[183] Eccl 197-8, 591-2.

[184] Nub 71-2. Cf φελλέα in Isaeus VIII § 42 p 73.

[185] Pax 552, 1318.

[186] Ach 1018-36.

[187] Eccl 605, Av 712.

[188] Thucydides and the history of his age chapters III-VII.

[189] See Francotte L’industrie dans la Grèce ancienne livre II cc 5-7.

[190] Thucydides mythistoricus chapter II.

[191] II 14, 16. An earlier period is referred to in I 126 §§ 7, 8.

[192] II 65 § 2.

[193] I 141.

[194] Die Bevölkerung der Griechisch-Röm. Welt p 150.

[195] I 143.

[196] Theopompus in Athenaeus 149 d.

[197] I 139 § 2.

[198] VI 91 § 7.

[199] VII 27 § 5.

[200] Trygaeus in Aristoph Pax is a farmer from this district.

[201] III 73, VIII 40 § 2.

[202] III 88 § 3.

[203] II 62 § 3.

[204] opus cit chapters IV, VII.

[205] For instance, in Euboea and Aegina.

[206] III 50. Herodes, whose murder was later the occasion of a speech of Antiphon, is thought to have been one of the cleruchs.

[207] Arnold’s note explains the situation well, and Beloch p 83 agrees.

[208] See the inscription relative to Brea, G F Hill Sources III 317.

[209] See the hint in the speech of Pericles I 143 § 4.

[210] That there was normally much insecurity in rustic life in some parts of Greece, may be inferred from the dance-scene of the farmer and the robber, acted by men from north central Greece in Anabasis VI 1 §§ 7, 8. Daubeny’s Lectures pp 17, 18.

[211] Hellenica II 1 § 1.

[212] Hellenica VI 2 § 37.

[213] Ar Pol VII 6 § 8.

[214] Anab III 2 § 26.

[215] Anab VI 4 § 8.

[216] Anab I 2 § 27, V 6 § 13, VII 3 § 48, 8 §§ 12-19.

[217] Anab IV 1 §§ 12, 13.

[218] Anab V 3 § 4.

[219] Anab IV 8 § 4. It does not appear that the man rejoined his native tribe.

[220] Anab VII 7 § 53.

[221] See the protest of Callicratidas, Hellen I 6 § 14, with Breitenbach’s note.

[222] Anab VII 1 § 36, 2 § 6, 3 § 3.

[223] Memorab II 7.

[224] Memor I 2 § 57, II 7 §§ 4-11, 8.

[225] Memor III 13 § 4.

[226] Memor I 1 § 16, IV 2 §§ 22-31.

[227] Memor I 5 § 2.

[228] Memor III 7 § 6, 9 §§ 11, 15.

[229] Econ 20 §§ 22 foll.

[230] Econ 12 § 3.

[231] Econ 3 §§ 1-5, 5 §§ 15, 16, 12 § 19.

[232] Econ 7-9, 12-14, 21.

[233] Econ 13 § 9, cf 9 § 5.

[234] Econ 12-15.

[235] Econ 14 § 8.

[236] Econ 14 § 9.

[237] Econ 5 § 4, 14 § 2, 20 passim.

[238] Econ 5 § 6.

[239] Econ 1 § 4, 4 § 6.

[240] cf Memor II 7 §§ 7-10.

[241] Econ 11 §§ 9, 10.

[242] Econ 20 passim.

[243] Econ 21 § 10.

[244] Econ 21 § 12.

[245] Econ 21 § 9.

[246] Memor II 8 especially § 3. For this suggestion that a free man should be steward of a rich man’s estate I can find no parallel. See the chapters on the Roman agricultural writers. The case of the shepherd in Juvenal I 107-8 is not parallel.

[247] Memor II 5 § 2. See Vect 4 § 22 for suggested employment of free citizens or aliens.

[248] Vectigalia ch 4 passim.

[249] Cyrop VII 5 § 67, VIII 3 §§ 36-41.

[250] Cyrop IV 4 §§ 5-12, VII 5 §§ 36, 73.

[251] Cyrop VIII 1 §§ 43-4.

[252] Cited from Kock’s edition 1880-8.

[253] Menandrea, ed Körte 1910, Teubner.

[254] Fragments 100-24. From other plays, 294, 387.

[255] Cratinus 81, Pherecrates 212.

[256] e.g. Antiphanes 265, Philemon 227, Menander 581, etc.

[257] Philemon 95.

[258] Philemon 213, Menander 68, 716, Hipparchus 2.

[259] Menander 14, Posidippus 23 with Kock’s note.

[260] Pherecrates 10, Crates 14.

[261] Nicophon 13, 14.

[262] Athenaeus VI pp 263, 267 e-270 a.

[263] Menandrea pp 159-61 (fragments of Γεωργός).

[264] Menandrea pp 157, 159.

[265] opus cit and Menander 97 Kock. For ἄγροικος connoting simplicity cf 794 ἄγροικος εἶναι προσποιεῖ πονηρὸς ὤν.

[266] Menandrea p 155, 96 Kock.

[267] Menandrea p 15 (lines 26, 40).

[268] Menandrea p 13 (line 12, cf 111).

[269] Menandrea p 5.

[270] Menandrea p 25.

[271] Kock III p 473 (adespota 347).

[272] Lucian, Timon 7, 8. Kock adesp 1434, note.

[273] Menander 795.

[274] Menander 642.

[275] Menander 408.

[276] Menander 63, τὰ κακῶς τρέφοντα χωρί’ ἀνδρείους ποιεῖ.

[277] Stobaeus flor LVI 16 preserves an utterance of Socrates on labour, especially agricultural labour, as the basis of wellbeing, in which he remarks that ἐν τῇ γεωργίᾳ πάντα ἔνεστιν ὦν χρείαν ἔχομεν.

[278] ἰδιωτῶν Aristotle Pol II 7 § 1.

[279] Arist Pol II 6 § 13, 12 § 10.

[280] Arist Pol II 7 § 6 and Newman’s note.

[281] Arist Pol II 7, 8.

[282] In Thucydides and the history of his age chapters III-VII.

[283] Politics III 13 § 2.

[284] See Newman on Ar Pol II 7 § 7.

[285] Ar Pol II 6 § 13.

[286] Ar Pol II 12 § 10.

[287] Ar Pol II 7 §§ 3-7.

[288] Pol II 7 passim.

[289] Pol II 7 §§ 14, 15.

[290] μυρίανδρον Pol II 8 §§ 2, 3, with notes in Newman.

[291] ‘Artisan’ is not quite = τεχνίτης. All professional work is included.

[292] Pol II 7 §§ 8, 9. The probable influence of Spartan precedents is pointed out in Mr Newman’s note.

[293] See the valuable discussion in Grundy op cit chapter VIII.

[294] Cf Isocr de pace § 69 p 173, §§ 129-131 p 185.

[295] Plato was evidently uneasy at the growing influence of metics, to judge from the jealous rule of Laws p 850. This is in striking contrast with the view of Xenophon.

[296] Laws 630 b, cf 697 e.

[297] See Republic 565 a on the indifference of the handworking δῆμος. Cf Isocr de pace § 52 p 170.

[298] Cf Xenophon hell VII 5 § 27 on the ἀκρισία καὶ ταραχὴ intensified after Mantinea, 362 BC.

[299] Even Isocrates, who hated Sparta, says of it τὴν μάλιστα τὰ παλαιὰ διασώζουσαν, Helen § 63 ρ 218, and attributes the merits of the Spartan government to imitation of Egypt, Busiris § 17 p 225. He notes the moral change in Sparta, de pace §§ 95 foll pp 178-180.

[300] Republic p 421 e, Laws 936 c, 744 e.

[301] Laws 736 c, cf Rep 565 a, b.

[302] Republic 421 d.

[303] Republ 416 d, e, 417, 464 c, 543 b.

[304] Republ 540 e-541 a.

[305] Republ 469-471.

[306] Republ 495 d, 590 c, 522 b. Laws 741.

[307] Republ 374 c, d.

[308] Republ 433-4.

[309] Republ 468 a.

[310] That the speculations of Greek political writers were influenced by the traditions of a primitive communism is the view of Emil de Laveleye Primitive property ch 10.

[311] Republ 463 b.

[312] Republ 369 b-373 c.

[313] Cf Isocrates Panath § 180 p 271.

[314] Republ 547 b foll.

[315] Republ 550-2.

[316] Laws 756. See Rep 565 a with Adam’s note.

[317] Laws 754.

[318] See Politicus 293-7, Grote’s Plato III pp 309-10.

[319] Laws 737 foll, 922 a-924 a, called γεωμόροι 919 d.

[320] Laws 744 d, e.

[321] Laws 745 c-e.

[322] Laws 842 c-e.

[323] Laws 742.

[324] Laws 705.

[325] Rustic slaves, Laws 760 e, 763 a.

[326] Laws 832 d. The artisans are not citizens, 846 d-847 b.

[327] Laws 806 d.

[328] Laws 777 c.

[329] Laws 777 d-778 a, cf 793 e.

[330] Laws 838 d.

[331] Laws 865 c, d, cf 936 c-e.

[332] Laws 720. See Rep 406 on medical treatment of δημιουργοί.

[333] Case of domestics, Republ 578-9.

[334] Laws 776-7.

[335] Laws 690 b.

[336] Politicus 262 d.

[337] Politicus 289-90, Republ 371, Laws 742 a.

[338] Republ 467 a, Laws 720 a, b.

[339] Laws 762 e.

[340] Laws 823.

[341] Republ 344 b.

[342] Republ 435 e-436 a, Laws 747 c.

[343] Rep 423 b, 452 c, 544 d, Laws 840 e.

[344] Laws 886 a, 887 e.

[345] It is not easy to reach a firm opinion on this matter. The inscribed records are nearly all of a much later age. But even a more informal method of manumission would surely, if common, have left more clearly marked traces in literature. See Index, Manumission.

[346] The problem of the worn-out plantation slave was much discussed in the United States in slavery days. An interesting account of the difficulties arising from emancipation in British Guiana is given in J Rodway’s Guiana (1912) pp 114 foll.

[347] Laws 914-5, and an allusion in Republ 495 e.

[348] Laws 914 a, 932 d.

[349] See Lysias XXII, speech against the corn-dealers.

[350] See for instance Andocides de reditu §§ 20-1 p 22 (Cyprus), Isocrates Trapeziticus § 57 p 370 (Bosporus).

[351] Isocr de bigis § 13 p 349.

[352] Isocr Panegyricus § 28 p 46, cf Plato Menex 237 e.

[353] Andoc de myster §§ 92-3 p 12, Böckh-Fränkel Staatsh I 372-7. For private letting of farm-lands see Lysias VII § 4-10 pp 108-9 (one tenant was a freedman), Isaeus XI § 42.

[354] Isaeus VI §§ 19-22, VIII § 35, XI §§ 41-4.

[355] Isocr Areopagiticus § 52 p 150.

[356] Lysias I §§ 11, 13, p 92.

[357] Antiphon fragm 50 Blass.

[358] Isocr Panath § 179 p 270.

[359] Isocr Philippus §§ 48-9 pp 91-2.