442 Mason, p. 159. 

443 Colquhoun, p. 69. 

444 Ibid., pp. 40, 69, 70. 

445 Wehrli, pp. 36, 37; see also Dalton, p. 10; Rowney, p. 167. 

446 Man, pp. 109, 356. 

447 Svoboda, p. 191. 

448 Cooper, p. 238; Dalton, p. 15; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15. 

449 Shaw, p. 89. 

450 Dalton, p. 58; Eliot, p. 28. 

451 Macrae, p. 188. 

452 Lewin, p. 89. 

453 Dalton, p. 46. 

454 Dalton, p. 45: Stewart and Butler, as quoted by Spencer, l.c., p. 14. 

455 Metz; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V. 

456 Hunter, Rural Bengal, I pp. 200, 202; Dalton, pp. 207–218. 

457 Campbell, pp. 53, 79. 

458 Dalton, p. 114. 

459 Dalton, p. 51; Watt. 

460 Dalton, p. 57. 

461 Ibid., p. 254. 

462 Ibid., p. 230. 

463 Ujfalvy, Aryens, pp. 352, 359; Robertson, pp. 78, 79; Rousselet, p. 223. 

464 Dalton, p. 24. Letourneau (p. 305) is in doubt whether slavery really exists here, first because the Padam Abors are organized in republican and even communistic clans, in which slavery is hardly possible (why?); secondly because the young slaves live together with the young freemen in communal long-houses. This last remark proves that Letourneau is not very familiar with the character of primitive slavery. 

465 Dalton, p. 36. 

466 Grange, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, pp. 7, 11; Godden in J. A. I. XXV p. 184. 

467 Hodgson, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, p. 7. 

468 Sarasin, p. 488. 

469 Pallas, Reise, I p. 338; Boutakoff; Ujfalvy, Expéd. scient., p. 112; Chambers, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15. 

470 Levchine, pp. 341, 354. 

471 Ibid., pp. 305, 331, 368, 369, 399, 502. 

472 Ibid., pp. 347, 430. 

473 Radloff, Aus Sibirien, I p. 526. Finsch (West Sibirien, p. 150) speaks in the same way. 

474 Levchine, p. 305. 

475 Radloff, Beobachtungen über die Kirgisen, p. 168. 

476 Radloff, Aus Sibirien. The Kara Kirghiz are described I pp. 526–534. 

477 Koehne, pp. 458, 459. 

478 Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 16. 

479 Pallas, Reise, I pp. 264, 233, 265. 

480 Die Bewohner des schwarzen Irtyschthales, p. 67. 

481 Radloff, Aus Sibirien, II pp. 327–330. 

482 Radloff, l.c., I pp. 270, 286, 287, 293, 295, 312, 315. 

483 Ibid., I p. 320. 

484 Ibid., I pp. 330–343, 353–357, 374–405. 

485 Vambéry, Das Türkenvolk, p. 356. 

486 Ibid., p. 380. 

487 Ibid., p. 410. 

488 Vambéry, Skizzen, p. 64. 

489 Stein; Weil. 

490 Letourneau, p. 227. 

491 Obrutschew, I p. 37. 

492 Ujfalvy, Expéd. scient., p. 84. 

493 Ujfalvy, Aryens, p. 145. 

494 Von Stenin, Kurden, p. 221. 

495 Pallas, Reise, III p. 51. 

496 Ibid., pp. 25, 26. 

497 Ibid., pp. 72–74. 

498 Islawin; Finsch, West-Sibirien

499 Von Stenin, Samojeden, see especially p. 187. 

500 Déniker, Les Ghiliaks, p. 309. 

501 Müller, Unter Tungusen und Jakuten

502 Sumner, p. 85; see also Müller, l.c. 

503 Laufer, see especially p. 318. 

504 Steller, pp. 356, 293, 235, 235 note. 

505 Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 156. 

506 Nordenskiöld, II p. 124. 

507 Erman, pp. 379, 380. 

508 Georgi as quoted by Hildebrand, Recht und Sitte, p. 36; Dall; Hooper; Kennan. 

509 Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 218. 

510 Ibid., pp. 82, 223, 239. 

511 Melnikow, pp. 194, 206. 

512 Batchelor, p. 288. 

513 Savage Landor, p. 59. 

514 Hitchcock, p. 467. 

515 Joest, Weltfahrten; St. John, The Ainos; Holland. 

516 Morgan, Ossetes, pp. 374, 377, 408; Klaproth, II pp. 595, 615; Pallas, Neue Nord. Beitr., VII p. 69; Kovalewsky, Coutume contemp., pp. 78, 189, 196, 203, 347. 

517 Bell, I pp. 163, 169 etc., II pp. 97 etc.; Klaproth, I pp. 564–573. 

518 Radde, pp. 425, 426. 

519 Bodenstedt, I p. 283. 

520 See Von Haxthausen; Telfer. 

521 Telfer, p. 113. 

522 Klaproth. 

523 Chantre, IV p. 79. 

524 Ibid., p. 129. 

525 Ibid., p. 136. 

526 Ibid., p. 192. 

527 Burckhardt, I p. 356; see also pp. 158, 175. 

528 Doughty. 

529 Geoffroy, p. 428. 

530 Theal, p. 72. 

531 Tromp, De Kaffers; Macdonald, South African tribes. 

532 Waitz-Gerland, II pp. 391, 398. 

533 Fritsch, pp. 79, 80, 93, 97, 147. 

534 Kropf, pp. 180, 170. 

535 Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 385, 386. 

536 Fritsch, pp. 145, 146. 

537 Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 262, 263. 

538 Kerr, I p. 20. 

539 Holub, Süd-Afrika, II pp. 432, 434. 

540 Schurtz, Katechismus, p. 169. 

541 Holub, Süd-Afrika, I p. 432. 

542 Holub in J. A. I. 1881, p. 10. 

543 Conder, p. 89. 

544 Holub, Süd-Afrika, I p. 432. 

545 Casalis, pp. 197, 236. 

546 Passarge, Okawangosumpfland, pp. 704, 705, 710 711. 

547 Livingstone, Zambesi, p. 125; Livingstone, Miss. Trav., pp. 88, 93. 

548 Ibid., p. 235. 

549 Holub, Süd-Afrika, I p. 397. 

550 Joest, Weltfahrten, I p. 253. 

551 Wiese, pp. 188–197; Kerr, II p. 129. 

552 Junod, p. 96. 

553 Beuster, p. 239.