[526] Polyb IV 73. Theocritus had spoken of ἱππήλατος Ἆλις (XXII 156). Keeping horses was a mark of wealth.
[527] Theocritus XXII 157 Ἀρκαδία τ’ εὔμαλος Ἀχαιῶν τε πτολίεθρα. Polyb IX 17, and IV 3 (Messenia).
[528] Eubulus fragm 12, 34, 39, 53, 66, Kock. Also other references in Athenaeus X pp 417 foll.
[529] Polyb XX 6. Otherwise Mahaffy in Gk Life and Thought chapter XIII.
[530] FHG II pp 254-64, formerly attributed to Dicaearchus. Cited by E Meyer Kleine Schriften p 137.
[531] II 62.
[532] IV 38.
[533] IV 73, 75.
[534] XXIII 1 § 11.
[535] In the famous case of the siege of Rhodes in 305-4 BC (Diodorus XX 84, 100) freedom seems to have been a reward, as has been pointed out by A Croiset.
[536] IV 20, 21. Compare Vergil Buc X 32-3 soli cantare periti Arcades, VII 4-5.
[537] In a fragment cited by Athenaeus p 272 a, cf 264 c. In Hultsch’s text Polyb XII 6.
[538] Cited by Diodorus II 39, and by Arrian Indica 10 §§ 8, 9.
[539] Calderini la manomissione etc chapter V.
[540] See table in Collitz Dialectinschriften II pp 635-42.
[541] παραμονά, παραμένειν.
[542] In 432 acts of manumission given in Wescher and Foucart Inscriptions de Delphes 1863, I could not find one case of a rustic slave.
[543] Ar Pol II 3 § 4, cf saying of Diogenes in Stob flor LXII 47. Menander fragm 760 K εἷς ἐστι δοῦλος οἰκίας ὁ δεσπότης.
[545] So Jove Poenulus 944-5.
[546] Casina 97 foll, Poenulus 170-1, Mostellaria 1-83.
[547] Mercator 65 foll.
[548] Mercator passim.
[549] Trinummus 508-61.
[550] Vidularia 31-2.
[551] Vidularia 21-55, text is fragmentary.
[552] But not excluding it, since slaves were hired.
[553] Hautontimorumenos 62-74.
[554] Hautont 93-117.
[555] Hautont 142-4.
[556] Phormio 362-5, cf Adelphoe 949.
[557] Hecyra 224-6.
[558] Adelphoe 45-6, cf 95, 401, 517-20, 845-9.
[559] Adelphoe 541-2.
[560] Collitz I No. 345, Dittenberger 238-9. Mommsen’s notes in Hermes XVII.
[561] καὶ τὴν χώραν μᾶλλον ἐξεργασθήσεσθαι.
[562] That this neglect was not a new thing seems shewn by the saying of Alexander that the Thessalians deserved no consideration, ὅτι τὴν ἀρίστην κεκτημένοι οὐ γεωργοῦσι. Plut apophth Alex 22.
[563] Livy XXXIV 51 §§ 4-6.
[564] Plutarch Aratus 5-8.
[565] Plut Dion 27, 37, 48.
[566] Plut Timoleon 23, 36.
[567] Plut Aratus 9, 12, 14.
[568] Plut Philopoemen 3, 4.
[569] In fact became an αὐτουργός.
[570] Bevölkerung der Griechisch-Römischen Welt pp 156-8.
[571] Diodorus XVIII 70 § 1.
[572] Livy XXXIV 50, Plut Flamininus 13.
[573] Polyb XXXIX 8 §§ 1-5.
[574] Only in Appian civ I 8 § 2. The provision is ascribed by Suet Jul 42 to Julius Caesar. The two writers were contemporary. Whence did Appian get his story?
[575] Case of Persia.
[576] Cases of Messana, Syracuse, etc.
[577] Case of Carthage.
[578] Livy II 23 etc.
[579] Referred to in Iwan Müller’s Handbuch IV ii 2, ed 3 pp 533 foll, article by H Blümner.
[580] That the household as a vigorous unit outlived the gens is I think clear. I guess that this was because production for the supply of life-needs was more closely correlated with the former. Labour was more easily divorced from the clan-system than property was.
[581] Cic Cato mai § 56, Liv III 26, Dionys X 8, 17, Plin NH XVIII 20, Valer Max IV 7. The discrepancies in the versions do not concern us here.
[582] Liv III 13 §§ 8-10, Dionys X 8.
[583] Liv III 27 § 1.
[584] Liv X 36 § 17, Dionys VI 3, etc.
[585] Liv II 22 §§ 5-7.
[586] Varro sat Men fr 59 and title of his satire Marcipor. Quintilian I 4 § 26, Festus p 306 L = 257 M Marcipor Oppii in title of Plaut Stichus. Sallust hist fr III 99 Maurenbrecher. Inscriptions CIL I 1076, 1034, 1386, Dessau 7822-3. For Pliny see below.
[587] Argument as in Luke’s gospel 17 §§ 7-9.
[588] Cic Cato mai §§ 55-6, etc.
[589] Dionys XIX 15.
[590] Preserved in a fragment of Dion Cassius, fr 40 § 27.
[591] Columella I 4 § 2, Pliny NH XVIII §§ 27-8, cf Valer Max IV 4 § 4.
[592] Livy epit XVIII.
[593] Valer Max IV 4 § 6. The version given in Seneca ad Helv 12 § 5 is much the same, but ends characteristically fuitne tanti servum non habere, ut colonus eius populus Romanus esset? Here colonus = tenant farmer.
[594] colendum locari.
[595] Plin NH XVIII § 39.
[596] Polyb I 31 § 4.
[597] Cato 5 § 4 (of duties of vilicus) operarium mercennarium politorem diutius eundem ne habeat die.
[598] How far we can infer this from references to slaves such as Livy XXIII 32 § 15 (215 BC), XXV 1 § 4 (213 BC), XXVI 35 § 5 (210 BC), is not quite certain. The Licinian law to check the grabbing of state domain land certainly does not prove it, for that land was probably for the most part pasture.
[599] Liv XXVIII 11 § 9.
[600] Weissenborn’s note on the passage.
[601] Liv XXII 57 § 11, and index to Livy under volones.
[602] Liv XXIII 49 §§ 1-4, XXIV 18 § 11, XXV 1 § 4, 3 § 8-4 § 11.
[603] Liv XXI 63 §§ 3, 4, Cic II in Verr V § 45.
[604] Liv XXVI 36.
[605] Liv XXIX 16 §§ 1-3.
[606] Liv XXXI 13.
[607] See Rudorff gromatische Institutionen pp 287-8.
[608] Liv XXXIII 42 § 3.
[609] lex agraria, line 31, in Bruns’ fontes or Wordsworth’s Specimens.
[610] Appian civ I 7 § 5. But the account given in this passage of the spread of latifundia and slave-gangs is too loose to be of much value. In particular, the assertion that slave-breeding was already common and lucrative is not to be believed. Appian was misled by the experience of his own day. See Sallust Iug 41 § 8 interea parentes aut parvi liberi militum, uti quisque potentiori confinis erat, sedibus pellebantur.
[611] The urban artisans engaged in the sedentary trades do not concern us here. See Weissenborn on Liv VIII 20 § 4 opificum vulgus et sellularii.
[612] Dionys III 31, IV 9, 13, etc.
[613] Dionys VI 79, a passage much coloured by later notions.
[614] Liv VII 4, 5. A slightly different and shorter version in Cic de off III § 112.
[615] Cic pro Sex Roscio § 46 recognizes this familiarity.
[616] Sallust Catil 4 § 1.
[617] Cic pro Sex Roscio §§ 39-51.
[618] Cic pro Sex Roscio §§ 50-1.
[619] Livy VI 12 § 5, cf VII 25 § 8.
[620] Dionys XVII [XVIII] 4. L Postumius Megellus was consul 305, 294, 291 BC. The story relates to his third consulship. His earlier career may be followed in Liv IX 44, X 26 § 15, 32 § 1, 37, 46 § 16.
[621] Liv epit XI.
[622] See the precept of Mago cited by Pliny NH XVIII § 35.
[623] That is, on those possessed of a certain minimum of property, which was lowered in course of time. Originally reckoned on land only, thus reckoning only those settled on farms (adsidui). See Mommsen Staatsrecht index. The rise in the census numbers between 131 and 125 BC is explained by Greenidge History p 150 as due to the increase of adsidui through effect of Gracchan legislation.
[624] See Greenidge History pp 60-1, 424-5.
[625] See Cato’s opinion cited by Cic de off II § 89, Columella VI praef §§ 3-5, Plin NH XVIII §§ 29, 30.
[626] Cic in Catil II § 18.
[627] Cic in Catil II § 20, cf de lege agr II § 78 fundos quorum subsidio familiarum magnitudines sustentare possint.
[628] familiis magnis.
[629] Livy VI 12 § 5, cf VII 25 § 8.
[630] Cairnes The Slave Power ch III. [1862, second edn. 1863.]
[631] Cic de republ III § 16.
[632] But see the oratorical picture of the bad steward, Cic II in Verrem III § 119. That remarkable passage still leaves my questions unanswered, for the comparison with Verres is superficial and only serves a temporary purpose.
[633] Varro I 2 § 17, 17 §§ 5, 7.
[634] Cato 2 § 7, cf Martial XI 70.
[635] As Cato 5 § 2 says, dominus inpune ne Sinat esse.
[636] Foreshadowed in Xenophon memor II 8.
[637] Compare the case of the mercennarius and Regulus referred to above.
[638] Columella I praef §§ 3, 12, 13, 20, XII praef §§ 8-10.
[639] Pliny NH XVIII §§ 41-3 (of earlier times), XIV §§ 48-50 (speculations), XVIII §§ 273-4.
[640] M Weber Römische Agrargeschichte pp 242 foll.
[641] Sueton Aug 32, Tib 8, cf Seneca the elder contr X 4 § 18. Later, Spart Hadr 18. In law, Digest XXXIX 4 § 12².
[642] Even a valetudinarium is provided. See Columella XI 1 § 18, XII 1 § 6, 3 §§ 7, 8.
[643] Columella I 7.
[644] Weber op cit pp 244-5. See the chapter on Columella for this interpretation. It can hardly be considered certain, but it is not vital to the argument.
[645] Varro I 17 § 2, cf Colum I 3 § 12.
[646] Varro I 17 §§ 3-6.
[647] Plato Laws 777 d, Arist Pol VII 10 § 13, [Ar] Oec I 5 § 6.
[648] Livy XXXIII 36 § 1.
[649] Livy XXXIX 29 §§ 8, 9, cf 41 § 6.
[650] Diodorus book XXXIV, and other authorities enumerated in my Roman Republic § 683.
[651] Strabo XIV 1 § 38 [p 646], Diodorus XXXIV 2 § 26.
[652] Diodorus XXXVI.
[653] According to Appian civ I 116 § 2 he was at first joined by some free rustics. The same seems to have been the case in Sicily and Asia.
[654] Sallust Catil 44 §§ 5, 6, 56 § 5.
[655] Tacitus ann IV 27.
[656] Tacitus ann III 53-5.
[657] Text edited by Keil 1895.
[658] Plutarch Cato maior 27.
[659] Jordan’s edition of his remains, p 77, Plut Cat mai 23.
[660] Pliny NH XVIII §§ 29, 30, and Cicero de off II § 89, Columella VI praef §§ 3-5.
[661] Jordan op cit p 43. Plutarch Cat mai 4.
[662] Plut Cat mai 3-5, 20-1.
[663] Cato agr 3 § 1, Pliny NH XVIII § 32.
[664] Cato agr 4.
[665] Cato agr 56-7.
[666] Cato agr 16, 136-7, 146.
[667] In 147 the emptor of a season’s lambs seems to be bound to provide a pastor, who is held as a pledge to secure the final settlement.
[668] Cato agr praef.
[669] Cato agr 10 § 1, 11 § 1.
[670] 2 § 7 patrem familias vendacem non emacem esse oportet.
[671] Cato agr 1.
[672] Mommsen in Hermes XV p 408.
[673] praef § 2, 1 § 4. According to a speaker in Seneca controv VII 6 § 17 Cato’s later wife was coloni sui filiam ... ingenuam. Plut Cat mai 24 makes her πελάτιν, that is daughter of a client. There seems to be no real contradiction. The cliens might be his patron’s tenant.
[674] 2 § 7 boves vetulos ... servum senem, servum morbosum ... vendat. Cf Plut Cat mai 5, Martial XI 70, Juvenal X 268-70. In Terence Hautont 142-4 the Old Man, on taking to farming, sells off all his household slaves save such as are able to pay for their keep opere rustico faciundo. His motive for giving up domestic comfort and taking to hard manual labour on the land is to punish himself. So ibid 65-74 he appears as neglecting to keep his farm-hands at work.
[675] Plut Cat mai 21.
[676] Pliny NH XVIII § 35.
[677] Polyb XXXII 13 §§ 10, 11.
[678] Plut Cat mai 21, 25, 4.
[679] Jordan op cit p 43.
[680] Cf Plin epist III 19 § 5.
[681] Plut Cat mai 21, 4.
[682] Plut Cat mai 20.
[683] Pliny even refers to his precepts as oracula.
[684] Cato agr 1 § 3 operariorum copia siet.
[685] Cato agr 4 operas facilius locabis, operarios facilius conduces.