1. Since A. Wagner’s classical work, “Ueber die Gesetzmässigkeit der scheinbar wilkürlichen menschlichen Handlungen,” suicide has been discussed by many authors. The most recent contribution to the subject is the important monograph by Westergaard, “Die Lehre von der Mortalitæt u. Morbiditæt,” Second Edition, Jena, 1901.
2. Shaving the beard began at the time of the Macedonian rule, and philosophers refrained from the new custom, which seemed to them unprincipled. (V. Hermann, “Lehrbuch der griechischen Privatalterthümer,” 1870, vol. I., pp. 175–177.)
3. Quetelet, “Anthropomètrie,” 1872, p. 86.
4. Zeller, “Die Philosophie der Griechen,” Third Edition, vol. II. 1, p. 741, 1875.
5. Zeller, l.c. p. 880.
6. Zeller, vol. II., 2, p. 447.
7. Zeller, First Edition, vol. III., 7, p. 193.
8. Zeller, l.c. p. 401.
9. “De Vita Beata,” chap. viii.
10. “Moral Philosophy,” London, 1755.
11. Buckle, “History of Civilisation in England.”
12. Published at Amsterdam in 1776.
13. Vol. I., p. 32.
14. “History of European Morals,” Third Edition, London, 1877.
15. “The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex,” First Edition, vol. I., p. 98.
16. “Die Darwin’sche Theorie.” Second Edition, 1875, p. 272, note 25.
17. “The Data of Ethics,” 1879.
18. The “Lalita Vistara,” translated from Sanscrit into French by Foucaux; “Annales du Musée Guimet,” vol. VI. p. 183. 1884.
19. Zeller, loc. cit. p. 633.
20. Lecky, “History of European Morals,” chap. iv.
21. Lecky.
22. Lecky.
23. Buckle, “History of Civilisation in England.”
24. “De Secta Massonum,” Parisiis, 1884, p. 9. The passage was quoted by Brunetière in the “Revue des Deux Mondes,” 1895, vol. CXXVII., p. 116.
25. Schnaase, “Geschichte der bildenden Künste, vol. III., pp. 577, 584, and vol. IV., p. 718.
26. “Philosophie de l’Art,” Fourth Edition, 1885, vol. LXXXVIII., p. 352.
27. Reinhard, “System der christlichen Moral,” vol. IV., 1814, p. 831, and vol. III., p. 14, 1813.
28. Gaudry, “Mammifères tertiaires,” p. 235, 1878.
29. Delteil, “La Vanille,” Paris, 1897.
30. Darwin, “The Fertilisation of Orchids,” Second edition, London, 1877. See also Müller, “Die Befruchtung der Pflanzen durch Insecten,” pp. 74–85, Leipzig, 1873.
31. Bulletin de la Société botanique de France, vol. I., p. 370, 1854.
32. Loc. cit. p. 44.
33. Darwin, loc. cit. p. 179.
34. Ibid. pp. 207–208.
35. Fabre, “Souvenirs entomologiques,” vol. I., pp. 71–78, Paris, 1879.
36. Loc. cit. p. 201.
37. Loc. cit. pp. 120–121.
38. “Die Befruchtung der Blumen durch Insekten,” p. 167, 1873.
39. “Souvenirs entomologiques,” Fourth series, Paris, 1847.
40. “Recherches sur les Mœurs des Fourmis indigènes,” Paris, 1810.
41. Féré, “L’Instinct sexuel,” Second Edition, p. 76, Paris, 1902.
42. Moll, “Untersuch. üb. d. Libido sexualis,” vol. II. pp. 372, 373.
43. Kœppen, “Insectes invisibles,” vol. II. p. 237, 1883. (In Russian.)
44. Swammerdam, “Biblia Naturæ,” Leydae, 1737.
45. Brehm, “Les Insectes,” édit. franç., vol. I., p. 206.
46. “Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex,” vol. I., chap. 10, p. 345.
47. R. Dubois, “Les Elatérides lumineux,” p. 209, Meulan, 1886.
48. Republished, with other essays, as “Man’s Place in Nature,” Macmillan, London, 1894.
49. Brunetière, Revue des Deux Mondes, Jan. 1, 1895, p. 99.
50. Loc. cit. p. 116.
51. Loc. cit. p. 111.
52. Loc. cit. p. 126.
53. Loc. cit. p. 126.
54. Loc. cit. p. 127.
55. Loc. cit. p. 139.
56. “Archives de Zoologie expérimentale,” 1885.
57. “Studien über Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere,” 1898–1902.
58. A summary of this question is to be found in a new volume by M. Alsberg, “Die Abstammung des Menschen,” chap. iii., 1902.
59. Uhlenhuth, “Deutsche Medicin. Wochenschrift,” p. 82, 1901.
60. Wassermann and Schuetze, “Berliner klinische Wochenschrift,” p. 7, 1901.
61. The Lancet, Jan, 18, 1902.
62. Selenka, loc. cit. p. 157.
63. Deniker, loc. cit. p. 17.
64. “Die Mutationstheorie,” vol. I., Leipzig, 1901.
65. “Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences,” 1892, pp. 275, 1329; “Revue scientifique,” 1880, p. 1124.
66. “Der Bau des Menschen,” Third Edition, 1902.
67. Selenka, “Studien über Entwicklungsgesch. d. Thiere,” p. 89.
68. “Dictionnaire encyclopédique des Sciences Medicales,” article “Dent,” by Magitot, p. 194, 1882.
69. Schmid, “Vierteljahrschrift für Zahnheilkunde,” p. 141, 1896.
70. Schmid, loc. cit. p. 147.
71. Redier, in “Revue mensuelle de Stomatologie,” p. 164, 1895.
72. “Comptes Rendus de la Société de Stomatologie de Paris,” vol. I., p. 98, 1890.
73. Loc. cit. p. 204.
74. Virchow’s “Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie,” 1893, vol. CXXXII., p. 76.
75. Lannelongue, in the “Bulletin médical,” p. 621, 1902.
76. Treves, “The Surgical Treatment of Perityphlitis,” London 1895.
77. Edinburgh Medical Journal, August 1893.
78. “Archiv für klinische Chirurgie,” vol. XLVIII., p. 715, 1894.
79. “Münchener medicinische Wochenschrift,” 1898.
80. “Archiv für klinische Chirurgie,” vol. XLVIII., p. 136, 1894.
81. This topic is discussed at length in my lecture, published in the Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 1901, vol. XLV., note 5.
82. “Archives de Médicine navale,” 1887.
83. Ewald, “Klinik des Verdauungskrankheiten,” vol. III., p. 267, 1902.
84. Stillmarck, in “Arbeiten des pharmacologischen Institutes zu Dorpat,” vol. III., p. 110, 1889.
85. The case is quoted in Pozzi’s “Traité de Gynécologie,” p. 714, 1890.
86. Crisp, “Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,” p. 48, 1865.
87. Lenhossek, in Virchow’s “Archiv. für pathologische Anatomie,” vol. XL., p. 1.
88. “Abhandlungen der mathem.-physikal. Classe d. K. Bayerisch. Akad. d. Wissensch. München,” vol. XIII., Part II., p. 268, 1880.
89. Loc. cit. p. 245.
90. Loc. cit. p. 250.
91. Loc. cit. p. 253.
92. Loc. cit. p. 163.
93. Loc. cit. p. 208.
94. Ploss-Bartels in “Das Weib,” Seventh Edition, 1902. Vol. II., pp. 228–229 is the source of information on this matter.
95. Ploss-Bartels, loc. cit. vol. I., p. 489.
96. Pozzi, “Traité de Gynécologie,” p. 1067, 1890.
97. “Real-encyclopädie d. Gesammten Heilkunde,” Second Edition, vol. X., p. 34, 1885.
98. It would be interesting to find out whether or no Hindoo or Chinese virgins suffer from chloranæmia; at present we have no information on this matter.
99. Ploss-Bartels, loc. cit. p. 622.
100. Saint Cyr, “Traité d’obstétrique vétérinaire,” p. 52, Second Edition, 1888.
101. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1897, pp. 135–166.
102. “Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie,” p. 88, 1876.
103. Ploss-Bartels, loc. cit. p. 625.
104. Vratch, in Russian, p. 1456, 1901.
105. Ploss-Bartels, loc. cit. p. 443.
106. Rakhmanoff.
107. Ploss-Bartels, loc. cit. p. 626.
108. Ibid. p. 626.
109. “Venus Urania,” Leipzig, 1798.
110. Moll, “Untersuch. über die Libido Sexualis,” vol. I., p. 44.
111. “Real-encyclopædie der gesammt. Heilkunde,” vol. XIV., p. 593. Second Edition, 1888.
112. Fürbringer, loc. cit.
113. “Dictionnaire encyclopédique des Sciences médicales,” vol. XV., p. 378, 1881.
114. Fritsch, “Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrikas.” Breslau, 1873.
115. Information that I have obtained from the Zoological Gardens at Anvers would seem to show the existence of similar differences between the sexes in the case of monkeys.
116. Wappaeus, “Allgemeine Bevölkerungsstatistik,” vol. II., p. 285, 1861.
117. “Sur les Altérations pathologo-anatomiques des Testicules pendant la Vieillesse,” St. Petérsbourg, 1894 (in Russian). A few years ago, in course of the examination of the body of a man who had died at the age of 103 at Lyons, the seminal vesicles were found to be full of ripe and active spermatozoa. “Annales d’Hygiène publique,” p. 370, 1900.
118. Loc. cit. p. 377.
119. “Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung,” vol. II., Supplement to chap. xliv.
120. Loc. cit. p. 364.
121. See chap. i.
122. Vol. I. chap. xxxv.
123. “L’Anthropologie,” vol. IV., p. 129, 1893.
124. Waitz-Gerland, “Anthropologie der Naturvölker,” vol. VI., p. 139, 1872.
125. “Völkerkunde,” vol. I. p. 274, 1885.
126. Huxley, “Man’s Place in Nature,” p. 60.
127. Sutherland, “Origin and Development of the Moral Instinct.”
128. Büchner, “Force and Matter.”
129. Haeckel, “The Riddle of the Universe,” pp. 357–358, Second Edition, 1901.
130. Loc. cit. p. 796.
131. Ballet and Blocq, “Paralysie générale progressive,” in “Traité de Médecine,” published under the direction of Charcot, Bouchard, and Brissaud, vol. VI., p. 1032, 1894.
132. Emile, “Œuvres complètes de J. J. Rousseau,” vol. II., p. 432, 1876.
133. Loc. cit. p. 76.
134. The “Lalita Vistara,” pp. 166–170.
135. Edouard Rod, “Les idées morales du temps présent,” p. 48, Paris, 1892.
136. “Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung,” vol. II., p. 529.
137. “Journal de Goncourt,” vol. VI., p. 186, 1878–1884, 1892.
138. “La Philosophie de la Longévité,” p. 209, Paris, 1900.
139. “Les Confessions,” Paris, 1891.
140. Loc. cit. p. 41.
141. Loc. cit. p. 49.
142. Loc. cit. p. 51.
143. Loc. cit. p. 60.
144. Union pour l’action morale, No. 6, p. 258, Jan. 15, 1902.
145. Complete Works of Tolstoi (in Russian), vol. XII., p. 512, 1897.
146. Loc. cit. p. 517.
147. Loc. cit. p. 526.
148. Loc. cit. p. 536.
149. “Questions de Philosophie et de Psychologie,” 1897, No. 40, p. 931. (In Russian.)
150. “La Philosophie de la Longévité,” Paris, 1900.
151. Loc. cit. p. 211.
152. Loc. cit. p. 213.
153. Loc. cit. p. 211.
154. “Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung,” vol. II., p. 533.
155. Waitz-Gerland, “Anthropologie der Naturvölker,” vol. VI.
156. These words are quoted by Ebstein in his “Die Kunst das menschliche Leben zu verlängern,” p. 51, 1891. I have been unable to find Paul Bert’s own words, as the reference given by Ebstein is bibliographically incorrect.
157. “Münchener Medicinische Wochenschrift,” p. 325, 1901.
158. Loc. cit. p. 186.
159. “L’Irréligion de l’Avenir,” Sixth Edition, p. 449, Paris, 1895.
160. “Tusculanes,” vol. I., chap. 30.
161. “Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung,” vol. II., p. 527.
162. Tylor, “Primitive Culture,” vol. I., p. 485. Third Edition, 1891.
163. Waitz-Gerland, “Anthropologie der Naturvölker,” 6 vols., 1866–1872.
164. “Essais Historiques sur Paris,” in Œuvres Complètes, vol. IV., p. 150. Maastricht, 1778.
165. Quoted by Tylor in “Primitive Culture,” chap. XI.
166. “Histoire du Peuple d’Israël,” vol. I., pp. 128–129. 1887.
167. “Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte,” vol. I., p. 253. Freiburg, Leipzig. Second Edition, 1897.
168. “Histoire du Peuple d’Israël,” vol. IV., p. 327. 1893.
169. Talmud. “Traité Bérakhote,” sheet 17.
170. “Force et Matière.” Sixth French edition, p. 439. 1884.
171. Loc. cit., p. 198.
172. “Histoire des Religions,” vol. III., “La religion chinoise,” Paris, 1889; see also “Chantepie de la Saussaye,” loc. cit. vol. I., p. 58.
173. Réville, loc. cit. p. 191.
174. Ibid. p. 195.
175. Loc. cit. p. 185.
176. “Histoire des Religions,” vol. III., “La religion chinoise,” Paris 1889, p. 187.
177. Loc. cit. p. 450.
178. Ibid. p. 444.
179. “Histoire des Religions,” vol. III., “La religion chinoise,” Paris, 1889, p. 469.
180. Ibid. p. 470.
181. Oldenburg, “Le Bouddha,” French translation, p. 281, Paris, 1894.
182. Oldenburg, loc. cit. p. 282.
183. “Lalita Vistara,” loc. cit. p. 303.
184. Réville, loc. cit. p. 475.
185. Réville, loc. cit. p. 556.
186. Ibid. p. 525.
187. Tylor, “Primitive Culture,” vol. II., pp. 113–114, Third Edition, 1891.