269).
Kyle, Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), xxvii. 1900, p. 541.
Beer, Wien. klin. Wochenschr., No. xlii. 1898, p. 11.
Chun, Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres, Jena, 1900, p. 534.
Ritter, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxiv. 1893, p. 51.
Eigenmann, Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech. viii. 1899, p. 545.
Studnička, Sitzber. k. böhm. Ges. Wiss., 1899, No. xxxvii.
Chun, loc. cit. p. 536.
It is probable that the archinephric duct is derived from the embryonic epiblast; hence the suggestion that in the primitive Vertebrates the duct was a longitudinal groove in the superficial skin into which the pronephric tubules opened externally.
W. Müller, Jen. Zeitsch. ix. 1875, p. 107; Semon, Carl Gegenbaur's Festschrift, Leipzig, 1896, iii. p. 169.
Jungersen, Zool. Anz. xxiii. 1900, p. 328.
Bridge, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xiv. 1879, p. 81; Bles, ib. xxxii. 1898, p. 484; Proc. Roy. Soc. lxii. 1898, p. 232.
Max Weber, Morph. Jahrb. xii. 1886, p. 336.
Ewart, Journ. Anat. and Phys. x. 1876, p. 488.
Burne, Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool. xxvi. 1898, p. 487.
Semper, Centralblatt f. Med. Wiss. 1875, No. 29; F. M. Balfour, Journ. Anat. and Phys. x. 1875, p. 17; Id. Comparative Embryology, London, 1881, ii. p. 568.
Huxley, P.Z.S. 1883, p. 132.
Budgett, Trans. Zool. Soc. xv. 1901, p. 323; xvi. 1902, p. 315.
Graham Kerr, P.Z.S. 1901, p. 484; Proc. Phil. Soc. Cambridge, xi. Pt. v. 1902, p. 329.
Graham Kerr, op. cit.
Hirota, Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Japan, vii. 1895, p. 367.
For the eggs of Cyclostomes see Chapter XVI.
For a description of the eggs and breeding habits, and the larval development and migrations of British Marine Fishes, see M‘Intosh and Prince, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. 1890; M‘Intosh, Ann. Report Fishery Board for Scotland, 1892; Cunningham, Marketable Marine Fishes of the British Islands, London, 1896; M‘Intosh and Masterman, Life-Histories of the British Marine Food-Fishes, London, 1897; also numerous papers by Cunningham, Holt, Garstang, and Allen, in the Journ. Marine Biol. Assoc. Plymouth, vols. i.-vi.
See Chapter XVII.
Cunningham, op. cit. p. 69.
Guitel, Arch. Zool. Expér. et Gén. (3), i. 1893, p. 611.
Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, No. 1, p. 11.
Cunningham, op. cit. p. 358.
H. v. Jhering, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxxviii. 1883, p. 468.
Olt, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lv. 1893, p. 643.
Budgett, Trans. Zool. Soc. xvi. Pt. ii. 1901, p. 130.
Eigenmann, Bull. Fish Comm. (U.S.), 1892, p. 381; Arch. Entwickelungsmech. iv. 1896, p. 125; Cunningham, op. cit. p. 356, et seq.
For a general account of Sexual Dimorphism in Fishes, see Cunningham's Sexual Dimorphism in the Animal Kingdom, London, 1900, pp. 178-227. Some of the more striking examples of Sexual Dimorphism are mentioned in the chapters dealing with the different families of Fishes.
Holt, "On the Breeding of the Dragonet (Callionymus lyra)," P.Z.S. 1898, p. 281.
Howes, Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool. xxiii. 1891, p. 539, where references are given to the literature of the subject.
The American Hags probably belong to a distinct species, M. limosa Girard; Bashford Dean, Science (N.S.), xvii. 1903, p. 433.
Bashford Dean, Kupffer's "Festschrift," Jena, 1809, p. 227 et seq.
Journ. Morph. xvii. 1898, p. 213.
Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 47; The Fishes of North and Middle America, Pt. i. 1896, p. 6.
B. Dean, op. cit. p. 230 et seq.
Jordan and Evermann, op. cit. p. 9 et seq.
Plate, Sitzungsb. d. Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, No. 8, 1897, p. 137.
Bashford Dean and F. B. Sumner, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xvi. 1897, p. 321.
Dohrn, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vi. 1886, p. 59; Shipley, Quart. Journ. Microsc. Sci. xxvii. 1887, p. 325.
R. Alcock, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xiii. (N.S.), 1899, p. 623.
Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, Lond. ii. 1880-84, p. 360.
Den Danske Ingolf-Expedition, ii. No. 2, Copenhagen, 1898.
Cunningham, Marketable Marine Fishes, London, 1896, p. 64.
Wood-Mason and Alcock, Proc. Roy. Soc. 49, 1891, p. 359.
Leydig, Mikrosk. Anat. u. Entwick. d. Rochen u. Haie, Leipzig, 1852, p. 90 et seq.
T. J. Parker, Trans. New Zealand Instit. xxii. 1889 (1890), p. 331.
Smith Woodward, Vertebrate Palaeontology, Cambridge, 1898, p. 32.
B. Dean, Journ. Morph. ix. 1894, p. 87. Trans. New York Acad. Sci. xiii. 1894, p. 115.
Traquair, Geol. Mag. (3), v. 1888, p. 81; Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, xi. 1897, p. 41.
For references see Zittel's Text-Book of Palaeontology (Eng. trans. ed. by C. R. Eastman), London and New York, ii. 1902, pp. 22-23.
See also restoration of Pleuracanthus gaudryi from the Coal-Measures of Commentry, Allier, France, by C. Brongniart; Zittel, op. cit. p. 23.
A. Fritsch, Fauna der Gaskohle in Böhmen, ii. Prague, 1889; Kner, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math.-Naturw. Cl. lvii. Pt. i. 1868, p. 290; Traquair, Geol. Mag. (3), v. 1888, p. 511, and (4) i. 1894, p. 254.
Günther, Study of Fishes, Edin. 1880; British Mus. Cat. Fishes, viii. 1870; Müller and Henle, Syst. Beschr. d. Plagiost. Berlin, 1841. Hasse, Natürl. Syst. d. Elasmobr. Jena, 1879. Goode and Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, Washington, 1895. Jordan and Evermann, Fishes of North and Middle America, Washington, 1896, Pt. i. Smith Woodward, Vertebrate Palaeontology, Cambridge, 1898; id. Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, i. 1889, ii. 1891; Zittel, op. cit.
Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, xii. No. 1, 1885, p. 1; Günther, Chall. Rep. Zool. xxii. 1887, p. 2.
Smith Woodward, Nat. Science, i. 1892, p. 671.
Günther, Study of Fishes, p. 328.
Goode and Bean, op. cit. p. 23.
Müller and Henle, op. cit.
Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), x. 1902, p. 51.
Day, British Fishes, London, 1880-84, ii. p. 294.
Cantor, quoted by Günther, op. cit. p. 318.
T. J. Parker, P.Z.S. 1887, p. 27.
D. S. Jordan, California Acad. Sci. (3), Zool. i. 1898; Bashford Dean, Science (N.S.), xvii. 1903, p. 630.
Smith Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), iii. 1899, p. 487.
Kershaw, Victorian Natural. xix. 1901, p. 62; Waite, Rec. Austral. Mus. iv. 1901, p. 263.
Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. 1889, p. 379.
Day, op. cit. p. 324. See also Stead, Journ. Mar. Biol. Ass. iv. 1895-97, p. 264.
Vertebrate Palaeontology, Cambridge, 1898, p. 32.
I am indebted to Mr. Boulenger for these observations.
Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. 1889, p. 380.
Jordan and Evermann, op. cit. p. 76.
Day, op. cit. p. 336.
Zittel, op. cit. p. 41.
Jordan and Evermann, op. cit. p. 85.
Günther, op. cit. p. 348.
Duméril, quoted by Jordan and Evermann, op. cit. p. 92.
Rohon, Verhandl. k. Min. Ges. Petersburg, xxxiii. 1895, p. 1.
Smith Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 527; and 1887, p. 481.
Id., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. iv. (6), 1889, p. 275.
Günther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) iv. 1889, p. 415.
See also an account of the egg-case of a Chimaeroid dredged from a depth of 516 fathoms in the Bay of Bengal (Wood-Mason and Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) viii. 1891, p. 21).
Goode and Bean, op. cit. p. 32.
Mitsukuri, Zool. Mag. Tokyo, 1895, quoted in Nat. Sci. viii. 1896, p. 10.
Günther, Chall. Reports, Zool. xxii. 1887, p. 12.
Bashford Dean, Mem. New York Acad. Sci. ii. Pt. i. 1899, p. 28; Biol. Bull. iv. 1903, p. 270.
E. T. Newton, Mem. Geol. Surv. Monogr. iv. 1878; Riess, Palaeontogr. xxxiv. 1887, p. 1; Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, ii. 1891, p. 52; Zittel, Text-Book of Palaeontology, English ed., London and New York, ii. 1902, p. 46.
Hence the name "Teleostomi" or "perfect-mouthed" Fishes.
Boulenger, Poissons du Bassin du Congo, Bruxelles, 1901, p. 2. Smith Woodward (Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, ii. 1891, p. 317; and Vert. Palaeont. Cambridge, 1898, p. 78), following Cope, recognises four sub-orders, the Haplistia, Rhipidistia, Actinistia, and Cladistia. The first sub-order is reserved for the Tarrasiidae, a family which includes only the little known Tarrasius problematicus from the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland.
Traquair, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxvii. 1875, p. 383.
Whiteaves, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, vi. 1888, p. 77.
Traquair, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxx. 1881, p. 169.
Traquair, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xvii. p. 388.
Reiss, Die Coelacanthinen, Palaeontogr. xxxi. 1888, p. 1; Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, ii. 1891, p. 394.
Smith Woodward, op. cit. p. 412.
Boulenger, Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 10. For a list of the more important papers, see pp. 18-19 of that work.
Mr. Boulenger informs me that he regards these spines as modified ridge scales or fulcra. The latter are median spine-like or Λ-shaped scales in relation with the anterior margins of the median fins in some Crossopterygii (e.g. Osteolepidae) and in many Chondrostei and Holostei.
Boulenger, op. cit. p. 20 et seq.; id. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. (1), i. Fasc. 4, Bruxelles, 1899, p. 61; ii. Fasc. 2, 1902, p. 23.
Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. x. 1900, p. 236; Trans. Zool. Soc. xvi. Pt. ii. 1901, p. 115.
Amer. Nat. xxxiii. 1899, p. 721; Science (2), ix. 1899, p. 314.
Budgett, Trans. Zool. Soc. xv. Pt. vii. 1901, p. 330.
Trans. Zool. Soc. xvi. Pt. ii. 1901, p. 118; also footnote on p. 317.
Traquair, Journ. Geol. Soc. Ireland (2), 1871, p. 249.
Boulenger, Les Poissons du Bassin du Congo, Bruxelles, 1901, p. 27.
Traquair, Monogr. Palaeont. Soc. 1877; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxxiii. 1877; Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxx. 1883, p. 22; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xv. 1875, p. 237; Smith Woodward, Mem. Geol. Surv. N. S. Wales, Palaeont. No. 4, 1890, and No. 9, 1895.
Traquair, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxix. 1879, p. 343.
Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, iii. 1875, p. 7.
Traquair, Geol. Mag. (3) iv. 1887, p. 248; Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, iii. 1895, p. 23.
Jordan and Evermann, "Fishes of North and Middle America," Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, Pt. i. 1896, p. 101.
Jordan and Evermann, op. cit. p. 102.
Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, ii. 1880-84, p. 282.
Id., op. cit. p. 279.
Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, iii. pp. 48, 415.
Bashford Dean, Q.J.M.S. xxxviii. p. 413.
This genus also occurs in the Cretaceous of Brazil (Smith Woodward, A.M.N.H. (7) ix. 1902, p. 87.)
It is possible that a similar articulation is present in Lepidotus (Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, iii. p. 79).
Jordan and Evermann, op. cit. p. 108, et seq.
Alex. Agassiz, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sc. xiii. 1878, p. 65; Mark, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, xix. 1890, p. 1.
Mark, op. cit. p. 3.
Pander, Ueber die Ctenodipterinen des Devonischen Systems, St. Petersb. 1858.
Traquair, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), ii. 1878, p. 1; Geol. Mag. (3), vi. 1889, p. 97; Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, ii. 1891, p. 235 et seq.
Traquair, Journ. Roy. Geol. Soc. Ireland (N.S.), iii. 1873, p. 41; Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xvii. 1890, p. 393.