306 De Groot, p. 455. ↑

307 Blumentritt, Conquista, p. 53. ↑

308 Lenz, p. 59. ↑

309 Compiègne, Okanda, pp. 194, 195. ↑

310 Torday and Joyce, Ba-Mbala, p. 411. ↑

311 Martius, p. 63. ↑

312 See above, p. 269. ↑

313 Leroy-Beaulieu, p. 80. See also Malthus (Bettany’s edition, pp. 423, 424): “In the feudal times, the landlords could in no other way spend their incomes than by maintaining a great number of idle followers.” ↑

314 Coquilhat, pp. 365, 265. ↑

315 Finsch, Die Goldküste, pp. 359, 360. ↑

316 Among hunting agriculturists we have found 34 positive and 43 negative cases; among agriculturists of the higher stages 136 positive and 52 negative cases. ↑

317 Morgan, Anc. Soc., p. 136. ↑

318 See Salvioli’s article on the struggles between pastoral and agricultural peoples. ↑

319 See above, p. 295, and Grosse, p. 134. ↑

320 Martius, pp. 123, 131, 131 note, 154 note, 531–533, 772. ↑

321 Robidé, pp. 345 sqq. ↑

322 Ibid., pp. 53, 218, 221, 288, 289, 232, 255, 317. See also “Nieuw Guinea”, pp. 186–192. ↑

323 Robidé, p. 227. ↑

324 Ibid., pp. 277, 242. ↑

325 Ottow and Geissler, pp. 152, 153. ↑

326 See Blumentritt, Conquista. ↑

327 Cooper, p. 183. ↑

328 Colquhoun, p. 70. ↑

329 Rousselet, p. 223. ↑

330 See above, p. 287. ↑

331 Ingram, pp. 19, 38. ↑

332 Ibid., p. 268. ↑

333 Ibid., 224, 225, 230–233. On the African slave-trade, see also Ratzel, Anthropogeographie, II (1891), pp. 386, 387. ↑

334 Polack, I, pp. 78, 79. ↑

335 In ancient Wales “the price of a slave was one pound, but of one brought across the sea, a pound and a half. The slave who was brought from a distance was much less likely to escape, or even to attempt it, and was therefore a more valuable property; this principle still holds good among slave-owners.” Cunningham, English Industry, I, p. 117 note 6. ↑