CONTENTS OF THE AQUEDUCTS.

PAGE
Preface iii
Introduction—Frontinus 1
I. Aqua Appia.
Passages from Frontinus 3
Sources in the Lucullan fields 4
—— near the old Via Prænestina 5
The course underground 6
It entered Rome at the north-east end of the Sessorium ib.
—— passed along the Cœlian Hill ib.
Reservoir in the garden of the Villa Cœlimontana, now the Arch of Dolabella 7
It crossed the valley to the Aventine on an ancient earthwork, near the Porta Capena 8
to the Piscina Publica 9
Under the Aventine the Specus is visible in a stone quarry nearly under S. Sabba ib.
Wells to descend into it ib.
The branch added by Augustus entered Rome in the garden of the Sessorium 11
—— near the Gemelli ib.
Torquatian and Pallantian gardens ib.
II. Anio Vetus.
Passages from Frontinus 13
Sources—a branch from the river Anio ib.
Specus in the cliff of the valley 14
—— visible in the “Valley of the Arches” above Tivoli ib.
—— and in the promenade of Carciano below it 15
—— Its course underground 16
Piscinæ at the fourth, and at the second, mile from Rome, on the Via Latina ib.
Crossing of the Aqueducts at the Torre Fiscale 17
Castellum Aquæ near the Porta Furba, two miles from Rome 18
—— near the Via Appia Nova ib.
The Specus faced with Opus Reticulatum 19
Specus, or spes (?) vetus, on the high banks ib.
Another branch on the bank near the Wall of Rome 20
And another branch along the Cœlian, and passing near the Port Capena, to the Aventine 21
Appendix, Spē or Spc̄, Spes (?) or Specus (?) 22
—— Facsimile from MS. at Monte Cassino 26
Passages relating to the word Specus 27-31
III. Aqua Marcia.
Passages from Frontinus 32
The Piscinæ 34
Source of the Marcia ib.
Specus carried along the valley of the Anio 35
Principal source in the Acqua Serena ib.
Old Specus under water, discovered in 1869 36
—— It crossed the river at S. Cosimato ib.
—— and again in the Valley of the Arches, above Tivoli, on a bridge ib.
Specus and reservoir in the Promenade of Carciano, below Tivoli ib.
Reservoir faced with Cyclopean Masonry there 37
Specus passes near Ponte di S. Antonio ib.
After reaching the City it is divided into several branches ib.
One along the Cœlian and over the Porta Capena to the Aventine 38
Another upon the old agger, and over the Porta Tiburtina to the Prætorian Camp ib.
Excellent qualities of the Aqua Marcia ib.
IV. Tepula.
Sources near Grotta Ferrata 39
Specus joins the Marcia at the Piscinæ 40
—— is carried into Rome on the Marcian arcade ib.
Castellum Aquæ for it near the Porta Tiburtina (S. Lorenzo) ib.
V. Julia.
Sources on Mons Algidus (near Tusculum), Frascati, and Grotta Ferrata 41
Specus passed near the Pagus Lemonius 42
—— on an arcade of rough stone ib.
—— then through a tunnel in the valley ib.
The Nymphæum of Alexander Severus, where the Trophies of Marius were hung, was not for the Aqua Julia, though usually called so. It is at too high a level for that, and was for the Claudia and Anio Novus united 43
Cippi of the three Aqueducts, found in 1869, near the railway station 45
Remains of a reservoir near the Porta Chiusa, found in 1869 ib.
VI. Virgo (Aqua di Trevi).
Passages from Frontinus 46
Sources on the Via Collatina ib.
Specus subterranean, but easily traced by the line of respirators 47
—— It follows the old road towards the Porta Maggiore 48
—— but turns to the north and enters Rome through the Pincian Hill, under the Villa Medici ib.
—— It supplies the lower town and the fountain of Trevi ib.
—— Original termination in front of the Septa, near the Pantheon ib.
VII. Alsietina.
Passages from Frontinus 50
Lacus Alsietina, Lago di Martignano ib.
Aqua Paola 51
Lacus Sabatina ib.
Junction of two specus at the Cariæ (Osteria Nuova) 52
Casale Bianca, additional springs ib.
In Tunnels to Rome 53
VIII. Claudia. IX. Anio Novus.
Passages from Frontinus 54
River Anio 56
Cascades at Valle-Pietra 57
Bridge of Communacchio ib.
Sacro Speco ib.
Monasteries of S. Benedict and S. Scholastica ib.
Subiaco ib.
Lacus—Lakes or Lochs of Nero 58
Villa Sublacensis ib.
Great dam at Piè-di-lago ib.
Bridge of S. Mauro ib.
Specus of the Anio Novus, cut in the rock of the cliff ib.
Ruins of piscinæ 59
Lowest loch circular 60
Piscina Limaria, forty-two miles on the Via Sublacensis ib.
Specus of Claudia 61
Bridges at Vicovaro and in the Valley of the Arches, two miles above Tivoli ib.
Cascade at Tivoli ib.
Promenade of Carciano ib.
Bridge of S. Antonio and Ponte Lupo 62
—— near the road to Poli ib.
The Piscinæ 63
Specus of the Claudia of stone, of the Anio Novus of brick over it, on a stone arcade ib.
Piscina at the Porta Furba 64
Other reservoirs ib.
The Neronian Arches ib.
Porta Maggiore, inscriptions on 65
Architect of the Claudia 66
Arcade on the Cœlian ib.
Reservoir over the Arch of Dolabella 67
Three branches from that high reservoir: 1. to the Claudium and the Colosseum; 2. to the Palatine and Capitol; 3. to the Aventine, over the Porta Capena ib.
Smaller reservoirs for subdividing 68
Rebuildings by Frontinus under Trajan ib.
Springs called Cæruleus and Curtius 69
The Piscinæ 70
Appendix—The Nine Aqueducts of Frontinus 71
Tables of Dates, Names, Levels, Length of Channel, Supply, Distribution 73, 74
Calculations 74-79
The Curator Aquarum 80
Repairs by the Popes ib.
Popular notions erroneous 81
These stone specus necessary for the main stream, and leaden pipes for distribution 82
Brass cocks and leaden pipes often stolen, as mentioned in a letter of King Theodoric ib.
X. Sabatina, Trajana, A.D. 110, and Paola, A.D. 1540.
Lacus Sabatina, di Bracciano, or Anguillara 83
This aqueduct connected with the Alsietina (VII.) ib.
The line traced backwards by the respirators from the terminus on the Janiculum ib.
Procopius amazed at the quantity of water brought by this aqueduct in the sixth century ib.
Restorations of the Popes 84
Inscriptions of Paul V. ib.
Cascade on the Janiculum, turns the wheels of the flour-mills ib.
Specus in the wall of the garden of the Villa Pamphili-Doria 85
—— but chiefly underground, traced by the respirators ib.
XI. Trajana (?), Hadriana (?), Alexandrina (?).
Passage from Frontinus 86
Sources near Gabii and Labicum, now La Colonna ib.
Several springs were collected in a central reservoir, on which an inscription of Hadrian was found by E. Q. Visconti ib.
One of these springs had petrifying qualities ib.
Singular effects of the petrifying stream 87
Specus choked up with stalactite, and cascades petrified ib.
The same water used for the Aqua Felice, but the petrifying stream excluded 88
A fine arcade for miles, from the source to Cento-Celle ib.
Part of it of the first century, other part of the third. Alexandrina (?) ib.
Aqueduct of Hadrian mentioned by Spartianus, but not in the Regionary Catalogue 89
Branch from the great aqueducts to the Mausoleum of S. Helena (Torre Pignattara) and to the Villa of the Gordiani (Torre de’ Scavi) 90
—— not connected with this aqueduct ib.
—— but also has piscinæ of the first and third centuries ib.
Branch of Trajan to the Aventine from the Cœlian ib.
XII. Aurelia, A.D. 185. XIII. Severiana, A.D. 190.
The Aurelia made by Marcus Aurelius 92
—— to convey water to the Villa de Quintilii ib.
—— continued by Commodus and Septimius Severus to their thermæ in Regio I. ib.
Remains of piscinæ outside of the Porta Latina ib.
Remains of the thermæ inside of that gate ib.
Sources on the hill of Marino 93
Specus partly underground, part on arcade at the Torre di Mezza, Via di Albano ib.
Large reservoir at the Villa de Quintilii ib.
Others on the Via Appia, between that Villa and Rome ib.
—— at the Circus of Romulus ib.
—— at S. Urbano ib.
—— at the Nymphæum in the valley of the Caffarella (miscalled the Fountain of Egeria) ib.
Specus visible in the cliff of that valley, near the Dio Ridicolo 94
Remains of the thermæ in the Monte d’Oro ib.
XIV. Antoniniana, A.D. 215.
This aqueduct enters Rome at the south-east corner 95
—— passes over the arch of Drusus ib.
—— along the inner side of the great bank on which the Wall of Aurelian is built ib.
—— to the piscina of the Thermæ of the Antonines or of Caracalla ib.
Fine piscina and castellum on the edge of the hill overlooking the valley of the Caffarella ib.
Remains of others on the Via Latina 96
—— and one near the Porta Furba, at two miles from Rome, at the foot of the great aqueduct ib.
A branch of the Anio Vetus (?) ib.
XV. Alexandrina.
This aqueduct mentioned by Lampridius 97
—— Made to bring water to the Thermæ of Alexander Severus, near the Pantheon ib.
—— Probably a branch from the great aqueducts near the Porta Maggiore ib.
An inscription found near that point ib.
Remains of arcade of this period between that gate and the Minerva Medica 98
Nymphæum of Alexander Severus, where the Trophies of Marius were hung 99
Nymphæum, a hall of the Thermæ for women; Pantheum, a similar hall for men ib.
Wall of Aurelian built against this tall arcade ib.
XVI. Algentiana.
This aqueduct made to supply water to the Thermæ of Diocletian 100
Remains of a large piscina were found on the site of the railway station ib.
The water is said to have been brought by a branch from the Marcia at the Porta di S. Lorenzo ib.
Others say it came from Mons Algidus, near Tusculum, and was brought underground, with reservoirs on the tops of hills in the Campagna, supplied by syphons ib.
XVII. Aqua Crabra and Marrana.
These streams united are brought into Rome in the bed of the River Almo 101
Sources of the Aqua Crabra, near Rocca di Papa ib.
Those of the Marrana near Marino ib.
The two united at the foot of the hill of Marino 102
Piscina in the valley under Marino ib.
Specus traced in the same valley near the quarries of peperino or lapis Albanus ib.
—— passes under the sources of the Aqua Julia ib.
The two streams united near a bridge on the road to Grotta Ferrata, ten miles from Rome ib.
Part of the united water runs into the river Anio ib.
Another part is brought through the tunnel of the Aqua Julia (V.) ib.
—— then in a cutting to the bed of the small river Almo ib.
It is carried alternately in that deep bed when the ground is high, and in a bank of clay when the ground is low 103
The stream is divided at a loch between Roma Vecchia and the Torre Fiscale ib.
One branch follows the line of the great aqueducts towards Rome, in the bed of the Almo ib.
It enters Rome in that bed, under the bridge on which the Porta Metronia stands ib.
It then passes the Garden of Crassipes, now the Orto Botanico 104
—— turning to the north, under the Aventine, to the Piscina Publica ib.
—— passes through the Circus Maximus, and under several mills ib.
—— to the mouth of the river Almo in the Tiber, through an opening left for it in the Pulchrum Littus ib.
This Aqueduct was made under Pope Calixtus II. in A.D. 1124 ib.
Another branch of it is carried by the side of the other branch of the river Almo, in the valley of the Caffarella, and the other specus, which is open on the top, has lochs in it there 105
XVIII. Aqua Felice, A.D. 1587.
So called after Pope Sixtus V. (Felice Peretti) 106
Source under La Colonna ib.
Reservoir made under Gregory XIII., A.D. 1572-1585 ib.
The arcade and specus were made under Sixtus V., but other reservoirs were not completed until Urban VIII., A.D. 1623-44 ib.
The fistula Urbana of marble ib.
The piers and foundation of the old arcade used ib.
The specus enters Rome near the Porta Maggiore 107
The water is then divided into different branches ib.
Junction of this arcade with the old one of the Claudia 108
From the Porta Maggiore the main line is carried upon the same high bank as the old Aqueducts ib.
It turns at the Porta di S. Lorenzo 109
—— and is carried on an arcade to the great agger on the Viminal, and to the fountain of the Termini, called that of Moses ib.
Summary.
Frontinus mentions nine Aqueducts 110
The Regionary Catalogue of the fourth century enumerates nineteen Aquæ in Rome ib.
Some of these were natural watercourses 111
Procopius in the sixth century mentions fourteen only 112
Levels of the Aqueducts 113