[990] Wallon II 120, cf Digest XXXIII 7 § 19, an opinion of Paulus. It seems to be a sort of métayer system. See index.
[991] But such as the imbecilli cultores of Plin epist III 19 § 6.
[992] See case referred to by Paulus in Digest XXXI § 86¹.
[993] I praef § 12 ex mercennariis aliquem. In II 2 § 12 operarum vilitas, and IV 6 § 3 operarum paenuria, III 21 § 10 plures operas quantocumque pretio conducere, the hands hired may be slaves.
[994] Of course not necessarily agricultural, in fact generally not. See my article in Journal of Roman Studies 1918, and Index under Emigration.
[995] Very different from the small farmers of old time, who were owners.
[996] See for instance Digest XXXIII 7 § 18⁴, and § 20¹, opinions of Scaevola.
[997] I 8 and XI 1.
[998] I 8 §§ 1-3, XI 1 §§ 3, 4, 7.
[999] I 8 §§ 3, 4, where he says that a man who learns how to do things ab subiecto is not fitted opus exigere. XI 1 §§ 9-13 is not inconsistent with this, but lays more stress on the necessity of training the vilicus.
[1000] I 8 § 5 contubernalis mulier. She is to be vilica, cf XII 1 §§ 1, 2. Apuleius met VIII 22.
[1002] I 8 §§ 6, 7, XI 1 §§ 22-3.
[1003] nisi ut addiscat aliquam culturam. He is in a sense colonus, and hence his sphere of duty is called colonia in XI 1 § 23. In I 4 §§ 4, 5 the value of experiments is recognized.
[1004] I 8 § 8, XI 1 §§ 20-1.
[1005] I 8 § 9, XI 1 § 21.
[1006] I 8 § 10 animi, quantum servile patitur ingenium, virtutibus instructus.
[1007] I 8 § 10, XI 1 § 25.
[1008] I 8 § 11 operis exactio, ut iusta reddantur, ut vilicus semper se repraesentet, XI 1 §§ 25-6.
[1009] magistri singulorum officiorum, XI 1 § 27.
[1010] I 8 § 12, XI 1 § 23.
[1011] I 8 § 13, XI 1 § 24.
[1012] I 8 §§ 13-4, XI 1 §§ 27-30.
[1013] In XI 1 §§ 4 foll this notion is, with citation of Xenophon, repudiated, and the need of training a steward emphasized.
[1014] In XI 1 § 4 he cites a saying of Cato, male agitur cum domino quem vilicus docet.
[1015] I 8 § 15.
[1016] I 8 § 16 ut ergastuli mancipia recognoscant ... etc. In XI 1 § 22 this appears as part of the steward’s daily duty.
[1017] I 8 §§ 17-8 quanto et pluribus subiecti, ut vilicis ut operum magistris ut ergastulariis, magis obnoxii perpetiendis iniuriis, et rursus saevitia atque avaritia laesi magis timendi sunt.
[1018] an ex sua constitutione iusta percipiant. sua = the scale allowed by himself as dominus.
[1019] I 8 § 19.
[1020] multum confert augendo patrimonio.
[1021] I 9 §§ 1-6. Cf XI 1 §§ 8, 9.
[1022] mediastinus.
[1023] Cf Dig XXXIII 7 § 8 pr.
[1024] vineta plurimum per alligatos excoluntur.
[1025] ne confundantur opera familiae, sic ut omnes omnia exequantur.
[1026] I 9 §§ 7, 8.
[1027] VI 2 § 15 pecoris operarii (the very word also used = labourer), 3 § 3 iumentis iusta operum reddentibus.
[1028] XI 1 § 18 more optimi pastoris ... idem quod ille diligens opilio.
[1029] valetudinarium XI 1 § 18, XII 1 § 6, 3 §§ 7, 8.
[1030] IV 3 § 1 quosdam emacitas in armentis, quosdam exercet in comparandis mancipiis; de tuendis nulla cura tangit. Cf I 4 § 7.
[1031] XII 3 especially §§ 1, 8, cf praef § 9. He refers to Xenophon.
[1032] VIII 11 § 2 tamquam servitio liberatae, also 12 and 15 § 7 parere cunctantur in servitute.
[1033] I 6 § 3 vinctis quam saluberrimum subterraneum ergastulum, plurimis idque angustis illustratum fenestris atque a terra sic editis ne manu contingi possint. Cf XI 1 §§ 22.
[1034] I 6 § 19 rusticis balneis.
[1035] I 3 § 12 [our land-grabbers scorn moderation and buy up fines gentium so vast that they cannot even ride round them] sed proculcandos pecudibus et vastandos feris derelinquunt, aut occupatos nexu civium et ergastulis tenent. Schneider explains nexu etc as = civibus ob aes alienum nexis. Surely at this date it cannot be used in the strictly technical sense. See p 269.
[1038] VIII 2 § 7 anus sedula may serve as custos vagantium.
[1039] VI praef § 4.
[1040] I 8 § 5, 7 § 7, but in XII 3 § 6 for instance actores are not = vilici. Schneider.
[1041] See Cic de oratore I § 249, pro Tullio § 17.
[1042] I 6 § 23.
[1043] I 6 § 7 procuratori supra ianuam ob easdem causas: et is tamen vilicum observet ex vicino. Cf Plin epist III 19 § 2.
[1044] In Columella’s time. At a later date this could hardly be said, as the position of coloni became worse.
[1045] III 13 §§ 12, 13. Cf Dig XLIII 24 § 15¹.
[1046] A good instance in Pliny NH XIV 49, 50.
[1047] III 21 § 10 (of hurry resulting from want of forethought) cogitque plures operas quantocumque pretio conducere.
[1048] III 3 § 8.
[1049] I praef §§ 1, 2, II 1. Cf III 3 § 4 with Varro I 44 § 1.
[1050] I 3 § 9 nec dubium quin mimis reddat laxus ager non recte cultus quam angustus eximie, IV 3 § 6.
[1051] For milk-delivery see Calpurnius ecl IV 25-6 et lac venale per urbem non tacitus porta. For cheese Verg G III 402.
[1052] VI praef §§ 3-5.
[1053] Also bee-keeping.
[1054] VIII 10 §§ 3, 4.
[1055] quia nec parvo conducuntur qui mandant ... etc.
[1056] II 9 §§ 14, 16.
[1057] siligo, II 6 § 2, 9 § 13.
[1058] I 6 §§ 9-17.
[1059] II 20 § 6 frumenta, si in annos reconduntur, ... sin protinus usui destinantur ... etc.
[1060] I 2 § 3.
[1061] As Plutarch C Gracc 7 says εὐθεῖαι γὰρ ἤγοντο διὰ τῶν χωρίων ἀτρεμεῖs.
[1062] I 5 §§ 6, 7.
[1063] I 3 §§ 3, 4.
[1064] II 13 § 7 consummatio operarum.
[1065] II 21 § 10.
[1066] I praef § 12, XI 1 § 12.
[1067] I praef § 17 (of the non-urban population in old times) qui rura colerent administrarentve opera colonorum. The last three words are not in some MSS.
[1068] I 4 § 4, Verg G I 51-3.
[1069] So the Greeks often refer to Homer as The Poet.
[1070] verissimo vati velut oraculo.
[1071] Verg G IV 116 foll.
[1072] Quintil X 1 §§ 46-131, especially §§ 85-6.
[1073] See Tacitus Germ 41 on the exceptionally favourable treatment of the Hermunduri, with Schweitzer-Sidler’s notes.
[1074] Seneca ad Helviam 7 § 7 refers to the colonies sent out to the provinces in earlier times, and is rhetorically exaggerated.
[1075] Cf Nissen Italische Landeskunde vol II pp 128-30.
[1076] A notable utterance on this topic is Seneca ad Helviam 6 §§ 2, 3. See Mayor’s notes on Juvenal III 58 foll.
[1077] See Tacitus Germ 29 for interesting matter bearing on these points.
[1078] The numerous references need not be given here. They can be found in H. Schiller’s Geschichte der Römischen Kaiserzeit.
[1079] Schiller I 515, 534. See Hyginus gromat I p 133, Frontinus ibid pp 53-4, and the rescript of Domitian in Girard, textes part I ch 4 § 5. Suetonius Dom 9.
[1080] Domitian also made ordinances forbidding new vineyards in Italy and enjoining the destruction of those in the Provinces. But these were not carried out. Schiller I 533. Suet Dom 7, 14, Stat silv IV 3 11-12.
[1081] Schiller I 540.
[1082] Plin paneg 26-8.
[1083] Schiller I 566, 623, 630, 656.
[1084] Schiller I 566.
[1085] Capitolinus M Aurel II § 7. The text is in some doubt.
[1086] Schiller I 651.
[1087] Schiller I 566. Plin epist VI 19 depicts the situation fully. The aim was to make them feel Italy their patria. See the jealousy of rich Provincials shewn by senators, Tac Ann XI 23.
[1088] Schiller I 656.
[1089] The remarkable community of Lamasba is referred to below in a note after chapter XXXVII.
[1090] The locus classicus on emigrant Romans is Cic pro Fonteio §§ 11-13, which belongs to 69 BC. Cf Sallust Iug 21, 26, 47.
[1091] That is, allottees of land distributed viritim.
[1092] Inscription, Dessau 1334, CIL VIII 15454.
[1093] Dessau 6790.
[1094] [Victor] de viris illustribus 73 § 1, cf § 5.
[1095] Cf Appian civ I 29 § 2.
[1096] Bellum Afr 32, 35, 56, Dion Cass XLIII 4 § 2.
[1097] For details of his life see Mayor on Pliny epp III 11. Cf Ritter and Preller hist Philos, Champagny Les Césars IV 1 § 1.
[1098] Preserved by Stobaeus flor LVI 18. It is in Greek, the classic language of Philosophy, as the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, etc.
[1099] πόρος, a means of livelihood.
[1100] ἢ δημοσίαν ἢ ἰδιωτικήν.
[1101] αὐτουργικοὶ καὶ φιλόπονοι ὄντες.
[1102] εἴ γε μὴν ἅμα φιλοσοφεῖ τις καὶ γεωργεῖ.
[1103] τοῦ καθῆσθαι ἐν πόλει τὸ ζῆν ἐν χωρίῳ.
[1104] σύν γε τῷ καλοκαγαθίας μὴ ὀλιγωρεῖν.
[1105] These are stock instances of happiness in rustic life. For references see notes in Frazer’s Pausanias VIII 24 § 13, X 24 § 1.
[1106] σοφιστάς.
[1107] χαλεπώτατον.
[1108] He was in command of the fleet at Misenum in 79 AD when the great eruption of Vesuvius took place. He persisted in approaching it, and met his death. The family belonged to the colony of Novum Comum in Transpadane Gaul, now part of Italy.
[1109] NH XVIII 1-5.
[1110] NH XVIII 7, 18, 20.
[1111] NH XVIII 19, 21, 36.
[1112] NH XVIII 35.
[1113] NH XVIII 27-8.
[1114] NH XVIII 32.
[1115] NH XVIII 35.
[1116] NH VIII 180. In Aelian var hist this is recorded (V 14) as an old rule in Attica.
[1117] NH XVIII 36.
[1118] NH XIX 60 octo iugerum operis palari iustum est is a good instance. This verb palare = to dig should be added to dictionaries.
[1119] NH XVIII 37-8.
[1120] agros ... coemendo colendoque in gloriam.
[1121] So Tiberius in Tac ann III 54.
[1122] Tac hist III 8 Aegyptus, claustra annonae.
[1123] NH XVIII 15 foll.
[1124] ibid 17 nec e latifundiis singulorum contingebat arcentium vicinos.
[1125] NH XVIII 24.
[1126] NH XIX 50-1.
[1127] NH XVIII 12.
[1128] NH XVIII 11, 26.
[1129] NH XIV 49, 50.
[1130] NH XIV 48.
[1131] Such as the agricola strenuus depicted in the letter of Marcus to Fronto (p 29 Naber), who has omnia ad usum magis quam ad voluptatem.
[1132] NH XVIII 273-4. Aristotle Politics I 11.
[1133] NH XVIII 174.
[1134] NH XVIII 178 ... transverso monte.
[1135] certe sine hoc animali montanae gentes sarculis arant.
[1136] NH XXXIII 26-7.
[1137] aliter apud antiquos singuli Marcipores Luciporesve dominorum gentiles omnem victum in promiscuo habebant.
[1138] NH XVIII 36 coli rura ab ergastulis pessimum est, et quicquid agitur a desperantibus.
[1139] NH XXXVII 201-3.
[1140] principatum naturae optinet ... viris feminis ducibus militibus servitiis ... etc.
[1141] servorum exercitio.
[1142] NH XVIII 11.
[1143] NH VIII 180 tamquam colono suo interempto.
[1144] NH XVIII 167 coloni vice fungens.
[1145] NH XVIII 38 praeterquam subole suo colono aut pascendis alioqui colente domino aliquas messis colligere non expedit, si computetur impendium operae.