Airopaidia: or Aërial Recreation

An alphabetical index of the contents:

Referring to the sections and notes, but not to the Pages.

A.
Absorption of Water by Air, Experiment to prove the, 247
Accumulation of Air, mediocèanal, 259, 260
Aërial Scenes described, 39, 47, 51, 56
Air gives form to Things, 53
- gentle, its Effect on the Surface of the Balloon, 201
- calm, its Effect on the Surface of the Balloon, 202
- pure, cool, defloguisticated, perpetually descending, 252
- descending Torrents of, on Etna and Teneriffe, 265
- Reception and Dispersion of, what, 280
Air Bottle Balloon, its Use, 311
- - - preferred to an interior Balloon, 314
Aironaut Employments of the, in the Balloon, 29
- - Attitude of the, in the Balloon, 32, 33
- - lost over a Country well-known when below, 177
- - to try different Heights, to find a favorable Wind, 309
- - to wait, in the Calm above the Clouds, for a Wind, 309
Airostat, a small one first liberated, 8
Altitude apparent, from the Balloon when stationary, 49
- - barometric, 49, b.
Anchor and Cable, 13
Apogay Winds, what, 241
Apparent Height proportioned to the barometric Height, 49
Appearance of a Plain below, the Size of a moderate Carpet, what, 179, 189
Appearance of a Plain below, the Size of a Handkerchief, what, 181, 187
Appearances at different Altitudes, from the Balloon, 213
Articles, Weight and Number of, 26
Ascent, to check and promote, 14
- - Preparations for, 22
- - of the Balloon at 40 Minutes past I. o’clock, 28
- - with twenty Pounds of Levity, 28
- - of Balloons, Causes to limit the, 279
- - proper Times for, 285
- - new Mode of, to determine the Height, 299
Atmosphere gross, when seen throu’, from below, 55
- - Depression of the, 232
- - State of, favorable to the Direction of Balloons, 268
- - Conjectures concerning the Warmth of the superior, 275
- - probably respirable at great Altitudes, 277
- - Height of, 290
- - Weight of, in England, 290
Attention to the Balloon necessary, 35
Aurora Borealis, Conjectures concerning Appearance of, 274
B.
Ballast of what it consisted, 27
- - when to be first thrown out, 21
- - in Hand, ready to throw out, 91
- - thrown down, 67, 95
- - thrown over nearly 32 Pounds, 103
- - poured down at once 20 Pounds, 183
Balloon going to Sea, 75, 87, 90
- - in a quiescent Bed of Air, 75
- - of rowing it to any Point, in a Calm, 75
- - drawn aside out of the Perpendicular, 103
- - shrunk to its former Shape, 123
- - alternately rising and falling, 125, 138
- - in the Air five Hours and a Quarter, 207
- - sustained above Water, how, 294, 295
- - best Form of, 307
- - Double, what, 314
Balloons their Defects, and further Improvements, 303
- - Air-tight Varnish for, 320, 325
Barometer, and Thermometer, when stationary, 36
- - Fluctuation of the Quicksilver in the, 37
- - Mensuration of Heights by the, 350
Beautiful preferred to the Sublime, in Prospects, 42
- - Appearance, 43
Bladders necessary, 26
- - began to crackle, 116
Bottles of Air thrown down, Caution, 74, 77, 84
Breath not affected, nor visible, during the Excursion, 126
Breeze Sea-, 88, 92, 257
C.
Cable, and Anchor or Grapple, 13
- - to be fastened to a Center above the Car, 297
Calculations of the Distance seen from the Balloon, 52, a.
- - of the Height of Mountains, 171, a.
Calm above, and Wind below, at the same Time, 168
Canal artificial, Duke of Bridgewater’s, Appearance of, 166
Cannon first discharged at IX. o’clock, 7
- - the second Time, at XII., 11
- - the third Time, at 40 Minutes and a half past I., 64
- - the last Time, at 10 Minutes and a half past II., 62
Car and Hoops, their Dimensions, 35
Caution to keep the Circle clear during the Inflation, 23
- - against the Dropping of Water out of the Balloon, 31
- - on Landing, 98
- - not to open the upper Valve, 122
Charts Balloon, first suggested, 168
Chilliness first perceived, 92;
again, 109
- - felt near moist Places, 283
Circularity of Prospect, 79, 221
Circumstance, each to be recorded, 4
Circumstances apparently superfluous, mentioned and repeated, why, 5
Clouds, an upper Tier seen to move in a safe Direction, 7, 46
- - Perspective of the, 51
- - appearing in rapid Motion, 163
- - View of the, taken from above them, 130, 171
- - Colouring of the, 172
- - highest visible, 213
Cochuc-Varnish, 320
Cold, its Effects on the Balloon, 94
Colour of the Rivers, red, 44
- - of the City of Chester, blue, 45
- - of Thunder-Clouds, 54
- - of upper Clouds, 57, 172,
Colours, primary, of Objects beneath, 129
Columns of Air, depressing, observed by the Ancients, 239
Compass, the properest Kind of, 38, a.
Conclusions, useful, 159
Conjunction of the Planets preceding a Hurricane, 211
Contemplation of the Prospect, 113
Course of the Balloon traced, to shew the Manner in which it was affected in passing over Water, 78
Curls and Streams of Air, Smoke and Vapour, 250, b.
Currents of Air, horizontal, 20
- - from above, to be guarded against, 21
Currents under, of Air, 87
- - of Air, blowing to and from great Towns, 250
- - of Air, contrary, at different Heights, at the same Time, 267
- - the Balloon rising throu’ different, 106
D.
Defects in the Composition for Balloons, remedied, 320
Depressing Torrents of Air, 254
Depression of the Atmosphere, 232
- - over moist Places in fair Weather, 243
- - of the Atmosphere proved from History, 253
- - nocturnal, of the Atmosphere, 267
- - corroborating Proofs of a, 268
Depth below, conveys no Idea of Distance, 157
Depths, Mensuration of, with Barometers, &c. 348, 368, a, a.
Descent of the Balloon, to retard the, 15
- - Signs of the, 17, 159, 181
- - at first rapid, with a rushing Noise, 96, 97
- - Proof of gentle, 100
- - Change in visible Objects, during the, 182
- - of Balloons over Water, enquired into, 229, 230
- - - - - - Means to prevent, 294, 295
Description of the Ascent, 47
Diameter of the Prospects above and below, 52, 79
Diminution of Objects, excessive, when seen from the Balloon, 223
- - - - Laws respecting the, 224
Direction of the Balloon, Hints for the. 315
Distance seen from the Balloon, Calculations of the. 52, a.
- - of the Balloon from Chester, at the Report of the 4th Cannon, 64
- - Idea of, from Experience, 158
- - what is the greatest, to be seen from the Summits of the highest Mountains, 171, a.
- - at which an Object can be distinguished by a good Eye, 175, a.
- - of the Balloon-Course, 191
- - at which, the Balloon was seen, 227
- - and Height of a Balloon, found by a Quadrant, 310
Dove turned out of the Car, 61
E.
Earth removed from Sight, 170
Echo none above, 39
Eknèfiai Winds, what, 241
- - a dry Wind, 267
Electricity of the Air, 65
Elliptic Solid, the Form of the Balloon an, 160
Employments of the Aironaut, 32
Engines Steam, Models of, for Inflation, described, 429
Equatorial Hoop, its Use, 161, 315
Evaporation of Steam, 249
Expansion of the Balloon, by what Manouvre, 132
Experiment to prove whether the superior Atmosphere be hazy, tho’ the Sun continue shining, 47, a.
Experiments necessary, in order to improve the Modes of Direction, 296
Examples in the Mensuration of Heights with Barometers. See Table.
Example 1st, Practice of the, 351
- - - Recapitulation of the, 385
- - 2d, Practice of the, 386
- - - Recapitulation of the, 409
- - 3d, Practice of the, 410
- - 4th, Practice of the, to determine small Heights, 419
- - 5th, Practice of the, to determine the Height of the Balloon, 423
F.
Fish Dìodon-Globe, a Model for Balloons, 377
Flag white, hung out a Quarter of a Mile in Length, 4
- - hung out half a Mile, in all, 66
- thrown down at a Mile high, 59
- Descent of the, 60
- white, its Effect on the Balloon, 70
- - Progress of the Balloon marked by the. 91
- - impeding the Balloon, 103
- - the remaining one unfolded, 105
- - shewed a Change in the Direction of the Wind, 105
Flights with the Balloon, for three Hours longer, 193
Flying-Coach, 149
Foot Roman, the Measure of a, 49, b.
Form of the Balloon at its greatest Altitude, 14
- - - the same at each Descent, 159
G.
Gass not offensive during the Voyage, why, 34
- procured by Means of Acid, 338
Gass procured by Means of Steam, 429
Geography Balloon, first suggested, 167
Globe-Fish, a Model for Balloons, 377
Grapple or Anchor, 13
Gums Copal, Sandarac, Mastic, &c., 326
H.
Heat of the Sun, greatest, while in the Car, 59
Height apparent, proportioned to the barometric Height, 49
- - of the Balloon, when stationary, at the first Ascent, viz. 2332 Yards, 52, a.
- - in the Balloon, conveys no Apprehension of falling, 156
- - of principal Mountains, noted, 171
- - of a Mountain, seen at a Distance, calculated, 171, a, a.
- - to which Balloons will probably ascend, 278
- - fixed, Method of ascending to any, 299
- - of the Balloon, to ascertain by a Quadrant, 310
- - preparatory Instruments to observe the, 350
- - of the Balloon measured, 425
Heights to measure, Densities to estimate, 299
- - of the Atmosphere, while they encrease in an arithmetical Progression, the Densities are said to encrease in geometrical Progression: the Meaning of such Terms, 301, a.
Hemisphere upper only, of a Balloon to be inflated, 315
Hoop equatorial, its Use, 161, 315
Horizontal Motion, Signs of, deceitful, 18
Hours proper for the Ascent of Balloons over Water, 254, 255, 261
Hygrometer Horse-Hair, the best Kind, 217
I.
Illustration of the Scenery, 72
Improvement during the Process of Inflation, 24
Improvements how to be made in the propulsive Machinery, 319, 330
- - in the Process of Inflation by Acid, suggested, 339
- - suggested in the Process by Steam, 429
Incorrectness of Maps, 81
Inflation began at X. o’clock, with a small Balloon, 8
- - Degree of, to be limited, 278, 317
- - Process of, 339
- - by Means of Acid, Expence saved in the, 347
- - by Means of Steam, Expence saved in the, 429
Inflation by Means of Steam, Model and Mode of, 429
- - by Steam, preferred to the Process by Acid, 429
Information derived from the Shape of the Balloon, 159, 160
Inventory of the Voyage, 12
Iris 1st, round the Shadow of the Balloon, 56
- 2d, 73
- 3d, 136
Iron bright and fresh, proper for inflation, 431
L.
Landing, Manouvres during the, 98
- - first, near Frodsham in Cheshire, 100
- - second, near Warrington in Lancashire, 188
- - Precautions to secure a safe, 297
- - in windy Weather, Precautions to secure a safe, 298
- - improved Mode of, 317
Latitudes variable, light Airs playing in Eddies, common in the, 241
Level of the lowest Stratum of Clouds in fair Weather, 93
- all Inequalities of Surface reduced to the same, 111
Light of a red Colour, Conjectures concerning the, 222
M.
Machinery propulsive, to be used in the Calm, above Winds, 319
Magnitude of Objects, Laws respecting the, 224
Manouvres seen at a great Distance, 140
Map consulted, 174
Mast, a light hollow, 315
Meanders of the River encreased to the View, 81
Mensuration of Heights and Depths by Barometers, 348
Methods to ascertain the true Height, 350
Method, the cheapest to inflate by Steam instead of Acid, 429
Mistakes to be noticed, to prevent Repetition, 2
Motion encreased, progressive not perceived, 165
Motion of Air, called Reception and Dispersion of Air, what, 280
Mountains, Names and Heights of principal, 171, a.
- - their Use, 265
Mouth of the Balloon, closed, 102
N.
Neck of the Balloon, how to place it, 31
- - first tyed, 125
- - risen near eight Feet upwards, 119
- - an Attempt to reach it, 121
- - held Air-tight in the Hand, 125
Notes made during the Voyage, 36
O.
Objects diminishing as the Balloon arises, Description of, 109
Objects, all terrestrial, disappearing, 163
Order preserved during the Inflation, 23
P.
Parashute or Umbrella, 15
- - the Balloon formed a vast, 184
Perspective new, 39, 229
Place where the Balloon alighted, 100, 187
Points, the plainest generally most essential, frequently overlooked, 4, 338
Preparations for Ascent, 22
Prospects most beautiful, at what Height, 93
- - below noted, 128
Pulley or Reel, 13
R.
Rain warm in Winter, accounted for from the Theory of Accumulation, 270
Reception and Dispersion of Air, 280
Reel or Pulley, its Defects remedied, 41, a.
Respiration easy during the Excursion, 114
Resistence of the Air, as the Square of the Velocity of the falling Body, 15, a.
Rising, Signs of, 16, 30
Rivers, no Appearance of Water in the, 110
Rule, general for measuring Heights, copied, 384
Rusty Iron, improper for Inflation, 398
S.
Sail, three seen in the Liverpool Channel, 108
- - triangular Latteen, purposely to retard the Balloon, 315
- - Anemòmeter, what, 315
- - Weights to be added to the, 316
- - Vane-, what, 318
Scenes aërial, described. See Sublime.
Sea-Breeze discovered, 88
- - - its Duration, 256
- - - its Extent, 257
Sensation of rising described, 30
Sensations accompanying the Balloon, 141, 154
Shadow of the Balloon traced on the Clouds, 56, 73, 136
Shadows, their Length, at Noon, calculated, 84
- - - - at half past III. calculated, 100
- - encreased, seemed to raise the Objects, 127
Shape of the Balloon altered, 118
Sign of Descent, 181
Signs to be observed in the Management of Balloons, 14, 15, 17, 20
Situation novel, peculiar to the Balloon, 221
Sound of the Gass throu’ the upper Valve, 134
- - in the Air, an uncommon, 162
Sounds immediately under the Balloon, their Effects, 175, a.
Spirits raised by the Purity of the Air, 155
Spunges of Air, 247
Squalls of Wind, the Day preceding the Ascent, 6
Stationary, the Balloon, 36, 122
Steam, Mode of Inflation by Means of, 429
Storms of Collection and Dispersion, 232, 263
Sublime and beautiful Scenes, 3, 39, 47, 48, 49, 51, 71, 84, 112
Sun, when hottest, 59
Sympathy of the Spectators, 46
T.
Table the 1st. See Mensuration.
- - for Expansion with Heat, from 1 to 40 Degrees, on Inches of the Barometer, from 9 to 32 Inches, 363
- - the 2nd, shewing the Variations of the Barometer, at each Inch and Tenth of the Quicksilver, from 1 to 32 Inches, the Air being at the freezing Point, 371
- - the 3d, for easy Calculations, from the 2d Table, 373
- - the 4th, shewing the Expansion with Heat, from 1 to 100 Degrees, on any Number of Feet in the Air, 381
Tastes not altered, on Account of the Height, 65
Thermometer warmer above than below, 126
Thermometers compared, 12, c.
Thunder-Clouds described, 52
- - - under the Balloon, 172
Tide of Air in the Atmosphere, 291
Tides highest, 288, 289
Time, noted, 7, 8, 11, 22, 28, 36, 62, 63, 68, 73, 77, 85, 100, 101, 124, 162, 174, 186, 203, 206
- - of Ascent, 28
Time, in which the Excursion was performed, viz. two Hours and a Quarter, 191
- - Noon, a dangerous one, for Balloons to pass an Arm of the Sea, 256
- - the best, pointed out, 256
- - Noon and full Tide, improper: Midnight and low Water, proper Hours for Ascent, over Water, 287
Torrents of Air mediocèanal, depressing, 257, 258, 259
- - - - accumulating, 260
Transparency circular, of Vapour, 222
Twine cut, lest it should prove a Conductor of Electricity between the Balloon and Earth, 103
U.
Useful Conclusions, 159
Utility of Balloons, 332, 333
Utility general, of Balloons, 338
V.
Valve upper, emits the lightest Gass, 124
- - first tried, 133
- - Swing, or Umbrella-Pendulum, as propulsive Machinery, communicates a progressive Motion to the Balloon, 319
Vane-Sail, 318
Vapour, Observation of the reddish, 33
- - white, beautiful Effects of, 71
- - began to be accumulated at a certain Height, 80
Vapours, their Transparency, 222
Varnishes, 320, 325
Velocity of the Balloon, 192
Vessels, the four and the River Wever disappeared, 110
View circular, from the Balloon at its greatest Elevation, 55
- - of the Balloon over Helsbye-Crag,77
- - of the Clouds, from above them, 171
- - from the Balloon of the Country between Chester and Rixton-Moss, 192
Vis Inertiæ, 70, 316
W.
Warmth of the superior Atmosphere, 275
- - of the Air above Plains and cultivated Countries, 276
- - of the Air over the Sea, at certain Times and Seasons, 276
- - descending from above, 284
Water poured down, to observe the Effects of Air upon it, 74
- - Balloon influenced on its Approach to, 76, 78
- - Balloon above the Influence of, 131
- - the Descent of Balloons over, 229
- - the Causes of their Descent over, 230
- - Absorption of, by Air, 247
- - a curious Phenomenon seen on its Surface, 249, 250, b.
- - Means to prevent the Descent of Balloons over, and within its Influence, 294, 295
Waves of Air, 21
- - of the Sea, the Dashing of, heard; the Sea being invisible, 80
Weather, about the Time of the Excursion, 211
Weighing during the Inflation avoided, how, 24
Weight of Provisions and Articles, 24
- - of the Balloon, and its Apparatus, 25
Wind heard below, 86
Winds, the Eknèfiai and Apogay, what, 241
- - the Directions in which they blow, 253, a.
- - the Eknèfiai productive of Cold, 253, a.
- - Land- and Sea-, 253, a.
- - contrary, at different Heights, their Use to waft Balloons to a given Point, 268
Wings, their Use, first to retard, second to direct, 315
Winter-Dress, preparatory, 26, 338
- - Prospect from the Balloon, 169