Kner, SB. k. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Naturw. Cl. lvii. Pt. ii. 1868, p. 279.
See Chaps. XI. XII. and XIV.
Miall, Palaeont. Soc. 1878; Teller, "Ueber Ceratodus sturi," Abh. k. k. Geol. Reichsanst. Wien. xv. 1891.
Günther, Phil. Trans. 161, 1871, p. 511.
Semon, Zool. Forsch. im Australien, i. Jena, 1893, p. 13 et seq.
Semon, op. cit. p. 115.
For a list of the more important papers on Protopterus, see Boulenger, Les Poissons du Bassin du Congo, Bruxelles, 1901, pp. 40-42.
Traquair, Rep. Brit. Ass. 1871 (2), p. 143; Boulenger, P.Z.S. 1891, p. 147.
Newton Parker, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. xxx. 1892, p. 201.
Trans. Zool. Soc. xvi. Pt. ii. 1901, p. 119.
Bohls, Gött. Nachrichten, 1894, p. 84; Lankester, Trans. Zool. Soc. xiv. Pt. i. 1896, p. 11; Goeldi, xiv. Pt. vii. 1898, p. 413; Graham Kerr, Phil. Trans. (B), 192, 1900, p. 299.
Hunt, P.Z.S. 1898, p. 41.
Lankester, Nature, 49, 1894, p. 555; id. Trans. Zool. Soc. xiv. Pt. i. 1896; Graham Kerr, op. cit. p. 306.
For further information about the development of Lepidosiren, see Graham Kerr's valuable paper, op. cit.
Dollo, Sur la Phylogénie des Dipneustes, Bruxelles, 1895.
For critical remarks, see Traquair, Brit. Ass. Reports, 1900, p. 776 et seq.
Compare Figs. 301 and 304.
It is worthy of note that Protopterus dolloi approaches Lepidosiren in the more Eel-like shape of its body, and in the large number of pairs of ribs (54) which it possesses (Boulenger, op. cit. p. 37).
Traquair, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) vi. 1890, p. 485; Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. xii. 1893, p. 87; ibid. p. 312; P.Z.S. 1897, p. 314; Bashford Dean, Trans. New York Acad. Sci. xv. 1896, p. 101; Mem. New York Acad. Sci. ii. 1900, p. 1.
In a recently published and important contribution to our knowledge of Palaeospondylus, by Professor and Miss Sollas (Phil. Trans. 196, 1903, p. 343), they describe structures on the ventral surface of the head, which they maintain to be branchial arches, as well as others which, in their view, may represent hyomandibular and mandibular elements.
Graham Kerr, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. x. 1900, p. 298.
Lankester, Nat. Sci. xi. 1897, p. 45.
Traquair, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxxix. 1899, pp. 595 and 828.
Id. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxxix. 1899, p. 844; Geol. Mag. vii. 1900, p. 153; ix. 1902, p. 289; Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xl. Pt. iv. 1903, p. 723.
Lankester, Monogr. Palaeont. Soc. 1868, 1870; Geol. Mag. x. 1873, p. 241; Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, ii. 1891, p. 159.
Traquair, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxxix. 1899, p. 834.
Lankester, Monogr. Palaeont. Soc. 1868 and 1870; Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, ii. 1891, p. 176.
Traquair, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. xii. 1894, p. 269.
Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxxix. p. 843 et seq.; Rep. Brit. Ass. 1900, p. 768.
See critical remarks by Smith Woodward, Geol. Mag. vii. 1900, p. 66.
Lankester, Nat. Sci. xi. 1897, p. 46.
Traquair, op. cit. p. 837.
Smith Woodward, Ann. Nat. Hist. (7), v. 1900, p. 416.
Traquair, Monogr. Palaeont. Soc. 1894.
Traquair, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6), ii. 1888, p. 485.
Traquair, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. xi. 1891-92, p. 283.
Traquair, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6), v. 1890, p. 125.
Traquair, Geol. Mag. (3), vii. 1890, p. 55; Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. x. p. 227.
Id. Geol. Mag. (3), vi. 1889, p. 1.
Newberry, The Palaeozoic Fishes of North America, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, xvi. 1889; Bashford Dean, Fishes, Living and Fossil, New York, 1895, p. 129 et seq.; New York Acad. Sci. Mem. ii. 1901, p. 87; Eastman, Amer. Journ. Sci. (4), ii. 1896, p. 46; Amer. Geol. xviii. 1896, p. 222; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxxi. 1897, p. 19.
Rept. Brit. Assoc. 1900, p. 779.
This exists in Dapedius, as pointed out by A. S. Woodward. But this genus should certainly be removed from the vicinity of Lepidotus, and it seems to bear affinity with the Pholidophoridae.
A synopsis of the classification followed in this work has been published in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7), xiii. 1904, p. 161. Some corrections have been introduced, chiefly due to the investigations of Dr. W. G. Ridewood.
Cf. Boas, Morph. Jahrb. vi. 1880, p. 527, who has found the conus, but in a still more rudimentary condition, and with a single row of valvules, in Heterotis and Notopterus also.
For a general account of the Fishes of this family, cf. Boulenger, P.Z.S. 1898, p. 775, and Poissons du Bassin du Congo, p. 49 (1901), where a bibliographical index to the principal anatomical and physiological publications will be found.
Trans. Zool. Soc. xvi. 1901, p. 126.
Journ. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 1900, p. 503.
On the Anatomy, cf. Agassiz, in Spix, "Pisc. Brasil." p. 32; Hyrtl, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, viii. 1855, p. 73; Hemprich and Ehrenberg, "Symb. Phys." Zootom. pls. viii. and ix.; Bridge, P.Z.S. 1895, p. 302.
I have not been able to convince myself of the existence of an intergular plate in this genus, but I am satisfied that the postclavicle rests on the outer side of the clavicular arch. The bone that has been regarded as a small intergular plate in Spaniodon is, in my opinion, the glossohyal.
On the life-histories of the British Clupeids, cf. Heincke, "Naturgeschichte des Herings" (Abh. Deutsch. Seefisch. Ver. ii. 1898); J. T. Cunningham, "Life-History of the Pilchard" (J. Mar. Biol. Ass. [2] iii. 1894, p. 148), and the manuals of the latter author (Marketable Fishes of Great Britain, 1896) and of M‘Intosh and Masterman (British Marine Food-Fishes, 1897).
On the accessory branchial organs of some genera, see p. 294.
For important contributions to our knowledge of European and American Salmonids since the publication of Günther's account in the British Museum Catalogue, cf. F. Day, British and Irish Salmonidae (1887), Smitt, Krit. Förteckn. Riksmus. Salmonider (1886), Fatio, Faune des Vertébrés de la Suisse, v. (1890), and Jordan and Evermann, Fish. N. America, i. (1896).
In Anomalopterus, however, a sort of adipose fin exists, as a fold or cushion on the back, but in front of the rayed dorsal.
A detailed description of the skull of Alepocephalus rostratus has been given by Gegenbaur, Morphol. Jahrb. iv. Suppl. 1878, p. 1.
As pointed out by Gegenbaur. These forms are, however, placed by Gill in a division characterised by the atrophy or absence of the mesocoracoid.
Zool. Jahrb. Anat. xviii. 1903, p. 58.
Morphol. Jahrb. x. 1885, p. 22.
For the nomenclature of these ossicles, cf. Bridge and Haddon, Proc. Roy. Soc. xlvi. 1889, p. 310.
On the anatomy of the Characinidae, cf. Sagemehl, Morphol. Jahrb. x. 1885, p. 102, and xii. 1887, p. 307, and Rowntree, Tr. Linn. Soc. ix. 1903, p. 247.
The end of the tail, when injured, is easily reproduced. As in Lizards, the axis of the regenerated part is an undivided calcified tube.
Cf. Reinhardt, Arch. f. Naturg. 1854, p. 159.
For the anatomy and physiology, cf. C. Sachs's posthumous work, Untersuchungen am Zitteraal, edited by E. du Bois-Reymond (Leipzig, 1881).
For an illustrated account of the principal types of pharyngeal teeth, cf. Heckel, Russegger's Reisen, i. p. 1001, pl. i. (1843). On their variations in certain European species, cf. Heincke, Leuckart Festschrift, p. 85 (1892).
Cf. Baudelot, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5), vii. 1867, p. 339, and Leydig, "Unters. Anat. u. Histol. d. Thiere" (1885).
Cf. Noll, Zool. Gart. 1869, p. 257, and 1877, p. 351; Olt, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lv. 1893, p. 543; Cuénot, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1898, p. 53.
Boulenger, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), viii. 1901, p. 186.
Watase, Journ. Coll. Sci. Japan, i. 1887, p. 247.
On the anatomy of the Cyprinids, cf. Sagemehl, Morphol. Jahrb. xvii. 1891, p. 489.
Cf. Boulenger, "Poissons du Bassin du Congo," p. 238 (1901).
In Exostoma these bones are two in number and so elongate as to resemble the condition characteristic of the Pediculati.
Proc. Canad. Inst. (2) ii. 1884, p. 376.
Cf. Bridge and Haddon, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. clxxxiv. 1893, p. 65.
The absence of these fishes from the United States west of the Rocky Mountains is very remarkable. Amiurus nebulosus was introduced about 1877 into some parts of California, where it is said to be now excessively abundant.
Cf. Sörensen, C. R. Ac. Sci. lxxxviii. 1879, p. 1042, and "Lydorgane hos Fiske" (Copenhagen, 1884); Bridge and Haddon, P.R.S. lv. 1894, p. 439.
Cf. Hancock, Zool. Journ. iv. 1829, p. 242.
Cf. G. Fritsch, "Die Elektrischen Fische, I. Malopterurus" (Leipzig, 1887); E. Ballowitz, "Das elektrische Organ des Afrikanischen Zitterwelses" (Jena, 1899).
Cf. Eycleshymer, Amer. Nat. 1901, p. 911.
Zool. Journ. iv. 1829, p. 245.
P.Z.S. 1836, p. 330.
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 288.
Zool. Forsch. Austral. v. ii. 1895, p. 273. See also Wyman, Amer. Journ. Sci. (2) xxvii. 1859, p. 12; Hensel, Arch. f. Nat. 1870, p. 70; Turner, J. Anat. and Physiol. i. 1867, p. 78.
Cf. H. v. Ihering, Biol. Centralbl. viii. 1888, p. 298.
Cf. Boulenger, P.Z.S. 1891, p. 148.
Cf. Day, Fish. Ind. 1878, p. 456.
Cf. Boulenger, P.Z.S. 1897, pp. 901 and 920; Jobert, Arch. de Parasitol. i. 1898, p. 493.
Vidensk. Meddel. (Copenhagen), 1858, p. 79.
A monograph of these Fishes, by Mr. C. T. Regan, will shortly appear in the Transactions of the Zoological Society.
Cf. Moritz Wagner, Abh. Akad. Münch. x. 1866, p. 101, and Whymper, Trav. Andes Ecuador, 1892, p. 251.
Cf. Wyman, Amer. Journ. Sci. (2) xxvii. 1859, p. 9, and Vaillant, C. R. Ac. Sci. cxxvi. 1898, p. 544.
Cf. Taylor, Edinb. Journ. Sci. v. 1831, p. 33; Hyrtl, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, xiv. 1858, p. 39. On the osteology, cf. Gill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. 1890, p. 299.
Cf. L. Jacoby, Zeitschr. Ges. Naturw. 1867, p. 257.
The biology of the Eel embraces an enormous literature. The following general recent accounts should be consulted:—L. Jacoby, Die Aalfrage (Berlin, 1880), translated in Rep. U.S. Fish Comm. 1882, p. 463; H. C. Williamson, Rep. Fish. Board Scotl. xiii. 3, 1895, p. 192; G. B. Grassi, Proc. R. Soc. lx. 1896, p. 260, and Mon. Zool. Ital. viii. 1897, p. 233; C. H. Eigenmann, Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc. xxiv. 1902, p. 5. For a summary of our knowledge of the larval forms of European species, cf. J. T. Cunningham, Journ. Mar. Biol. Ass. (2) iii. 1895, p. 278.
Forming, with the bases of the neurapophyses, the cross-shaped arrangement which has been described in the Pike as well as in Amia.
Cf. Raffaele, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neap. ix. 1889, p. 179; Lütken, "Spolia Atlantica," ii. 1892; Goode and Bean, "Ocean. Ichthyol." p. 70 (1895).
K. spekii has been described as from Central Africa, but the only known specimens were obtained by Speke in Uzaramo, a district on the coast of German East Africa, just south of Zanzibar.
The most recent account of the Cyprinodonts, with much information on the habits, development, and anatomy, is by S. Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. No. 1, 1895.
On the history and habits of the Blind Fishes of the Mammoth Cave, cf. Putnam, Amer. Nat. 1872, p. 6, and Proc. Boston Soc. xvii. 1875, p. 222. For a recent account of the eyes of the Amblyopsidae, cf. C. H. Eigenmann's paper in Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech. viii. 1899, p. 545, to which is appended a complete bibliographical index to the subject.
Vaillant was inclined to take a different view, but with considerable diffidence, owing to his inability actually to trace an open duct. I believe Günther to be right on this point, as well as in his account of the suspension of the pectoral arch in Notacanthus, which I have been able to verify. Besides, Mr. W. S. Rowntree, who has great experience in these matters, has kindly examined at my request a well-preserved example of Halosauropsis macrochir, and informs me that "the air-bladder passes anteriorly into a tapering band of tissue which ends in a thread-like ligament attached to the stomach near its posterior end and in the mid-dorsal line—not to the oesophagus; no trace of an open communication could be found."
Fauna u. Flora d. Golf. v. Neap. ii. 1880.
Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlv. 1902, p. 503.
Ann. Sci. Nat. (8), xiv. 1902, p. 197.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) x. 1902, p. 147.
E. C. Starks, in an important paper on "The Shoulder Girdle and Characteristic Osteology of the Hemibranchiate Fishes" (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv. 1902, p. 619), has shown that the so-called infraclavicle of Sticklebacks and allies does not exist as a distinct element. The definition of the Catosteomi, as I had originally drawn it up, has accordingly had to be modified.
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxvi. 1903, p. 915.
On the nesting habits, cf. Coste, Mém. Acad. Sci. Paris, x. 1848, p. 575, Pl.; Warington, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) x. 1852, p. 276; Prince, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xvi. 1885, p. 487, Pl. xiv. On the spinning organ: Möbius, Arch. Mikr. Anat. xxv. 1886, p. 554, Pl. xxii.
Dr. Sauvage has described a Gastrosteus texanus, but the locality is probably incorrect, as recent American works do not mention the occurrence of Sticklebacks in Texas.
Protaulopsis, from Monte Bolca, appears to me to belong to the Scombresocidae. The anterior vertebrae are equal in size; long, slender ribs are present, the body is scaly, and the so-called infraclavicles are absent. The rostrum is so much crushed that no opinion can be formed as to its structure.
Swinnerton (Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xlv. 1902, p. 554) has pointed out that the skull of the Scombresoces belongs to what he terms the Acrartete type (i.e. in which the attachment of the palatine cartilage or its derivates is confined to the pre-ethmoid cornua), whilst the other Percesoces examined by him, as well as the Cyprinodonts are Disartete (the attachment being at the parethmoid and pre-ethmoid cornua); but the character is so indistinctly defined in some adult Cyprinodonts that I feel some diffidence in making use of this character for systematic purposes in the present state of our knowledge.
Kükenthal, Abh. Senck. Ges. xxii. 1896, p. 9; Möbius, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxx. Suppl. 1878, p. 343, and Arch. Physiol. (Leipzig), 1889, p. 348; Jordan and Evermann, Fish. N. Amer. p. 730.
A revision of these fishes has recently been published by C. T. Regan in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) x. 1902, p. 115.
Rec. Austral. Mus. iv. 1901, p. 40. Cf. also S. Garman, Bull. Labor. Univ. Iowa, iv. 1896, p. 81.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), x. 1902, p. 295.
Ibid. (7), xi. 1903, p. 460.
In the very aberrant Hake (Merluccius) ribs are absent on the vertebrae bearing the strongly expanded, plate-like parapophyses.
The increased number of pectoral pterygials has been regarded by Sagemehl (Morphol. Jahrb. x. 1885, p. 17) as indicating generalisation, and has been a great stumbling-block in his discussion of the affinities of Gymnotus with the other Ostariophysi, and especially the Characinidae. The fact that the same feature is repeated in three such distinct families as the Gymnotidae, Anguillidae, and Muraenolepididae, and occurs in genera which are in all other respects more specialised than their neighbours, goes far to prove that Sagemehl was mistaken in his interpretation of this character.
Siboga Expedition, Introd. 1902, p. 108.
Poissons venimeux (Paris, 1889), p. 169.
For recent accounts of the anatomy, embryology, and ethology, cf. C. H. Eigenmann, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. for 1892, p. 381, and Arch. Entwickelungsmech. iv. 1896, p. 125.
It has recently been ascertained, on a large number of specimens, that in the African species the female alone performs the buccal nursing duties.
Cf. Monograph by J. Pellegrin (Paris, 1904).
Gerbe, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. xvi. 1864, p. 255.
Zool. Garten, 1867, p. 148. See also Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci. (4) iii. 1897, p. 136.
Naucrates. In this genus most of the epipleurals of the praecaudal region are inserted on the ribs, but the hinder ones are on the centra.
Cf. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. ix. 1807, p. 473; F. J. F. Meyen, Reise um die Erde, i. p. 56 (1834).
For a detailed account of these fishes and of Xiphias, cf. Brown Goode, Proc. U.S. Mus. iv. 1881, p. 415, and Rep. U.S. Fish Comm. f. 1880, 1883, p. 289.
Monographs by Lunel, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève, xviii. 1865, p. 165, and by Lütken, Spolia Atlantica, i. 1880, p. 491.
Troschel, Sitzb. Ver. Preuss. Rheinl. xx. 1863, p. 51 (Brama raii and B. longipinnis).
Cf. Thilo, Zool. Anz. 1902, p. 305.
Cf. Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 1902, p. 295, and C. R. Ac. Sci. cxxxvii. 1903, p. 523.
Cf. Steenstrup, Vid. Selsk. Skr. 1863, p. 253, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xv. 1865, p. 361, and Overs. Selsk. Skr. 1876, p. 174; Malm, Svensk. Vet. Ak. Handl. vii. 1868, No. 4, p. 28; A. Agassiz, P. Amer. Ac. xiv. 1878, p. 1; Emery, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neap. iv. 1883, p. 413; Facciola, Natural. Sicil. iv. 1885, p. 261, and vi. 1887, p. 74; Ehrenbaum, Wiss. Meeresunters. (2), ii. 1897, p. 255; Nishikawa, Annot. Zool. Japan, i. 1897, p. 73.
On the morphology and classification, cf. Traquair, Tr. Linn. Soc. xxv. 1865, p. 263; Jordan and Goss, Rep. U.S. Fish Comm. f. 1886 (1889); Kyle, Rep. Fish. Board Scotland, 1900, p. 335. Also the Monographs of the Sole, by J. T. Cunningham (Plymouth, 1890, 4to), and of the Plaice by Cole and Johnstone, Liverpool M.B.C. Memoirs, viii. 1901.
On the breeding habits and eggs, cf. F. de Filippi, "Mem. s. sviluppo del Ghiozzo" (Ann. Univ. Med. Milano, 1841); Holt, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6); vi. 1890, p. 34; Petersen, Vid. Meddel. 1891, p. 243; Guitel, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) viii. 1891, p. 407, and Arch. Zool. Expér. (2), x. 1892, p. 499, and (3) iii. 1895, p. 263.
Cf. W. E. Ritter, Bull. Mus. Harvard, xxiv. 1893, p. 51.
For a good figure from life of Periophthalmus koelreuteri and an account of its habits, cf. S. J. Hickson, A Naturalist in North Celebes (London, 1889).
For the theories on the formation of the disk, cf. R. Storms, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), ii. 1888, p. 67.
Cf. Holmwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 411.
This character suffers one exception, to be found in Comephorus, a degraded form otherwise closely related to Cottocomephorus, in which the skeleton is typical of the present division.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), x. 1892, p. 212; and Zool. Gleanings Investigator, 1901, p. 41.