[1453] XX 1 § 21ᵖʳ, XLIII 32, 33, XLVII 2 § 62³.
[1454] XIX 2 §§ 9²,³, 23, 51ᵖʳ, XLV 1 § 89.
[1455] XIX 2 § 52, cf XLIX 14 § 50.
[1456] XIX 2 § 25⁶ (Gaius?).
[1457] IX 2 § 27¹⁴, XLVII 2 § 83¹, § 10 § 5⁴. Compare also XIX 2 § 60⁵, XLVII 2 § 52⁸. I cannot deal with the difficult legal questions involved here. See Buckland’s Elementary principles § 135.
[1458] XIX 2 §§ 15⁸, 24⁴, 25¹, XXXIII 4 § 1¹⁵.
[1459] VII 8 §§ 10⁴, 11. Having nothing to do with the fructus, the usuary cannot interfere with the colonus.
[1460] XIX 2 § 54¹.
[1461] XIX 2 §§ 13¹¹, 14. The normal term of a lease was 5 years (lustrum, quinquennium).
[1462] XIX 2 § 24¹, XLI 2 § 30⁶, XLIII 16 § 20. So in law of 224 AD, cod Iust IV 65 § 6.
[1463] XII 2 § 28⁶.
[1464] XIX 2 § 25³, XL 7 § 40⁵. Compare the language of XXXIV 3 § 16 with § 18.
[1465] XIX 2 §§ 3, 54².
[1466] XIX 2 § 19², XXXII §§ 91¹, 93², 101¹, XXXIII 7 passim, esp § 4. For the vilicus, XXXIII 7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹. A woman caretaker, ibid § 15².
[1467] XXXIII 7 § 24.
[1468] XIX 2 §§ 19³, 25⁶.
[1469] XXXIII 7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹, XLVII 2 § 26¹. I note that de Coulanges p 14 holds that the contract rested solely on the basis of a fixed money rent, citing (p 12) Gaius III 142, Dig XIX 2 § 2ᵖʳ (Gaius). But I am not satisfied that cases of rent in kind were not subject to legal remedy. See Monro on Dig XIX 2 § 19³, and Pliny epist IX 37 § 3. And Vinogradoff, Growth of the Manor note 91 on p 109.
[1470] See XIX 2 § 15.
[1471] XIII 7 § 25, XXXI § 86¹.
[1472] VII 1 § 41, XXVII 9 § 13ᵖʳ.
[1473] VII 1 § 13⁴.
[1474] VII 4 §§ 8, 10.
[1475] XXXII § 91¹, L 16 § 198. Cf Juvenal I 75, Suet Aug 72, Gaius 37, Palladius I 8, 11, 24, 33.
[1476] VII 1 § 13, XII 2 § 28⁶, XIX 2 §§ 25⁵, 29, XLVII 2 §§ 26¹, 62⁸, 7 § 9.
[1477] XIX 2 §§ 55¹, 61ᵖʳ.
[1478] XLIII 24 § 13⁶.
[1479] XXXIX 3 §§ 4²,³, 5.
[1480] Alternative, XX 1 § 32.
[1481] A curious case is the putting in an imaginarius colonus [of course at a high nominal rent] in order to raise the selling price of a farm. XIX 1 § 49 (jurist of 4th cent), earlier in Fr Vat § 13.
[1482] See XXXII § 41⁵, XXXIV 4 § 31ᵖʳ.
[1483] XXXIII 7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹, XL 7 § 40⁵.
[1484] XX 3 § 16, XXXIII 7 § 12³, 8 § 23³.
[1485] servus actor, his rationes, XL 7 § 40ᵖʳ,⁴,⁵.
[1486] His reliqua, XXXII §§ 91ᵖʳ, 97.
[1487] XXXIV 1 § 18³, 3 § 12, XL 7 § 40 passim.
[1488] XXXII §§ 41², 91ᵖʳ, XXXIII 7 §§ 12³⁸, 20³,⁴, 22¹. These refer to legata, in which particular intention could be expressed, cf XXXII § 91¹.
[1489] IX 2 § 27⁹,¹¹, XIX 2 § 30⁴.
[1490] XXI 1 § 32, XXVIII 5 § 35³, XXXII §§ 60³, 68³, XXXIII 7 § 20.
[1492] XXXII § 99, XXXIII 7 passim, esp § 25¹. Buckland, Slavery p 6.
[1493] Alfenus Varus in Dig XV 3 § 16.
[1494] Hence the frequent references to peculia. See XXXIII 8 de peculio legato, where from §§ 6ᵖʳ, 8ᵖʳ, it appears that his peculium might include land and houses. Cf de Coulanges pp 55-6, 66-7, 135-6.
[1495] XXXII § 97 etc.
[1496] XXXIII 7 § 12³ etc.
[1497] VII 7 § 3 in hominis usu fructu operae sunt et ob operas mercedes (Gaius), XII 6 § 55.
[1498] VII 1 §§ 25, 26, XIX 2 § 60⁷ (Labeo, time of Augustus, cited by Javolenus).
[1499] XL 7 § 14ᵖʳ mercedem referre pro operis suis (Alfenus), cf XLV 3 § 18³.
[1500] XXXIII 7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹. mercede or pensionis certa quantitate as opposed to fide dominica.
[1501] VIII 6 § 20, XLIII 16 § 1²⁰, 24 § 3ᵖʳ.
[1502] XLIII 24 § 5¹¹.
[1503] XLI 1 § 44.
[1504] XLVII 14, cf XLVIII 19 § 16⁷, XLIX 16 § 5².
[1505] In XIX 2 § 25⁴ (Gaius?) the tenant is held to blame for wilful damage done by a neighbour with whom he has a quarrel.
[1506] XVIII 1 § 35⁸.
[1507] XLVII 21 § 2.
[1508] XLIII 16, de vi et de vi armata.
[1509] XLI 3 § 33¹ etc.
[1510] XLI 2 §§ 3⁸,¹², 25¹, etc.
[1511] VIII 3 de servitutibus praediorum rusticorum. Specimens of inscribed notices of servitudes, Girard textes part III ch 3 § 1.
[1512] VII 1 § 27³, XIX 2 § 15² (Ulpian). The abuse of the quartering of troops was no new evil in the Provinces. We hear of it from Cicero. In the third century AD we have the notable petitions from Scaptoparene in Thrace (238) text in Mommsen ges Schr II 174-6, and from the Aragueni in Asia Minor (244-7), text in Dittenberger Or Graec inscr No 519. For Italy in 5th century see on Symmachus.
[1513] XIX 2 §§ 9³, 15.
[1514] XLI 1 § 7¹⁻⁶, etc.
[1515] XI 4 § 1¹, cf Paulus sent I 6 a § 5.
[1516] Dealt with later in the Codes as a frequent evil. For early medieval laws on the point see de Coulanges p 152.
[1517] XLVII 9 §§ 3³, 16, Paulus sent V 3 § 4.
[1518] XIII 4 § 3.
[1519] Callistratus in L 11 § 2, quoting Plato rep 371 a-c.
[1520] XLVII 11 § 9.
[1521] XLVII 11 § 10, cf cod Th IX 32 § 1, cod Just IX 38.
[1522] agri vectigales or (as the title calls them by a later name) emphyteuticarii. VI 3 §§ 1, 2, XIX 1 § 13⁶, XLIII 9 § 1, L 16 § 219. Large blocks were also hired by middlemen (mancipes) and sublet in parcels to coloni, XIX 2 § 53.
[1523] VI 3 §§ 1, 3.
[1524] L 8 § 2¹.
[1525] subiectis aliorum nominibus.
[1526] XXXIX 4 § 11¹, auctoritate principali.
[1527] Gaius III 145 concludes that the contract in these leases is one of letting and hiring, not of purchase and sale. That is, it includes everything save the bare dominium, notably possessio, and, as Prof Buckland points out to me, covenants usual in such cases could be enforced by the actio ex locato.
[1528] XXXIX 4 § 11⁵.
[1529] XLIX 14 § 3⁶.
[1530] principalibus rescriptis. From the text I infer that these are later than Hadrian.
[1531] XXX § 39¹⁰, XIX 2 § 49.
[1532] XLIX 14 § 47¹ (Paulus).
[1533] XLIII 8 § 2⁴ (Ulpian), a very important passage.
[1534] Papirius Justus in L 1 § 38¹, muneribus fungi sine damno fisci oportere.
[1535] Callistratus in L 6 § 6¹¹, ut idoniores praediis fiscalibus habeantur.
[1536] References are endless. Most significant is L 4 § 4 (Ulpian) honores qui indicuntur.
[1537] Title XLIX 14 de iure fisci.
[1538] II 14 § 42 (Papinian).
[1539] XLIX 14 § 3¹⁰.
[1540] XLVIII 22 § 1, cf XLIX 14 §§ 47, 50, (Paulus).
[1541] That they did sometimes suffer may be inferred from the case of the Aragueni (p 374) who describe themselves as πάροικοι and γεωργοὶ (= inquilini and coloni) of the emperor.
[1542] L 5 §§ 10, 11, etc.
[1543] See Spartian Hadrian 7 § 5, Capitolinus Anton 12 § 3, Spartian Severus 14 § 2.
[1544] De Coulanges makes it his main thesis that the later colonate was a creation of custom, at length recognized by law. My conclusions here were reached before reading his fine treatise.
[1545] attributi or contributi. See Mommsen, Staatsrecht III, die attribuirten Orte.
[1546] Cf Dig XXXIII 2 § 28 indictiones temporariae [Paulus], XIX 1 § 13⁶ [Ulpian].
[1547] Pliny paneg 29 (of imperial subjects) nec novis indictionibus pressi ad vetera tributa deficiunt.
[1548] Hence cod Theod has a title de superindictionibus.
[1549] The rising of the Bagaudae in Gaul, at least partly due to agricultural distress, had been put down by Maximian in 285-6. See Schiller III pp 124-6.
[1550] It is true that the colonus was guaranteed against disturbance, but I think de Coulanges pp 114-7, 123 makes too much of this.
[1551] There were in the latter half of the third century some signs of the coming reconstruction. But they came to no effect.
[1552] Cod Th V 17 (9) § 1 apud quemcumque colonus iuris alieni fuerit inventus, is non solum, eundem origini suae restituat verum super eodem capitationem temporis agnoscat ... etc. Runaway coloni are to be chained like slaves, iuris alieni = the control of someone other than the person harbouring him. The colonus is legally dependent, though nominally free.
[1553] See Weber, Agrargeschichte pp 256 foll.
[1554] See Seeck II 320 foll, 330 foll.
[1555] Cod Just XI 59 § 1, in which Constantine, finding the civitatum ordines unequal to this burden, extends the liability to other landlords also.
[1556] See Seeck II 214 foll, 223, 249, IV 88.
[1557] Seeck II 249, 284. See Cod Th XI 2 §§ 1-5 (dates 365-389), not in Cod Just.
[1558] Heisterbergk p 59 with references. Seeck, Schatzungsordnung pp 302-5.
[1559] The details of this system are fully discussed in Seeck’s great article, die Schatzungsordnung Diocletians, in the Ztschr für social und Wirthschaftsgeschichte 1896.
[1560] Digest I 5 § 17, Dion Cass LXXVII 9 § 5. Schiller Geschichte I pp 750-1 thinks that military motives had much to do with it, as adding to the citizen troops. What is supposed to be a copy of the edict itself has been found in a papyrus, see Girard, textes part I ch 4 § 12. The text is in the Giessen papyri No 40. It seems certain that the lowest class of peregrini (the dediticii) were not included in the grant.
[1561] See Seeck II 323. Cf Lactant mort pers 23 § 5, Victor Caes 39 § 31.
[1562] Through the ius commercii.
[1563] Seeck, Schatzungsordnung, cited above.
[1564] A long title in cod Th is devoted to remissions, XI 28, consisting of temporary laws. And these deal chiefly with Italian and African Provinces, notably §§ 7, 12, with Campania. They date from 395 to 436.
[1565] In the panegyric (No VIII cap 11) on Constantine we have mention of a reduction of 7000 capita for relief of a district in Gaul.
[1566] Cod Th XI 1 § 14. Cf. Seeck, Schatzungsordnung pp 315-6.
[1567] Compare the conduct of the magistrates of Antioch in the evidence of Libanius cited below.
[1568] See for instance cod Th XIII 10 § 1.
[1570] See Ammianus XIX 11 § 3, Victor Caesares 13 §§ 5, 6. A long title cod Th VIII 5 is devoted to the cursus, containing 66 laws from 315 to 407, and other references abound.
[1571] Cf cod Th XI 16 § 3 (324), § 4 (328).
[1572] Cf Cic II in Verr III § 190, Tac Agr 19. Cf cod Th XI 1 § 22 (386), with Godefroi’s notes, also §§ 11 (365) and 21 (385), XIV 4 § 4 (367).
[1573] See the title de naviculariis, cod Th XIII 5, including 38 laws.
[1574] Cod Th XIV 18 de mendicantibus non invalidis.
[1575] If I rightly interpret Dig L 5 § 1² (Ulpian) cases had occurred earlier of men liable to office even pretending to be mere coloni in order to evade liability (ad colonos praediorum se transtulerunt. See Dirksen under transferre).
[1576] Very significant is the law cod Th XVI 5 § 48 (410) by which even heretics are held to curial duty.
[1577] See Seeck, Schatzungsordnung pp 315-6, De Coulanges p 119.
[1578] See Weber, Agrargeschichte pp 266-7.
[1579] Cf cod Th XI 16 passim.
[1580] A rule of 366, or later according to Mommsen, cod Th XI 1 § 14, cod Just XI 48 § 4.
[1581] Cf cod Th XIII 10 § 3, retained in cod Just XI 48 § 2, plainly recognizing this.
[1582] See the advantages of the colonate summed up in de Coulanges p 144, and cf ibid p 139.
[1583] Lactantius de mort pers 7 § 3.
[1584] enormitate indictionum.
[1585] Cf Augustin de civ Dei X 1 coloni, qui condicionem debent genitali solo, propter agri culturam sub dominio possessorum.
[1586] Cf cod Th V 17 (9) §§ 1, 2 (332), etc.
[1587] Cod Th XI 3 § 2.
[1588] The capitatio.
[1589] Cod Just XI 48 § 7.
[1590] Schatzungsordnung pp 313-4.
[1591] Rostowzew Geschichte des Röm Colonates pp 381-97 traces the abandonment of the policy of favouring coloni, and adoption of reliance on great possessors, as a result of the pressing difficulties of the collection of revenue.
[1592] Cod Just XI 50 § 1 (Constantine).
[1593] Cod Just XI 50 § 2.
[1594] Cod Th XI 1 § 12 (365).
[1595] Wallon, Esclavage III 266, 282.
[1596] For instance cod Th XI 11 (date somewhere 368-373), IV 13 §§ 2, 3 (321). Also XI 7-10, 16 § 10, etc.
[1597] Seeck, Schatzungsordnung pp 285-308, with an account of local variations. For instance, in Africa and Egypt there was no capitatio.
[1598] See cod Th VII 13 § 7, 8 (375, 380). Even the imperial estates made liable, ibid § 12 (397). Dill p 196. In 379 Theodosius had to raise recruits from γεωργοί, Libanius XXIV 16.
[1599] Cod Th VII 18 § 10, cf VIII 2 § 3 (380). See Seeck II 490-1.