[69] Frontinus, c. 18.

[70] “Salientibus aquis instruxit urbem.” Ibid., c. 9.

[71] Ibid., c. 87.

[72] Ibid., c. 8.

[73] Ibid.

[74] Ibid., c. 9.

[75] Ibid.

[76] Frontinus, c. 19.

[77] ‘The three aqueducts’ in this passage may mean either the Anio Vetus, the Marcia, and the Claudia, all of which come from the neighbourhood of Subiaco, and follow the same line on the bank of the river Anio, and the cliffs above it as far as Tivoli, but diverge considerably between Tivoli and the Piscinæ; or it may mean that the Tepula and the Julia coming from near Marino, and the Marcia coming from Tivoli, meet at this point—both are true. The piscinæ of the Claudia, the Anio Novus, the Marcia, the Tepula, the Julia, are all within half-a-mile of each other.

[78] Dr. F. Gori says that the lake of S. Lucia, in the territory of Arsoli, near Subiaco, is not the source of the Aqua Marcia, but of the Aqua Claudia only, and that the sources of the Aqua Marcia are nearer to Subiaco, and are called by the people Acque Serene. He also considers that the branch of the Aqua Augusta added to the Marcian by Augustus, now called Le Rosoline, comes from near the village of Agosta, and that the spring, now called La Fonte (Fons novus Antoninianus), added to the Marcian by Antoninus Caracalla, is under the same village of Agosta. One of the inscriptions on the Porta S. Lorenzo records this. See Delle varie Sorgenti dell’ Acqua Marcia, &c., pp. 56, 57.

[79] The new company had at first proposed to draw their chief supply of water from the small lake called the Lago di S. Lucia, which is nearer to Rome, and which they had been misinformed was the Aqua Marcia. Dr. Fabio Gori, from his great local knowledge and his archæological researches, was able to shew that this was a mistake, and wrote to that effect a letter in the Roman newspaper called the Osservatore Romano. This letter at first gave great offence, and a very warm controversy was carried on for some time on that subject. Eventually, however, a new engineer of the company thought it better to examine the ground himself, and the result was to establish that Gori’s views were perfectly correct. He then became a warm advocate for the company, which he thinks entitled to great praise for the admirable manner in which its works in the valley of the Anio have been carried out as far as Tivoli. Their works almost equal those of the time of the Empire, and are carried out on the same principles; but from Tivoli to Rome the water is carried in metal pipes, and not in a stone specus as it is above Tivoli. This enables the company to carry it in a more direct line.

[80] See the Appendix to this Section.

[81] A great deal too much importance has been attached to this Cyclopean Masonry, Opus Cyclopæum. See the Chapter on the Construction of Walls.

[82] It is probably the case that part of this supply was brought in metal pipes only, from the evidence of this inscription. A stone specus passes under the wall on the bank round three sides of the camp on the exterior of the walls, and is plainly visible at the north-east corner; but this agrees with the general character of the Anio Vetus, and was probably a branch from that aqueduct.

The inscription is as follows:—

IMP. CAES. M. OPELLI . SEVERI . MACRINI
. AVG
M. OPELLI . SEVERI . DIADVMENIANI .
CAES. PRINC. IV
CASTRIS . PRAETORI
TERENTIVS . CASSANDER . FECIT

[83] “[Honorius, Papa III.] Ecclesiam Sanctæ Bibianæ juxta formas aquæ Martiæ cum Monasterio Monialium restituit.” (Ciaconi, Vitæ Pontif. Roman., &c., vol. ii. col. 46, C.)

[84] An inscription recording repairs by Agrippa is said by Ligorio to have been found on a cippus of travertine at the third mile on the Via Latina. The genuineness of this is doubted by Fabretti, because the number of miles does not agree; but it seems more probable that this was an error in transcribing, than that the inscription should be forged without any motive for doing so:—

AQVAE . IVLIAE . TEPVLAE.
IMP. CAES. DIVI . IVLI . F.
AVGVSTVS . PONTIF.
MAX. COS. X̅I̅I̅. TRIB. POT.
X̅I̅X̅. IMP. X̅I̅I̅I̅. CVRANTE
M. VIPSAN . AGRIPPA .
AEDIL . CVRVL . L. C. C.
P. MILL. X.

Another inscription, also recording repairs of the time of Augustus, was found by Fabretti himself, in the Vinea Bartholomæi Virginii, two miles from the Porta Maggiore, between the ruins of the arcades of the Marcian and Claudian, and was preserved in a private museum:

IVL. TEP. MAR.
IMP. CAESAR.
DIVI . F.
AVGVSTVS.
EX. S. C.
LXIII.
P. CCXI.

[85] Marrana is a general name for a running stream in the Campagna round Rome, probably a provincial word; but it is also the special name of this particular stream coming from Marino.

[86] “Tepula concipitur via Latina ad decimum milliarium, diverticulo euntibus ab Roma dextrorsus millium passuum duum ... inde suo rivo in urbem perducebatur.” (Frontinus, c. 8.)

[87] It is the building pointed out in guide-books as “The House of Cicero,” although there does not appear to be any historical ground for this name.

[88] “... ad milliarium ab urbe duo-decimum via Latina, diverticulo euntibus ab Roma dextrorsus millium passuum duum alterius aquæ proprias vires collegit et Tepulæ rivum intercepit. Acquisitæ aquæ ab inventore nomen Juliæ datum est, ita tamen divisa erogatione, ut maneret Tepulæ appellatio.”—(Frontinus, c. 9.)

[89] “Præter caput Juliæ transfluit aqua quæ vocatur Crabra. Hanc Agrippa omisit.”—(Frontinus, c. 9.)

[90] Pag. clxxxii. 8, “In tubulo plumbeo reperto ad portam S. Laurentii,”—

P. CORNELIO . DOLABELLA . C . IVN . SILANO . COS—AQVA . MAR

[91] Gruter, pag. clxxxiii. 4,—

Q. AQVILLIO . SABINO . II.
SEX . AVR . ANVLLINO
CASTR . PRÆT . L. VRBIS . OFF . PED .
COS . CCCLXXXIII.
AQVA . MARC

[92]

HAC RIVI AQVAR
TRIVM EVNT CIPPI
POSITI IVSSV
A. DIDI. GALLI
T. RVBRI. NEPOTIS
M. CORNELI FIRMI
CVRATORVM AQVAR

[93] Frontinus, c. 10.

[94] “Concipitur Virgo via Collatia ad milliarium octavum palustribus locis, signino circumjecto continendarum scaturiginum causâ.” Signinum is the particular kind of cement to hold water, always used to line the walls of the Aqueducts. It was not used after the time of the Empire, and the art of making it is said to be lost. It is the usual characteristic of the remains of an aqueduct.

[95] Frontinus, c. 10.

[96] Ibid., c. 22.

[97] This water is now usually called Acqua di Trevi, because its terminus is at the great fountain of Trevi. The sources are in the estate of Salone, as above described. It is still in use, and was long considered as the best water brought into Rome. The line now used is the one repaired and restored by the Popes; but, near Rome, it has been altered, probably after it had been damaged by the Goths or the Lombards. The old specus passed through the Catacomb of S. Priscilla, in the Via Salaria, where it may be seen. This is demonstrated by the cippus of the aqueduct of Virgo, discovered in the Via Salaria, and so recorded by Muratori, Thes. Vet. Inscr., ccccxlii. 7, “Romæ in Via Salaria:”—

VIRG.
TI . CÆSAR . AVG.
PONTIF . MAXIM.
TRIB. POT. XXXVIII.
COS . V̅. IMP. V̅I̅I̅I̅.
I.
P. CXL.

This inscription is A.D. 36.

It was then brought to the bank or mœnia on which the wall of Aurelian was afterwards built near the Porta Salaria, and may be traced upon or in that bank under the present wall of Rome for about a mile. For a short distance, where this ground is low, it was carried on an arcade, of which there are remains under the wall built upon it. After this it goes on as far as the garden of the Villa Borghese and the French Academy, under which it now passes through the Pincian Hill.

[98]

TI . CLAVDIVS . DRVSI . F. AVG. GERMAN. PONT.
MAX. TRIBVNIC. POT. V. IMP. IX. P.P. COS. III.
DESIG. IIII. ARCVS . DVCTVS . AQVÆ . VIRGI
NIS . DISTVRBATOS . PER . C. CÆSAREM . A. FVN
DAMENTIS . NOVOS . FECIT . AC . RESTITVIT

This inscription was erected A.D. 46.

[99] There are remains of the Septa in the cellars under the houses on the west side of the Corso, in its lower part. These remains of the arcade are now chiefly underground, owing to the filling up of the great foss, called in this part Via Lata, because the wide foss under part of the Quirinal and of the Capitol had at one time been made into a wide street or place, on the eastern side of which is situated the Church of the “SS. Apostoli in Via Lata” and that of S. Maria in Via Lata on the western side, at the north-west corner. The great public building called the Septa went down the western side of this wide place from S. Maria to the Venetian Palace, with an arcade towards the street or place, of which many of the arches remain in the cellars. These arches under the church of S. Maria are absurdly called the house of S. Paul. They are visible also under the Palazzo Doria to the south of that church, and in other cellars.

[100] “Idem et Virginem adduxit ab octavi lapidis diverticulo duobus millibus pass. Prænestina Via.

“Juxta est Herculaneus rivus quem refugiens Virginis nomen obtinuit.” (Plinii Nat. Hist., lib. xxxi. c. iii. § 25.)

[101] Of this stream and its introduction into Rome in the twelfth century, an account will be found in the second part of this chapter.

Frontinus, c. 15 and 19.

[102] Frontinus, c. 11.

[103] Ibid., c. 18.

[104] Ibid., c. 71.

[105] The draining of the lakes in the hills round Rome is a great mistake, and very injurious to the health of the city. Such lakes are a wise provision of nature for collecting some of the surplus water in the rainy season, and preserving it for use in the hot and dry season, when the evaporation from the lakes helps to cool the air. The water also drawn from these lakes was most useful for the irrigation of the country round Rome, and watering the gardens in Rome itself, thereby promoting vegetation, which is essential for health in a hot and dry climate. It is well known that the leaves of plants and trees (more especially of deciduous trees) absorb nitrogen, which is the part injurious to human life, and give out oxygen, that portion which is beneficial to, and necessary for, human life. Where there is no vegetation, therefore, the climate cannot be healthy, and without water there can be no vegetation; for water is the necessary food of plants.

[106] The line of this subterranean aqueduct can also be traced by the wells descending into the specus, in the same manner as the Aqua Appia was traced in 1870, that is, by the bushes growing at the top of each of the wells, and generally enclosed by a wooden railing to prevent animals from falling into them.

[107] The rock in which the tunnel is cut is a sort of peperino, hard and rough, covered with a bed of clay.

[108] This lake, called Sabatina in the time of Frontinus, was called Anguillara in the Middle Ages, and is now called Bracciano, in both cases from the names of the proprietors. The great family of Anguillara had their origin from this village, of which they were the proprietors, and where they had a castle on the bank of the lake. The present proprietors are the Dukes of Bracciano. The lake produces a great abundance of fish, especially a small fish much resembling the white-bait of London, at least when cooked.

[109] There is a small construction over this flood-gate, and at the back of it is this inscription:—

ACQVA PAOLA
ALLA PRESA DELL’ ACQVA
ALSEATINA

[110] There are interesting remains of the Necropolis of this ancient city close to the fountain before mentioned, on each side of a deep ravine. On one side, there are nine chambers cut out of the rock on the edge of the cliff, the entrance being in the central chamber, with four others on either side of it. All are full of small square columbaria, of very early character. On the opposite side of the ravine, is a similar series of tombs, but in a less perfect state.

[111] There is Opus Reticulatum of rude and early character (more like the Opus Incertum of the Emporium than the mausoleum of Augustus) at the entrance of this passage, which is mentioned by Nibby. There is a stone-quarry also at the entrance, of the hard, dark-coloured stone used for making roads, and excellent for that purpose. This is the same stone that is called selce or silex in Rome, and seems to be similar to the hard lava under which Herculaneum is buried, and of which there are quarries near the tomb of Cecilia Metella.

[112] The persons employed by Mr. Parker went down to the bottom of this steep tunnel-passage to ascertain this.

[113] Nibby, Analisi storico-topografico-antiquaria della carta de’ Dintorni di Roma, tom. i. Roma, 1837, 8vo. art. Alsietina.

[114] Cassio, Corso delle Acque, vol. i. p. 147.

[115] Nibby considers this a mistake, and is of opinion that the water was the Sabatina, not the Alsietina; but the mistake is made by Nibby himself, not by the engineers of Pope Paul, who certainly brought the water from the Lacus Alsietina and the other small lake above it (as mentioned on p. 50). By the draining of these lakes, the aqueduct is now made to depend on the Lacus Alsietina only. The sources of the Alsietina are very different from those of the Sabatina. The former was taken by Augustus from the lake Alsietinus, now called Lago di Martignano, and the latter by Trajan from the sources between the lake Sabatinus and the villages of Vicarello, Bassano, and Oriolo. The Alsietina was at the lowest level of all the aqueducts, and the Sabatina at the highest. The first specus was for the most part subterranean, and the other was carried upon arcades for part of its course.

[116] By the more usually received computation, the second year of Caligula would be A.U.C. 791; and the year of the consulship of Sulla and Titian, A.U.C. 805.

[117] It surpassed all the others in quantity, and being the highest, was used to supply the others when the water fell short; but the water was not so good for drinking.

[118] Frontinus, c. 13.

[119] That is, higher than any other aqueduct.

[120] Frontinus, c. 20.

[121] The road to Subiaco.

[122] Frontinus, c. 14.

[123] Ibid.

[124] Ibid.

[125] Ibid., c. 18.

[126] In Subruino is the reading given in the text by Dederich. In suo rivo is the reading adopted by Polenus, Jocundus, and other editors. A third reading has been suggested, “In Simbrivio,” or in Simbruino, that is, referring to the Simbruine hills. This is the reading of Buecheler (1868), who follows verbatim the manuscript of Monte Cassino. The reading, however, bears little upon the evidence.

[127] Herculaneus Rivus. This is not the same Herculaneus Rivus as the one mentioned by Frontinus in connection with the Anio Vetus, in ch. 19. The same name is given in these places to different streams, all strong and rapid.

[128] Frontinus, c. 15.

[129] Ibid., c. 93.

[130] Ibid., c. 91.

[131] Frontinus, c. 76.

[132] “At ex alia parte Anio in monte Trebanorum ortus lacus tres amœnitate nobiles, qui nomen dedere Sublaqueo defert in Tiberim.” (Plinii Nat. Hist., iii. 109.)

[133] The inhabitants of Filettino probably belonged to the tribe of the Trebani, or of Trebula, who were located in the neighbourhood of Trevi, where was a Roman colony and principality. Inscriptions giving the names and titles of Augustus, Septimius Severus, and Commodus, were found here, and are published by Signor Gori in his Trattato dell’ Acqua Marcia, &c., 12mo., 1866, p. 37. Another inscription at Anagni, on the front of the Governor’s palace, gives the name of Publius Vecellius, curator of the Republic of the Trebani.

Martial mentions the Treba Augusta of Frontinus, under the name of Trebula:

“Trebula nos genuit, commendat gratia duplex Sive levi flamma, sive domamur aqua.” (Lib. v. epigr. 65, and lib. xiii. epigr. 33.)

Livy also mentions it: “Eodem anno Arpinatibus Trebulanisque civitas data.” (Livii Hist., x. 1.)

[134] IMP CAESARIS NERVAE TRAIA(ni) ... OP(T)IMI AVG GERMANIC DACICI.

[135] “Lacus monasterii ad nihilum redactus, quia duo monachi levaverunt duo lapides, qui fuerunt firmati cum aliis petris; et sic aqua destruxit.” (Chronicon Sublacense, apud Muratori, Rer. Ital. Script., tom. xxiv. col. 962, D.) The author of this Chronicle was living in the year 1390.

[136] Gruter, Inscriptiones, p. clv. 4.

[137] Probably the text of Frontinus here is corrupt, because the Piscina Limaria and the specus of Claudius are at the forty-sixth mile on the Via Sublacensis, “ad milliarium quadragesimum secundum,” for “Ad milliarium quadragesimum sextum.”

[138] Dr. Fabio Gori, who is a native of Subiaco, claims the credit of being the first person to point out what this great work of Trajan really was. He also states that the Rivus Herculaneus, rising at thirty-eight miles on the Via Sublacensis, must have been a clear stream, which he finds on the left side of the river, opposite to the lake of S. Lucia and to this source of the aqueduct of the Claudia, called Acqua dell’ Arco, or water of the aqueduct.

[139] Frontinus, c. 72.

[140] The piscina made in one of the towers in the wall at the point where it enters Rome, has the four chambers visible, the inner wall of the tower having been destroyed.

[141] Inscriptions on the Porta Maggiore:—

TI . CLAVDIVS DRVSI F. CAISAR AVGVSTVS
GERMANICVS PONTIF MAXIM
TRIBVNICIA POTESTATE X̅I̅I̅. COS. V.
IMPERATOR X̅X̅V̅I̅I̅. PATER PATRIÆ
AQVAS . CLAVDIAM EX FONTIBVS . QVI
VOCABANTVR CAERVLEVS ET CVRTIVS
. A MILLIARIO X̅X̅X̅X̅V̅.

ITEM ANIENEM NOVAM A. MILLIARIO
L̅X̅I̅I̅. SVA IMPENSA IN VRBEM PERDVCENDAS
CVRAVIT.

IMP . CAESAR . VESPASIANVS AVGVST .
PONTIF . MAX . TRIB. POT. I̅I̅. IMP.
V̅I̅. COS. I̅I̅I̅. DESIG. I̅I̅I̅I̅. P.P

AQVAS CVRTIAM ET CAERVLEAM PERDVCTAS
A DIVO CLAVDIO . ET POSTEA
INTERMISSAS DILAPSASQVE

PER ANNOS NOVEM . SVA IMPENSA
VRBI RESTITVIT.

IMP . T. CAESAR DIVI F. VESPASIANVS
AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS . TRIBVNIC

POTESTATE X. IMPERATOR X̅V̅I̅I̅. PATER
PATRIAE . CENSOR . COS . V̅I̅I̅I̅.

AQVAS CVRTIAM ET CAERVLEAM PERDVCTAS
A DIVO CLAVDIO ET POSTEA

A DIVO VESPASIANO PATRE SVO VRBI
RESTITVTAS . CVM A CAPITE AQVARVM
A SOLO VETVSTATE DILAPSAE
ESSENT . NOVA FORMA REDVCENDAS
SVA IMPENSA CVARVIT. (Orelli, vol.
i. p. 77, Nos. 54-56.)

These inscriptions shew that considerable repairs were made by Vespasian and Titus to the Claudian aqueducts; and these repairs were continued by their successors, Nerva, Trajan, and Hadrian. Many parts and branches belong to the time of these Emperors.

[142] Vide “Delle vere Sorgenti dell’ Acqua Marcia,” &c., “trattato di Fabio Gori.” Roma, 1866. An admirable map shewing the sources and the line of each of the Aqueducts, has been made for me under the direction of the author.

[143] Frontinus (c. 15) gives the length of the specus of the Anio Novus as 58 miles and 700 passus; add to this the length of the Piscina Limaria and of the three lakes, and we have the distance of 62 miles from Rome for this aqueduct.

[144] “Qui colles, (mons Cœlius et Aventinus,) priusquam Claudia perduceretur, utebantur Marcia et Julia. Sed postquam Nero Imperator Claudiam, opere arcuato altius exceptam, usque ad templum Divi Claudii perduxit, ut inde distribueretur, priores non ampliatæ, sed omissæ sunt: nulla enim castella adjecit, sed iisdem usus est, quorum, quamvis mutata aqua, vetus appellatio permansit.” (Frontinus, c. 76)

[145] The large square part of the Cœlian Hill, with scarped cliffs round three sides of it and part of the fourth, which had probably been originally the arx or citadel of the Cœlian when that was a separate fortress, and on which Claudius erected some great public building with a temple, is marked on the modern maps of Rome as a castellum aquæ: this is an exaggeration. A specus runs along the western side opposite to the Palatine in the wall, and goes straight towards the Colosseum, and there are remains of a piscina of the first century at the north-west corner of the Claudium, near the Colosseum, and the Meta Sudans; but this is at a low level, and does not agree with there being a large reservoir under the whole of that space.

[146] Frontinus did not live to see this completed.

[147] Cap. 86, 91, 92, and 105.

[148] These are at present almost hid by modern houses built up against them, but it is expected that these modern erections will shortly be removed. The remains of the bridge project at a right angle from the palace of Domitian. It had the aqueduct at the top at a very high level, and a road for horses by the side of it at a lower level, as at the Ponte Lupo, Ponte S. Antonio, and other bridges of the aqueducts.

[149] These imperial “Edicts” or “Decrees,” or Laws and Constitutions, have been published in various works. The later ones relating to this subject are published by Polenus, in the Appendix to his edition of Frontinus, 4to. Pataviæ, 1722; and by Rondelet, as a supplement to Frontinus, who had published those issued up to his time. See Commentaire de Frontin sur les aqueducs de Rome, 2 parts, 4to. and atlas folio, Paris, 1802; and Rondelet, Opere, 6 vols. 4to. Mantova, 1841, tom. vi. p. 117, &c.

[150] This water was celebrated for its coolness, as mentioned in the life of Alexander Severus by Lampridius, c. 30.

[151] The new company for bringing these springs into Rome again, under the name of the Aqua Marcia-Pia, has been obliged to make compensation to the town of Tivoli for the possible injury to the manufactories established there, which depend upon the force of the water, although the damage was in a great degree imaginary. This new aqueduct brings the water of the Marcia only. The water is nearly of the same quality as that of the Claudia, and is still found as cool as it was in the time of the early Empire, notwithstanding that it is brought into Rome in metal pipes for the last ten miles. A number of shops for the sale of this cool water have been opened in different parts of Rome. Nature never changes, and the same qualities of particular springs which prevailed two thousand years ago, prevail still. It is said by persons who have witnessed the experiment tried, that in the hot summer weather of Italy, when the thermometer of Fahrenheit stands above 100, the contrast between the heat of the air and the coldness of the water is so great that if a glass tumbler is suddenly put into the water near its source, the glass will break in the same manner as a glass tumbler will break in England if boiling water is poured into it in frosty weather.

[152] In the above the

[153] The Roman foot was nearly as long as our own, being, according to the most accurate estimate, about 11½ English inches (11.6496).

[154] Frontinus, c. 24.

[155] Dederich reads “unciæ in popularibus rationibus adhuc observantur,” which seems better. The uncia was an Italian, the digitus a Greek measure.

[156] It is evident from his making the square of the diameter ³⁄₁₄ greater than the area of the circle drawn upon the same diameter, that he takes the ratio of the area to the diameter as ¹¹⁄₁₄ to diameter 1. This is very near to the truth. The converse as given by him also agrees, as is seen by ¹¹⁄₁₄ + ³⁄₁₁ of ¹¹⁄₁₄ = 1.

[157] Frontinus, c. 65.

[158] It is of little consequence, but perhaps it may be interesting to know more accurately the result of the calculation. If we take 1.25 as the diameter of the quinary, and multiply the square of this by 0.7854 (the corrected ratio), we obtain the result in square digits, 1.22718. This multiplied by the 1825 gives 2239.6, that is, the result within one digit as given by Frontinus.

[159] An Anglo-Roman company has now (1872) brought the Aqua Marcia (III.) again into Rome at so high a level, that it will supply cisterns at the tops of the houses. At present a number of ingenious contrivances are in use for sliding small buckets of water from the well or reservoir in the courtyard, to the upper windows and galleries round the central courts of the old houses or palaces. These reservoirs, whether large or small, are called lacus by Frontinus and in the Regionary Catalogue.

[160] The expression reddita would imply that originally the Marcian had supplied the Aventine, and that, it having been superseded by the Claudian, it was now restored and used in addition to the other. See the extract—Frontinus, c. 76.

[161] Frontinus, c. 89.

[162] Ibid., c. 90, 91.

[163] The division of the surface water from the sewerage, in the question of the drainage of large towns, is meeting with much favour, as it appeals to reason that what is good for the purposes of manure, is destructive to the healthy condition of the river, while the surface water, which finds its proper place in the river, interferes with the proper distribution of sewage. In Rome, there is frequently a small specus or channel for pure water, contrived in the vault or upper part of the great cloacæ or drains for the refuse water. Could not the same plan be adopted in London with advantage? But while this is canvassed, it seems singular that we hear little of the division of the supply, which, on the same principle, should certainly be divided. There are several towns so situated, that a fair supply of pure water might be brought very acceptable for drinking, but not in sufficient quantities to be applicable to other offices. The words of Frontinus are very concise and pointed:—

“Marciam ut ipsam, splendore et frigore gratissimam, balneis ac fullonibus et relatu quoque fœdis ministeriis deprehenderimus servientem. Omnes ergo discerni placuit, tum singulas ita ordinari, ut in primis Marcia potui tota serviret, et deinceps reliquæ secundum suam quæque qualitatem aptis usibus assignarentur, sicut Anio Vetus pluribus ex causis, quo inferior excipitur minus salubris, in hortorum rigationem atque in ipsius urbis sordidiora exiret ministeria.” (Frontinus, c. 91, 92.)

[164] See C. C. J. Bunsen’s Beschreibung der Stadt Rom. Stuttgart und Tübingen, 1830, 8vo.

[165] The mother of Cola di Rienzi was one of those who gained a livelihood by selling water in the streets.

[166] The ruined castellum at the Porta Furba, two miles from Rome, (previously mentioned,) seems to have been of this description; it rises considerably above the level of the conduits, vertically, as if either for water or air to rush up it.

[167] Cassiodori Var., lib. vii. 6, and iv. 31.

[168] Procopius, de Bello Gothico, lib. i. c. 19.

[169] This is shewn by the large corbels in the wall on the bank of the river at this point, opposite to the Cloaca Maxima, which are pierced with holes through them, in which a pole was placed to attach the chain. These corbels remain perfect on the western side; on the eastern side, they have been destroyed, or covered over by medieval houses. Those which remain are carved into the form of gigantic lions’ heads, of the character called Etruscan, but are of the time when the Port of Rome was made in the Tiber, B.C. 180.

[170]

IMP. CAESAR DIVI
NERVAE F. NERVA
TRAIANVS AVG
GERM. DACICVS
PONT. MAX. TR. POT. XIII
IMP. VI. COS. V. P.P
AQVAM TRAIANAM
PECVNIA. SVA
IN VRBEM PERDVXIT
EMPTIS LOCIS
PER LATITVD. P. XXX