1. Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest (Quebec, 1890), ii, pp. 139, 140.

2. Alexander Henry, Travels and Adventures in Canada (Bain’s ed., Boston, 1901), p. 233.

3. For the wages of voyageurs, see Turner, “Fur Trade in Wisconsin,” Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings, 1889.

4. See Wisconsin Historical Collections, ix, pp. 290, 291.

5. The chronology of Long’s later years in Canada is confusing. On page 175 of his book, he gives the date of 1786, and after describing ten months’ occupations says on the next page, “the spring of 1786.” That this should be 1787, is proved by the fact that when he applied to General Hope for assistance the next year, the latter had gone to England. As Hope’s departure occurred in June, 1788, Long’s mistake of a year in his dates is thus manifest.

6. The following are those to whom he definitely refers: Lahontan, Hennepin, La Salle, Colden, Adair, Carver, Jonathan Edwards, Kalm, Beatty, Rev. John Sargent, Robson, Umfreville, Kames, Robert Rogers, Pope’s poems, a novel by Lady Emily Montague, and Justamond’s Life of Louis XV.

7. Field, Essay toward an Indian Bibliography (New York, 1873).

8. Long’s book is of slight topographic value to the historical student, because of the apparently uninhabitable nature of the countries through which he passed; they are nearly as undeveloped now as they were then.

9. For list of partners, see Canadian Archives, 1888, p. 61.

10. Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal Society from 1778 until his death in 1820, was the patron of discoverers, having himself voyaged around the world with Captain Cook (1768–71). He was especially interested in Northwest exploration, and the customs and habits of primitive people, and to him Alexander Henry dedicated his Travels and Adventures in Canada.—Ed.

11. The Treaty of Paris, drawn up between the envoys of the United States and those of Great Britain (1783), was called “Oswald’s Treaty,” because Richard Oswald was chief negotiator for the British ministry. The Northwest posts were not surrendered de facto, until after Jay’s Treaty in 1794.—Ed.

12. Louis Armand de Lom d’Arce, Baron de Lahontan, was a French officer who served in Canada, in 1683–93. While commanding a small fort on Detroit River, he started on a journey to the Western country. Going by way of Mackinac, he ascended the Mississippi from the mouth of the Wisconsin, and explored part of Minnesota. In 1703 he published an account of his travels, which was largely fabulous, although of some value. The work had, however, great vogue in the eighteenth century, was translated into several languages, and much studied. He also published a French-Algonquian dictionary, to which Long here refers.—Ed.

13. Rev. Jonathan Edwards was much interested in Indian missions; and having been brought up among the Stockbridges, published (1788) Observations on the Language of the Mukhekaneew Indians. In a republication with notes by John Pickering, in the Massachusetts Historical Collections, 2nd series, x, pp. 81 ff., the added Chippewa vocabulary is that of Long.—Ed.

14. Jonathan Carver, one of the earliest American explorers of the Northwest, was born in 1732, and served in the French and Indian War, barely escaping from the massacre of Fort William Henry. In 1766, he went to Mackinac, and thence through Wisconsin and Minnesota, and later explored Lake Superior. His Travels were first published in London in 1778, and two years later he died there in destitute circumstances. For further details see Wisconsin Historical Collections, vi, pp. 220–237. Carver gives an account of Indian manners and customs; chapter 17, devoted to language, includes a Chippewa vocabulary.—Ed.

15. Long is here following the authority of Father Hennepin, who gives this origin of the name “Canada” in his New Discovery (London, 1698). The real origin of the word is disputed, some deriving it from an Iroquois term meaning “village;” others from Indian terms signifying “at the mouth of the river;” still others, from a term for “lakes,” i. e., a country full of lakes.—Ed.

16. The author assumes that Lake Huron is the source of the St. Lawrence, and that Lake Nipissing, which empties into Georgian Bay through the French River, is the source of Lake Huron.—Ed.

17. Trois Rivières, at the mouth of St. Maurice River, where it empties into the St. Lawrence by three channels separated by islands, was ceded (1634) to the Jesuits, who built a fort here. See Sulte, “La Rivière des Trois Rivières,” in Royal Society of Canada Proceedings, 1901, sec. i, pp. 97–116.—Ed.

18. A Jesuit mission entitled St. François Xavier was founded for Iroquois converts in 1669. Later it was removed to this village (near Montreal), which was named for an Indian town in the Mohawk Valley, also the seat of a Jesuit mission. The usual orthography is Caughnawaga.—Ed.

19. Long uses as his historical authority the work of Cadwallader Colden (whom he later cites directly), History of the Five Indian Nations (New York, 1727). Colden appears to have taken much of his material from Bacqueville de la Potherie’s Histoire de l’Amérique Septentrionale (Paris, 1722). But Long does not blindly follow Colden, and adds other material.—Ed.

20. The Conoys and Nanticokes were fragments of Indian tribes which had removed from the South—driven forth by the pressure of English population—and with the consent of the Six Nations had settled on the upper waters of the Susquehanna.

In the third league the author probably intends to include the so-called “Ohio Indians”—the Miamis (Wanamis), Delawares, Mohicans, Munseys (a sub-tribe of the Delawares), the Wapingers (unidentified), and the Mingoes—who were all subordinate to the Six Nations. The Creeks were a powerful confederacy in Alabama, of which Coweta was the principal war-town on the Chattahoochee River.—Ed.

21. The Tuscaroras joined the Five Nations between 1712 and 1715. See Wisconsin Historical Collections, xvi, p. 321, for a letter from the governor of New France, mentioning this fact.—Ed.

22. After the Revolutionary War, nearly thirty thousand Loyalists left the United States to settle in the Canadian provinces. Of these, about ten thousand went from the back settlements by way of Lake Ontario, and founded Upper Canada. General Haldimand was largely instrumental in this movement, and 1784 was the year of its culmination. The Mohawks, also, under the leadership of Brant, removed about the same time to the two reservations mentioned by Long. Descendants of this tribe still live in these two localities, although most of the land has been alienated.—Ed.

23. This is a good résumé of the history of Fort Frontenac, which was built in 1673, abandoned during the Iroquois War in 1689, but restored in 1695. La Salle was for several years proprietor of the fort, the revenues from which passed afterwards to the royal treasury. In 1758, Fort Frontenac was captured and destroyed by a British expedition, after which it fell into disuse, until the Loyalists re-garrisoned it about 1784.—Ed.

24. This was the site of Father Picquet’s mission and fortified post, La Présentation. This Sulpitian missionary came to Canada in 1734, and after several years’ service in the colonies founded this establishment in 1749, where the city of Ogdensburg, New York, now stands. He was successful in attracting the Iroquois thither, and had in his settlement nearly three thousand Indians, who espoused the French cause in the French and Indian War. In 1760, Picquet retired to New Orleans, and thence to France. The English, on taking possession, changed the name of the post to Fort Oswegatchie. It was garrisoned and maintained until after Jay’s Treaty in 1794.

In 1792, the site had been purchased by Ogden, and the settlement of the modern city was begun four years later.—Ed.

25. The Mississagua Indians were first met by the French on the north shore of Lake Huron, and formed part of the Sault Ste. Marie mission (1670–73). Later, they removed to the lower Michigan peninsula, and some settled at Detroit. They now have a reservation in Eastern Ontario, and number about eight hundred.

The other Indians mentioned are those of the Jesuit mission villages. See Jesuit Relations (Thwaites’s ed., Cleveland, 1896–1901), index.—Ed.

26. Haldimand fortified Carleton Island at the mouth of Lake Ontario, by sending thither (1778) three companies of the 47th regiment to erect a post.—Ed.

27. The mouth of the Oswego River was early noted as an important station in relation to the Iroquois country and the fur-trade. Champlain passed here in 1615, and Frontenac in 1692. In 1721, Governor Burnet of New York secured permission from the Iroquois to erect a trading post at this spot, and despite the protests of the French built a fort in 1726–27. This post of Choueguen (so called by the French) was especially obnoxious to the French fur-traders; all the more so, when (1743) Sir William Johnson built his trading post beneath its walls. Montcalm organized an expedition, and captured it in 1756; but was compelled to retreat when Forbes penetrated Pennsylvania. It was also the rendezvous for the successful British attack on Fort Frontenac in 1758. After the fall of New France, the British garrisoned and repaired the fort, and it was from here that St. Leger started on his expedition up the Mohawk Valley in 1777. It was headquarters for the Indian and Tory scalping parties—Butler, Brant, and Johnson started thence on their raids. It was in British hands at the close of the Revolution, and not delivered to the Americans until 1796. Traces of the British fort were to be seen in 1839.—Ed.

28. Fort Niagara, one of the chain of posts established by the French, and later maintained by the British to protect Canada, has had a long and interesting history. Hennepin and La Salle were there in 1679, when a small blockhouse was constructed, which was later burned by the Senecas. Denonville erected a fort here in 1687, which was abandoned September 15, 1688. No permanent establishment was made on the spot until 1726, when Governor Beauharnais ordered a fort built to counteract that of the English at Oswego. This was garrisoned and maintained by the French, until Sir William Johnson captured it in 1759. At Niagara, in 1764, Johnson met the Indian nations in a general treaty of peace. During the Revolution, the post was steadily maintained by the British, and proved an important base of supplies for the Western forts. After the Revolution, it remained in British hands until 1796. In the War of 1812–15, it was captured by the British, and restored to the Americans at the close of the conflict. For further details see Severance, Old Trails on the Niagara Frontier (Buffalo, 1899).—Ed.

29. Fort Stanwix was built by the British at the head of navigation on the Mohawk River (where the city of Rome, New York, now stands), in 1758, at a cost of $266,000. Here was held the treaty of 1768, by which a general purchase of Indian lands was made, and the Iroquois boundaries settled. Early in the Revolution it fell into American hands, and was re-christened Fort Schuyler, which withstood the siege of St. Leger and his Indian braves in 1777. It is claimed that the present national flag, as adopted by Congress in 1777, was first raised over the battlements of Fort Schuyler. After the Revolution, the fort was rebuilt, and reverted to its original name. Here were held important treaties with the Iroquois in 1784 and 1788, in the latter of which much land in the Mohawk Valley was ceded to the whites. The settlement about the fort was made in 1785, by Connecticut emigrants.—Ed.

30. For history of Detroit see vol. i of the present series, p. 55, note 18.—Ed.

31. For the history of Mackinac, see “Story of Mackinac,” in Thwaites’s How George Rogers Clark won the Northwest, and Other Essays in Western History (Chicago, 1903). By the “isthmus” the author means the Upper Peninsula of Michigan; the “point of land” must signify the island of Mackinac. The “mouth of the Illinois” is the outlet of Lake Michigan.—Ed.

32. Grand Portage was the route by the Pigeon River (the present boundary between Minnesota and Ontario) to the lakes and streams of the Northwest. The term was first applied to the carrying place, nine miles long, and later to a landing place somewhat south of the mouth of the river. This route was first explored by La Vérendrye in 1731—(see Wisconsin Historical Collections, xvii, for a map of this region drawn by an Indian for La Vérendrye). It became the established fur-trade route to the Northwest, and a place of great importance as a rendezvous for voyageurs. For a description of the route and the traders gathered here in the latter part of the eighteenth century, see Mackenzie, Voyages through North America (London, 1801).—Ed.

33. For the British determination to retain the Northern and Western posts, and arguments in regard to their legal right, see “Calendar of Haldimand Papers,” Canadian Archives, 1885–89, also McLaughlin, “Western Posts and the British Debts,” in American Historical Association Report, 1894.—Ed.

34. This action took place September 24, 1775, and was the occasion of the capture and imprisonment of Ethan Allen. For his own narrative of this event, see Hall, Ethan Allen (New York, 1892), pp. 110–119.—Ed.

35. General Richard Montgomery, the commander of the American forces at Isle aux Noix—an island in Richelieu River about ten miles from the head of Lake Champlain—wrote September 12, 1775, concerning the skirmish here mentioned: “I went down the river the other day with 800 or 900 men, in order to cut off the communication between St. Johns and Montreal. The detachment marched off from the boats at night, and in less than half an hour, returned in the utmost confusion.”—Biographical notes concerning General Richard Montgomery (Poughkeepsie, 1876), p. 11.

Lieutenant Walter Butler was a New York Tory, son of Colonel John Butler, who led the Indians to the Wyoming Valley massacre. Walter Butler was with St. Leger in 1777, and was captured soon after the siege of Fort Schuyler. Escaping from prison at Albany, he led the Iroquois to the Cherry Valley massacre (1778). He seems to have been despised for his cruelty, even by his own associates. Brant said he was “more savage than the savages themselves.” He was killed and scalped at Butler’s Ford, in the retreat from Johnstown in 1781, by an Oneida, who called out as he fell, “Cherry Valley!”—Ed.

36. Long was a member of the party of forty regulars detached from the 8th regiment under command of Captain Foster, with a large body of Indian auxiliaries led by Brant, which descended upon the American detachment at the Cedars, forty-three miles above Montreal, and captured the whole number (April 19, 1776). For further details of this, and the following movements, see Jones, Campaign for the Conquest of Canada (Philadelphia, 1882), pp. 54–65.

Major Gordon, who had recently been made brigadier-general, was shot from ambuscade, July 24, 1776, while returning to his headquarters well within British lines. His fellow officers were exceedingly indignant over it, and Washington appeared to deprecate the matter; although General Gates promoted the American officer involved. See Sparks, Life and Writings of Washington (Boston, 1855), iv, pp. 56–59.—Ed.

37. This was probably Captain Guillaume Lamothe, who during this period led so many Indian scalping parties from Detroit while Hamilton commanded at that place. Lamothe accompanied Hamilton on the latter’s expedition to Vincennes, and was captured there by George Rogers Clark (February, 1779). After the surprise of Vincennes he was sent in irons to Virginia, and kept in close confinement. In April, 1780, he accepted a parole, and returned to Canada.—Ed.

38. The Lake of Two Mountains is an enlargement of the Ottawa River, near its mouth, above Montreal. On this lake is situated the Sulpitian mission town of Oka. This is a union of two early missions—one, founded about 1677 on Montreal Island for Iroquois converts, weakened during the Iroquois War, and removed in 1704 to the Sault au Récollet, being finally located on the Lake of Two Mountains about 1720; the second, or Algonkin mission, was first called La Présentation and situated on Montreal Island near Lachine; the site was abandoned in 1685, and the remnants of the mission Indians gathered at Bout de l’Isle (the other end of the same island), where the mission was called St. Louis. Again removed (1706–07) to the Isle aux Tourtres, it was permanently located on the Lake of Two Mountains between 1721 and 1726. There are still about four hundred Indians located on the reserve at the lake. See Canadian Department of Indian Affairs Report, 1901, p. 49. The account given by Long in the following pages, of the Chippewa division of this mission, is the best known—their intermarriage with the Indians of the other mission villages at Caughnawaga and St. Regis, their cultivation of the soil, and their semi-civilized habits.—Ed.

39. Peter Kalm, Swedish naturalist and botanist, was sent to America to study its flora, and travelled extensively between 1748 and 1751. The English edition of his travels was published in London in 1772.—Ed.

40. James Adair, a trader among the Cherokee and Chickasaw Indians, 1735–75. He published a History of the American Indians (London, 1775), which attempts to prove their relationship to the Jews. It contains, notwithstanding, much valuable information, particularly in regard to the Southern tribes.—Ed.

41. This was Rev. John Sargent, missionary to the Stockbridge Indians, in Western Massachusetts.—Ed.

42. On the subject of Indian dances see Jesuit Relations, index. Also Grant, in Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest, ii, pp. 335–337.—Ed.

43. This origin of the name La Chine is generally accepted by historians. See Girouard, Lake St. Louis and La Salle (Montreal, 1893), pp. 32, 33.—Ed.

44. The “bourgeois” was the chief trader, to whom the voyageurs were bound by engagements for service. The term was also often applied to the trader’s agent or clerk, when the latter was in command of the expedition. See Turner, “Fur Trade in Wisconsin,” Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings, 1889, pp. 77–82.—Ed.

45. For a description of the trade route by way of Ottawa River, Lake Nipissing, Georgian Bay, and Lake Huron to Mackinac, see H. H. Bancroft, History of the Northwest Coast (San Francisco, 1886), i, pp. 561–564. Also, for a personal narrative, see that of Captain Thomas G. Anderson, in Wisconsin Historical Collections, ix, pp. 138–143.—Ed.

46. On the habits and uses of the beaver (castor Canadensis), see Martin, Castorologia (Montreal and London, 1892).—Ed.