[1600] Cod Th VIII 2 § 3. By long use the word had become quite official. Cf inopes ac vagi in Tac ann IV 4, etc.
[1601] Cod Just XII 33 § 6.
[1602] De Coulanges pp 168-9 points out that in the early Middle Age we find ingenui = coloni.
[1603] temonaria functio. See Dirksen under temo. Cod Th XI 16 §§ 14, 15, 18, cf VII 13 § 7, VI 26 § 14.
[1604] Wallon III 149, 476.
[1605] Cod Th VII 13 § 7, where occur the words cum corpora postulantur opposed to aurum. For the money-commutation (adaeratio) often accepted from the landlords see Mommsen Ges Schr VI p 254 Das Röm Militärwesen seit Diocletian. Also Rostowzew in the Journal of Roman Studies vol VIII on Synteleia tironon, and Wagner on Ammianus XIX 11 § 7.
[1606] Cf Vegetius rei milit I 7, of the disasters caused by slovenly recruiting, dum indicti possessoribus tirones per gratiam aut dissimulationem probantium tales sociantur armis quales domini habere fastidiunt.
[1607] Cod Th IV 13 §§ 2, 3, kept with variants in cod Just IV 61 § 5.
[1608] Cod Th XI 8.
[1609] Cod Th XI 16 § 10, 17 §§ 2-4.
[1610] For the special position of imperial senators see Dill pp 126, 166, 196, 218 foll.
[1611] Cod Th XI 11, kept with some omissions in cod Just XI 55 § 2.
[1612] Cod Th XI 16 § 4, cod Just XI 48 § 1.
[1613] Seeck I, chapter on die Ausrottung der Besten.
[1614] Pliny NH XVIII 296. Palladius VII 2.
[1615] hoc compendio. Pall.
[1616] Orat 50. I take the date given by Förster.
[1617] For such properties see cod Th X 3.
[1618] φιλανθρωπότατε βασιλεῦ.
[1619] § 36 γράμμασι, which I take to be = indictiones.
[1620] In cod Th the title XI 24 is de patrociniis vicorum, and the laws range from 360 to 415. Cod Just XI 54 shews that the evil was still in existence in 468.
[1621] Orat 47 §§ 8-10. Zulueta (see below) points out that the protection given by the patrons was exerted quite as much by improper influence on judges as by use of force.
[1622] § 6 τοῦτο καὶ λῃστὰς γεωργοὺς ἑποίησε.
[1623] § 11 ἀλλὰ καὶ οἷς εἷς ὁ δεσπότης.
[1624] §§ 19-21.
[1625] § 24 ὦν εἰσιν (οἱ γεωργοί).
[1626] §§ 17, 18.
[1627] § 34.
[1628] §§ 36-8 δὸς δὴ νεῦρα τῷ νόμῳ καὶ ποίησον αὐτὸν ὡς ἀληθῶς νόμον ἀντὶ ψιλῆς προσηγορίας ... etc.
[1629] Cod Th XI 24 § 2 (Valens).
[1630] Note that the law Cod Th XII 1 § 128, sternly forbidding militares viri to interfere with curiales or to use any violence to leading men in the municipalities, is dated 392 July 31. Also that it is retained in Cod Just X 32 § 42. Zulueta de patrociniis vicorum pp 38-40 concludes that it is uncertain to what emperor Libanius is appealing, and places the date in 386-9 AD. He finds the reference in Cod Th V 17 § 2 (Theodosius), not in XI 24 § 2.
[1631] The leading authority on Symmachus is O Seeck. In particular the dating of many of the letters in his great edition (MGH, Berlin 1883) is often helpful.
[1632] See epist II 6, 7, 52, IV 5 (4), 18, 21, IX 14, 114 (124), X 2, 21, relat 3 §§ 15-18, 9 § 7, 18, 35, 37.
[1633] epist III 55, 82, IV 54, 74, VII 38, 68, relat 18.
[1634] epist II 6, III 55, 82, IX 42, VII 68, relat 9, 18, 37.
[1635] epist VII 66, IX 10, relat 18.
[1636] epist II 55, IV 68.
[1637] epist VI 15 (14).
[1638] epist VI 15 (14), VII 18, 68. Seeck, V 284, 555.
[1639] epist I 5 ut rus quod solebat alere nunc alatur. Cf cod Th XI 1 § 4.
[1640] epist VI 82 (81).
[1641] nihilque iam colonis superest facultatum quod aut rationi opituletur aut cultui.
[1642] epist VII 56 cum sit colonus agrorum meorum atque illi debita magis quam precaria cura praestetur.
[1643] epist IX 6. Cf IX 11.
[1644] epist IX 47 (50).
[1645] epist IX 140 (X 18).
[1646] epist VIII 2. Plin epist I 6, V 6 § 46.
[1647] Amm Marc XXVIII 4 § 18 alienis laboribus venaturi.
[1648] epist II 22.
[1649] epist V 18.
[1650] epist II 52. Cf the cases contemplated in Dig XIX 2 §§ 13⁷, 15².
[1651] epist VII 38.
[1652] epist IX 45 (48).
[1653] epist VI 11.
[1654] epist IX 27 (30).
[1655] epist VII 66, IX 49 (52). In the law of 414 Cod Th XVI 5 § 54 we have these conductores privatorum opposed to conductores domus nostrae in Africa. See above, chapter on the African inscriptions.
[1656] epist VI 12.
[1657] In quality the Apulian wheat was thought excellent. Varro RR I 2 § 6.
[1658] epist IX 29.
[1659] epist VII 126 res ... non tam reditu ampla quam censu.
[1660] epist IX 11 sed maior opitulatio ex tui arbitrii favore proveniet, cum causae eius etiam iustitia non desit.
[1661] epist IX 37 (40).
[1662] ut perspiciatur in discretione iudicium.
[1663] epist IX 47 (50).
[1664] epist IX 10.
[1665] epist VI 59 (58), 65 (64).
[1666] epist IV 74.
[1667] epist II 7.
[1668] quanto nobis odio provinciarum constat illa securitas.
[1669] relatio 40.
[1670] quod nihil subsidii decreta dudum oppida conferebant. This seems to imply a previous grant to Tarracina, levied on other towns. Cf relat 37 decretae provinciae, referring to supply of Rome.
[1671] Capuana legatio. Meaning Campanian, I take it.
[1672] Neratius Cerealis, praef annonae 328, praef urbi 352-3, consul 358. Godefroi’s Prosopographia, Wilmanns inscr 1085, and cod Th XIV 24. The order is given thus, eum frumenti numerum, quem Cerealis ex multis urbibus Romano populo vindicarat, restitui omnibus.
[1673] secretum.
[1674] XVI 5 §§ 14, 15.
[1675] Seeck, Schatzungsordnung p 306, keeps the MS reading capitulis here. See his remarks, and for the word capitulum cf cod Th XI 16 § 15 (382) capituli atque temonis necessitas, ibid § 14 capitulariae sive ... temonariae functionis.
[1676] The title cod Th XI 28 is de indulgentiis debitorum.
[1677] norat enim hoc facto se aliquid locupletibus additurum, cum constet ubique pauperes inter ipsa indictorum exordia solvere universa sine laxamento conpelli. We shall return to this point in connexion with Salvian.
[1678] XVII 3.
[1679] quicquid in capitatione deesset ex conquisitis se supplere. conquisita are the sums produced by a superindictio raising the amount to be levied. Cf cod Th XI 1 § 36, and title XI 6 de superindicto.
[1680] Cf XXX 5 § 6 provisorum, cod Th XII 1 § 169 tuae provisionis ... incrementis.
[1681] indictionale augmentum.
[1682] sollemnia ... nedum incrementa.
[1683] XVIII 1.
[1684] quorum patrimonia publicae clades augebant.
[1685] XVIII 2 § 2 and references in Wagner’s edition. Schiller, Kaiserzeit II p 313.
[1686] XXIX 5 §§ 10-13.
[1687] messes et condita hostium virtutis nostrorum horrea esse.
[1688] As when in Pannonia (373) they crossed the Danube and occupatam circa messem agrestem adortae sunt plebem, XXIX 6 § 6.
[1689] XXIX 5 § 13 in modum urbis exstruxit.
[1690] XXIX 5 § 25 muro circumdatum valido. In XXX 10 § 4 we find Murocincta as the name of a villa and Triturrita in Rutilius de reditu I 527, 615. Cf cases in Caesar’s time, Bell Afr 9, 40, 65.
[1691] XXVIII 6 § 8.
[1692] XXX 2 § 10 negotiis se ruralibus dedit.
[1693] There was much jealousy on this score, and a powerful reaction, as after the death of Valentinian in 375, but even then the foreign element prevailed. Schiller II 389.
[1694] XXXI 4 §§ 4, 5.
[1695] ex ultimis terris tot tirocinia. Cf XIX 11 § 7.
[1696] et pro militari supplemento, quod provinciatim annuum pendebatur, thesauris accederet auri cumulus magnus. I hope I am right in referring this to the temonaria functio or obligation of paying the temo = the price of a recruit. Cod Th XI 16 §§ 14, 15.
[1697] XXXI 6 § 5.
[1698] dudum a mercatoribus venundati, adiectis plurimis quos primo transgressu necati inedia vino exili vel panis frustris mutavere vilissimis.
[1699] XXXI 10 § 17, inventute valida nostris tirociniis permiscenda.
[1700] XXVIII 5 § 15 of Theodosius defeating Alamanni, pluribus caesis, quoscumque cepit ad Italiam iussu principis misit, ubi fertilibus pagis acceptis iam tributarii circumcolunt Padum. 370 AD. Cf XXXI 9 § 4, 377 AD, and XX 4 § 1, 360 AD.
[1701] For instance, in Rufinum I 200-5, de bello Gildon 105-12, de IV cos Honor 412-8.
[1702] in Rufin I 380-2.
[1703] in Rufin I 189-92.
[1704] metuenda colonis fertilitas.
[1705] in Eutrop I 401-9.
[1706] de bello Gildon 49-74.
[1707] See Bury, Later Roman empire I 108-9, Seeck, Untergang V 379-80, Dill, Roman Society p 233, Wallon, Esclavage III 276-7. The affair is referred to in cod Th X 10 § 25 (Dec 408).
[1708] de cos Stilichonis II 204-7.
[1709] in Eutrop II 194-210.
[1710] bene rura Gruthungus excolet et certo disponet sidere vites.
[1711] quem detinet aequi gloria concessoque cupit vixisse colonus quam dominus rapto.
[1712] in Eutrop I 406 Teutonicus vomer.
[1713] de bell Goth 450-68.
[1714] non iam dilectus miseri nec falce per agros deposita iaculum vibrans ignobile messor ... sed vera inventus, verus ductor adest et vivida Martis imago.
[1715] Cf Vegetius rei milit I 7, of disasters in recent times, dum longa pax militem incuriosius legit.
[1716] in Eutrop II 370-5.
[1717] de bell Goth 366-72.
[1718] epitoma rei militaris I 3.
[1719] rei milit I 5, senos pedes vel certe quinos et denas uncias [has not ad fallen out before senos?]. In a law of 367, cod Th VII 13 § 3 in quinque pedibus et septem unciis.
[1720] tunc. When? From I 28 it might be inferred that he looks back to the first Punic war. But I do not think so.
[1721] necdum enim civilis pars florentiorem abduxerat iuventutem. So I 7 civilia sectantur officia.
[1722] The assertion that Martius calor has not subsided (I 28), accepted by Seeck I 413, seems to me rhetorical bravado. Much more likely is the view (ib 414) that the improved standard of recruits in the fifth century was due to prevalence of barbarians.
[1723] Seeck II 88 foll. Hence army service was called militia armata.
[1724] mulomed I 56 §§ 11-13.
[1725] si saepius et cum moderatione animalia sedeantur. For sederi cf § 35 sub honesto sessore, Spart Hadr 22 § 6, cod Th IX 30 § 3.
[1726] servorum impatientia.
[1727] neque enim de damno domini cogitant, quod eidem contingere gratulantur.
[1728] Julian orat VII p 232 a-b.
[1730] de mortibus persecutorum 22-3.
[1731] For the census under the new system, first in 297 and then every fifth year, see Seeck II pp 263 foll. It was only concerned with the land and taxation units liable to the levy of annona. De Coulanges pp 75-85 urges that the system already described by Ulpian in Dig L 15 §§ 3, 4, is much the same, and points out that monastic records shew it still surviving in the early Middle Age. But practice, rather than principle, is here in question.
[1732] hominum capita. In most provinces the taxable unit was fixed by taking account of the number of able-bodied on each estate as well as of the acreage. Seeck II 266 foll, also Schatzung pp 285-7.
[1733] The urban taxation was conducted in each town by the local decemprimi, aldermen, and was quite distinct.
[1734] adscribebantur quae non habebantur may mean ‘were put on the record as owning what they did not own.’
[1735] pecuniae pro capitibus pendebantur. The capita here seem to have a double sense.
[1736] De Coulanges pp 75-6 treats it severely on the score of Christian prejudice.
[1737] Sulp Sev dial II 3.
[1738] For instance cod Th VII 1 § 12, VIII 5, XI 10, 11.
[1739] Cod Th VII 20 § 7.
[1740] Sulp Sev vita S Martini 2 § 5, and cf cod Th VII 22, also 1 § 8. See the note of Seeck II 490.
[1741] This view has been challenged by Dill, pp 118-9. But cf Sidonius epist V 19, IX 6.
[1742] The earlier part of book V of the de gubernatione Dei, especially §§ 34-50. The rising of the Bagaudae (286) in Gaul is dealt with §§ 24 foll. See Schiller II pp 124-6.
[1743] dediticios se divitum faciunt et quasi in ius eorum dicionemque trascendunt.
[1744] addicunt, a technical law term.
[1745] possesio ... capitatio.
[1746] pervasio = attack, encroachment. Cf cod Th II 4 §§ 5, 6.
[1747] fundos maiorum expetunt et coloni divitum fiunt.
[1748] iugo se inquilinae abiectionis addicunt. See cod Th V 18 (10) de inquilinis et colonis, cod Just XI 48 § 13.
[1749] fiunt praeiudicio habitationis indigenae. That is, by prescription they acquire a new origo. See cod Th V 17 (9) §§ 1, 2, 18 (10), cod Just XI 64 § 2, 48 § 16.