88. The “Cape Malays.”

89. It will be no doubt remembered that this word is derived from the Arab word “unbeliever.” The Arabs of south-east Africa applied this term to the Negroes around their settlements. The Portuguese took it up from the Arabs, and the Dutch and English from the Portuguese.

90. Tulbagh deserves special remembrance not only from his geographical explorations, but from the fact that he was the first person to send specimens of the giraffe to Europe.

91. Named after Van de Graaf, who was Governor at the time. “Reinet” means in Dutch “a goat’s beard,” but I have not been able to discover why this term should have been added to the name of the Governor.

92. Nevertheless, by their final and more complete contact with the Hottentots and Bushmen the Zulu-Kafirs adopted three of the Hottentot clicks; whereas earlier invaders—Karanga, Bechuana, and Herero—though adopting a few Hottentot terms, kept clear of Hottentot phonetics, and use no clicks to this day. The Zulu-Kafir language, divided into four dialects—X̓osa-Kafir, Zulu and Swazi (all three closely related), and Tonga or Ronga of the Delagoa Bay district, is on the whole most nearly related to the East African Bantu groups, with some affinities with Central African Bantu. But it has no near relations and has developed a very peculiar vocabulary, as though it had been isolated for centuries.

93. If Dingiswayo, his master, can be regarded as the first. Dingiswayo was rather the paramount chief of a Kafir confederation, of which the Zulu tribe was a member. Chaka was the younger son of a Zulu chief, but was eventually elected chief in his father’s place and then succeeded to the paramount sway of Dingiswayo. Racially and linguistically there is very little difference between Zulus and Kafirs.

94. The Sand River Convention, recognizing the independence of the Transvaal, was signed in January, 1852; the Bloemfontein Convention, which loosed the Orange Free State from British control, was signed in February, 1854. In 1858, Sir George Grey laid before the Cape Parliament proposals from the Orange Free State for reunion in a South African Federation, and was recalled by the Home Government for advocating this policy.

95. For the first few years of its existence it had much fighting with the Basuto.

96. Zulus under Msilikazi and Swazis in the east; Bechuana tribes in the west and north.

97. The part played by the Jews in the development of South Africa has been as remarkable as their share in the settlement and civilizing of North Africa, of the West Indies and the Guianas, of Australia and New Zealand. Between 1840 and 1850 a number of Jewish business houses were founded or became prominent in Cape Colony and Natal. They started the guano collecting off the S.W. coast, the mohair, wool, hides, sealskin and whale oil industries, and sugar-planting. Notable among such were the De Pass and Mosenthal firms. The De Passes came (I believe) from Gibraltar, and followed to the Cape of Good Hope the first consignments of British troops. The protection given by the British Government to Spanish-speaking Jews at Gibraltar from the early part of the 18th century onwards was well rewarded by a great increase of British commerce and political power in the Mediterranean. The Mosenthals were attracted to South Africa by the importation of German troops and German colonists. Already in the early sixties members of the firm of Lilienfeld were established in the Orange Free State and hastened to develop the diamond mining industry of the future Kimberley district. The part played by Alfred Beit (of a Hamburg Christian-Jewish family), by the Lipperts, the Honourable Simeon Jacobs, Sir Sigismund Neumann, Sir Lionel Phillips, Sir George Albu, Sir David Harris, Senator Samuel Marks, Professor Alfred Mosely, by the Mendelssohns, Rabinowitzes, and Rapaports, in South African finance, politics, industry, education, law, and philanthropic work has been a considerable one; and recent South African history, either in the Boer states or in the British colonies and protectorates, cannot be written in detail without an allusion to their names, their achievements, their intentions, influence, mistakes, and dogged, persevering belief in the resources and splendid future of Cis- or Trans-Zambezian Africa. This was a region in earlier days so unpromising to the eye and on the surface that it needed the Semitic flair for gold and precious stones—the same mysterious divination which led the Sabaeans (I am sure) to Zimbabwe, the Phoenicians to Spain, and the Arabs to the Ashanti hinterland—to induce that persistent opening-up of Grikwaland, Orangia, inner Cape Colony, the Transvaal and Rhodesia, which has by the first decade of the 20th century laid the foundations of another United States in the southern quarter of Africa.

98. This Delagoa Bay railway was made by a group of British and American concessionaires, headed by Colonel Edward M^cMurdo, an American, between 1887 and 1889. In the following year it was arbitrarily seized by the Portuguese Government on an unfair quibble. The Portuguese then completed the line farther inland until it joined the Netherlands Railway Co.’s line to Pretoria, thus giving the South African Republic a means of access to the sea independent of British control. The wrong inflicted on the Delagoa Bay Railway Company went to arbitration in Switzerland, 1889; and the case was decided after 11 years’ deliberations in favour of the Company, to whom the Portuguese paid £978,000 in compensation.

99. Sudan means in Arabic “Black men” or the “Land of the Blacks.”

100. As for example, Janjira in Konkan, which has an area of 325 sq. m., and Jafarabad in Kathiawar, 42 sq. m. in extent.

101. Three hundred negro porters and soldiers accompanied Cortes on his march to Mexico in 1519; negroes carried the loads of Balboa when he discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513, and accompanied Hernandez to Peru in 1530. Negro workmen assisted the Spaniards to found the city of St Augustine in Florida in 1565; and negroes, rising high in the Spanish service, in the first half of the 16th century explored for Spain the lands of New Mexico and Arizona.

102. For particulars on this subject consult my book on the Negro in the New World (1910).

103. Natives of British India, however, continued to hold slaves on the East coast of Africa until it was made a criminal offence in 1873.

104. Liberia commenced with an attempt made by philanthropic Americans (the American Colonization Society) in 1820 to repatriate free negroes from the United States. It was formally recognized as an independent state by the British Government in 1847 and occasionally assisted to maintain its authority by British war vessels. Liberia did not enter into diplomatic relations with the United States till 1862.

105. Slavery was abolished in the Turkish dominions after the Crimean War, but the slave trade exists still to some degree on account of the harims, which demand a supply of eunuchs. Slavery of a mild kind also continues in force in the states of Arabia, in Persia, and in Morocco.

106. Sikhs from the Indian Army. These campaigns have been described in the present writer’s work on British Central Africa; and by Mr Alfred Swann in Fighting the Slave-Hunters in Central Africa.

107. Though Liberia is quite a small country—some 40,000 square miles—and is not clearly demarcated by natural features from the surrounding lands of the West African coast, it is found to possess a peculiar mammalia of great interest and a rich flora which also has its regional peculiarities. Amongst singular Liberian mammals may be noted the pigmy Hippopotamus, the Zebra antelope and Jentinck’s duiker.

108. Made from various aromatic seeds, such as those of true pepper vines (Piper subpeltatum, Piper guineense), and of the fruits of (of (Xylopia æthiopica).

109. The seeds of the Aframomum, a zingiberaceous plant, of the same order as cannas, bananas, etc. These early English voyages are described in detail in my book on Liberia (2 vols, 1906).

110. It was this company that sent out in 1618 George Thompson in charge of a trading expedition. Thompson was killed in some quarrel with his men at Tenda on the Upper Gambia. In 1620-21, his companions were rescued, and his explorations continued by Captain Richard Jobson, who ascended the Gambia as far as it was navigable from the sea, came into contact with the Fula and Mandingo peoples, and on his return wrote an account of his experiences in a book called The Golden Trade. This work—recently republished in the unabridged form of the MS.—is one of the most vivid pen-pictures of Negro Africa ever penned.

111. They rise at the highest to 2000 feet.

112. ‘Maroon’ was a corruption of the Spanish “Cimarron,” an outlaw frequenting the summits (Cimas) of the mountains.

113. Properly ‘Hwida.’

114. All this period in the history of the Gold Coast, including Bowdich’s mission, is described in detail in my book, Pioneers in West Africa (Blackie, 1911).

115. Afterwards Viscount Wolseley.

116. The territory was ceded by its king to Great Britain in 1861.

117. The powerful kingdom of Benin—remarkable for its development of the arts of sculpture, ivory carving, and of bronze-casting—extended its power seaward to the mouth of the Benin branch of the Niger Delta, and gave its name to this great bay or bight of the low-lying coast. Biafra was a native name given by the Portuguese to the opposite (eastern) bight between the Niger Delta and the Cameroons.

118. British Nigeria and the exploration of Africa generally—its botany, anthropology, and languages—owe much to the work of William Balfour Baikie, a native of the Orkney Islands, who between 1854 and 1864 served the British Government on the Niger and succeeded the equally remarkable John Beecroft as Consul. Baikie founded Lokoja in 1860. Lander, Laird, Beecroft, Baikie, and the black Bishop Samuel Crowther were the principal creators of British Nigeria.

119. Afterwards the Right Hon. Sir George Taubman Goldie, P.C.

120. The Fulas, as already stated, are a semi-white race, who originally came from the Western Sahara, and colonised much of Senegambia and the Upper Niger basin, penetrating as far south as Borgu, and south-east to Adamawa, Mandara, Bagirmi, and Darfur. In the early 19th century, under a great leader, Othman Dan Fodio, they conquered Sokoto and much of Eastern Nigeria, stopping short of Bornu, where they were arrested by the power of the Kanemi Sheikh of Bornu. A succinct account of the different Fula kingdoms and conquests is given in a footnote on p. 201.

121. This man was no doubt a negroid Arab religious teacher from the country of Kanem, north-east of Lake Chad. He settled in Bornu early in the 19th century and became the adviser of the king of that country, a phlegmatic descendant of a great and ancient dynasty of Berber or Hamitic origin. Muhammad-al-Amin-al-Kanemi assisted the Bornu sovereign and people to beat off the Fula invasion and became the virtual ruler of Bornu. He bore the title of Sheikh of Bornu.

122. It might be advisable at this juncture to explain clearly about the Fula power in French Nigeria and Senegambia. The Ful or Fulbe people appeared first in the 13th century in West African history as peaceful cattle-keepers on the lower Senegal; but as a matter of fact they had probably reached the Upper Niger and Senegal many centuries before. The Western Fulbe had become Muhammadans at quite an early date—between the 12th and 15th centuries. Those in the more eastern part of Nigeria remained pagan in some settlements down to the 19th century, and are pagan even still. About the 16th century those of the Senegal began to emigrate as cattle-keepers into the cooler highlands of Futa Jallon, and became the ruling power on this upland two hundred years later. At the same period—the beginning or middle of the 18th century—they likewise founded dynasties of Muhammadan kings in Futa Toro and Bondu (south of the Upper Senegal). In 1802, a Fula religious mystic and imam or religious preacher, Othman Dan Fodio, arose like a Mahdi in Eastern Nigeria (Sokoto), called on the Muhammadan Fulas of the central Sudan to join with him in a holy war, and in a few years conquered a vast Fula Empire, which was almost conterminous with the British (Northern) Nigeria of to-day. Fired no doubt by this example another Fula ‘sheikh’ or holy man—Ahmadu Lobo, in the country of Masina, between Timbuktu and Jenné—about 1813 attacked with his followers the vestiges of Moorish power on the Upper Niger, the “Roumas” (as they were called, from their having come originally from Andalusia—“Rome”) and took all power from them, creating in Central Nigeria between Jenné and Gao the powerful Fula kingdom of Masina, which lasted until about 1861, when Ahmadu Ahmadu, the last Fula Emperor of Masina, was attacked and killed by a rival Fula Mahdi from the west.

This personage was ’Omaru bin Saidi, a Fula of Futa Toro, who had spent some years in Mekka and Medina, and had acquired the reputation of a holy man and a doctor of religion. On his return to West Africa he was received with great respect by the Fula princes of Futa Jallon, and with their support he rallied to the cause of Islam the Fula-negro peoples of Futa Toro and Bondu—the Takrur, Torobe, or “Toucouleurs” as they came to be called. Al Hajji ’Omaru (as he was called), after his return from the pilgrimage (Al Hajj) to Mekka was unsuccessful in his attack on the French (1857), and so turned his army against his fellow Moslems of the Upper Niger. Two years after the defeat and death of Ahmadu Ahmadu, the Fula Sultan of Masina, ’Omaru himself perished at Bandiagara, in the Masina kingdom. The Toucouleur power was, however, maintained by his sons and successors till it finally fell in 1892 with the capture of Segu on the Niger by a French force.

123. It is averred that this name is a contraction of Idolos. The islands would appear to have been named by the early Portuguese navigators Ilhas dos Idolos from the idols or fetishes which were very prominently in use.

124. Of Arab descent, born near Maskara in Western Algeria.

125. In 1861, there were 112,229 French settlers in Algeria, and 80,517 Italians, Spaniards, Maltese, Germans, and Swiss; in all, 192,746 European colonists, as against about 650,000 in 1910. It is a common mistake among British writers on political economy to assert that the French are not good colonizers, though they have Eastern Canada, Louisiana, Algeria and Tunis before their eyes. There are now some 340,000 thriving French inhabitants of Northern Africa between Morocco and Tripoli, who will play a considerable part yet in Mediterranean politics.

126. This title arose of course from the Bey (Beg) or Colonel commanding the Turkish army of occupation. The present dynasty was founded in 1706 by the Bey, Hussein bin ’Ali, who was really a renegade Cretan Greek.

127. This now forgotten bone of contention was, in the autumn of 1898, sold by the Italian Company to the French Railway Company of Bône-Guelma-et-Tunisie.

128. Some of the latter performed really gallant services, and afterwards passed into the military and police forces organized by the French.

129. Now in the British Museum of Natural History.

130. The Mubangi is the name given to the western and southern course of the river which is known as the Wele in its upper waters, and was discovered by Schweinfurth in 1871.

131. The invidious analogy of the Royal Niger Company was soon afterwards disposed of by its charter being redeemed for £900,000, and the Niger being thrown open to general trade.

132. Major Lamy was killed in the battle which also cost Rabah his life.

133. At the end of the 18th century there was born at Mostaganem in West Algeria from an Arab family in that place, Muhammad-bin-Ali, further named As-Sanusi (Senussi), after a celebrated saint of Tlemsan. He went as a young man to Mekka, and there achieved a reputation for holiness and learning. Here also he made the acquaintance of Muhammad Sharif, a negro prince from Wadai, who afterwards became Sultan of that country. In the middle of the 19th century As-Sanusi returned to N. Africa and settled in the Cyrenaica, but finding the Turks suspicious he changed his head-quarters to Jaghbub in 1860, just inside the Egyptian borders, thirty miles from Siwa. Here he died soon after his arrival, and as a religious leader he was succeeded by his second son, Al-Mahdi. Al-Mahdi Senussi II renewed the relations with Wadai, where his father’s sect numbered many adherents, and in the last quarter of the 19th century removed his head-quarters to Al Jof in the Kufra oasis, midway between Cyrenaica and the Sudan. Senussi refused to countenance the revolt of the Mahdi in the Egyptian Sudan, but between 1899-1902 interfered strenuously in the Central Sudan to prevent the advance of the French, especially towards Kanem and Wadai. But his efforts were fruitless, and he died in or near Wadai in 1902. His nephew and successor, Senussi III, wandered about for some time in the borderland between Wadai and Kordofan, and finally betook himself to the Kufra oasis in the Libyan desert, where he now resides. The Senussiites profess a purified form of the Muhammadan faith, are rigid abstainers from alcohol and tobacco, but are above all an honest, industrious folk, who have done much of late years to improve the conditions of life in the Saharan and Libyan oases.

134. For the detailed history of the Portuguese, Italian, Flemish, and French Catholic missionaries in the Kongo kingdom see my book, George Grenfell and the Congo.

135. Gonçalo de Silveira; killed somewhere to the south-west of Tete about 1565.

136. At that time the Arab viceroy of Zanzibar was only known as ‘Sayyid’ (Lord); not as Sultan.

137. The Portuguese Church had produced the first Roman Catholic negro bishop, in the 16th century. He was Bishop of the Congo, was a member of the royal family of Kongo, and was educated at Lisbon and Rome. Samuel Crowther was an Egba slave-boy from Lagos, who by education acquired the intellect and outlook of a European. He was an upright, sensible man who wrote valuable works on African philology, and did much towards founding British Nigeria and exploring the Niger and the Benue.

138. It quitted the Cameroons altogether soon after the establishment of the German colony, the German Government having expropriated most of its establishments.

139. The same body also established an industrial mission (initiated by Dr James Stewart, the founder of Lovedale) in British East Africa, halfway to Uganda.

140. Who worked for many years in Nyasaland and in East Africa, and was drowned in Like Nyasa in 1895.

141. As against an area for all British South Africa up to the Congo boundary of 1,152,619 square miles in 1912; all of which has grown from the Cape Colony of 125,000 square miles annexed in 1806.

142. X̓osa is pronounced with a preliminary click of the tongue like a cluck to encourage horses.

143. The Negro and Malay slaves then numbered in all about 39,000.

144. He was at that time Sir Charles Grant, and a member of the great Reform ministry. His action in the matter was prompted by a mischievous personality, a Dr Philip, representative of a missionary society in South Africa, who conceived a great and unjust hatred of the Boers, and an affection for the negro invaders of Cape Colony, which was exaggerated and unreasonable. Much may be learnt of his attitude towards public questions in my Life of Livingstone (1891).

145. “Grikwa” was the cant name (Gri-kwa) given to the half-castes between Boers and Hottentots.

146. The Fingo—properly Amamfengu—Kafirs, were mostly fugitives into Cape Colony from Natal, sent flying westward from the Zulu slaughter-raids of Chaka and others.

147. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1502, its existence was kept secret by them until 1588, when Captain Cavendish returning from a cruise round the world suddenly lighted on it. The Dutch twice seized it and held it each time for a few months in 1665 and 1673. In this last year it was definitely allotted to the East India Company.

148. The largest of a little group of islets in the South Atlantic, about 1260 miles west of the Cape of Good Hope. Tristan D’Acunha has an area of about 45 square miles, and is extremely mountainous, rising to 8264 feet.

149. Or “Land of the Abambo,” the name of one of the original Bantu tribes of the country. The root -mbo is very common as a tribal name among the Bantu, and occurs repeatedly in Central Africa.

150. To which were added in later years tea (a great success) and coffee—the latter subsequently destroyed by the Ceylon coffee disease.

151. Nov, 1912, nearly 1,000,000.

152. Twelve years later the northern railway line had traversed British Bechuanaland and had reached Buluwayo. It attained the Zambezi in 1903, and now enters the Belgian Congo in Katanga.

153. The Jews, as we have seen, played a considerable part in the development of North Africa since the 1st century of the Christian era. They have similarly had much to do with the progress of South Africa. Between 1840 and 1860 important Jewish houses of business were established in Cape Town and Port Elizabeth. Noteworthy amongst these firms was that of the De Pass brothers. The De Pass family specially concerned itself with the acquisition and development of the guano islets off what is now the coast of German South-West Africa. They developed the copper mining industry of Port Nolloth, were the first to manufacture ice in South Africa, and started the sugar planting in Natal. The firm of Mosenthal, of the Eastern province of Cape Colony, did much to promote agriculture and stock-rearing, the introduction of the Angora Mohair goat, ostrich farming, sheep and cattle breeding. Other South African Jews who have taken a prominent part in science, in the legal profession, in political, philanthropic, industrial, and mining affairs have been the Hon. Simeon Jacobs (a Judge of the Supreme Court), the Mendelssohns, Rapaports, Rabinowitzes, Solomons, Lilienfelds, Kisches, Neumanns, Moselys; Alfred Beit, Sir David Harris, Sir Lionel Phillips, and Sir George Albu.

154. To which was added later, over all Portuguese Africa south of the Zambezi.

155. Damara is the Hottentot name applied to these black Bantu negroes, who call themselves Ova-herero, Ova-mbo, etc.

156. Dingiswayo (the “Wanderer”), a Zulu of the Abatetwa clan, may perhaps be regarded as the founder of Zulu power. All this portion of South African history is described in some detail in my History and Description of the British Empire in Africa.

157. Driven out of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal by the action of Boers, British, and Basuto, a section of the Zulus conquered much of Portuguese South-East Africa, with nearly all modern Rhodesia, and carried their raids past Nyasa and Tanganyika to the vicinity of the Victoria Nyanza.

158. A rebellious general of Chaka’s, often known by his Sesuto name, “Moselekatse.”

159. The African Lakes Trading Corporation (as it is now called) was founded mainly by the energies of the brothers John and Frederick Moir (sons of an Edinburgh doctor) about 1878, as an adjunct to the missionary enterprise in the Shire Highlands. In course of time they established trading stations on Lake Nyasa, and cut a track or rough road over mountains and forest from the north-west corner of Lake Nyasa to the south end of Tanganyika, conveying over this “Stevenson Road” (so called because a Mr James Stevenson, a director of the Company, provided the cost of this undertaking) a little steamer in sections for the London Missionary Society. This steamer, the Good News, was the first to navigate the waters of Tanganyika. The African Lakes Company, being established at the north end of Lake Nyasa, inevitably came into contact with the slave-trading Arabs who had settled there about ten years before. In 1887 the agents of the Company intervened to protect natives from being raided by the Arabs. The Arabs retorted by attacking the white men. Volunteers hastened to their relief from several quarters. Amongst these were two men afterwards to become famous as African governors—Sir Frederick Lugard and Sir Alfred Sharpe. But the Arab question was not definitely settled until the Protectorate had been established for four years (1895). The African Lakes Corporation certainly did the pioneer work of British trade in South Central Africa.

160. The cession of Cape Colony from Holland to Britain took place on August 13, 1814.

161. The franchise is limited to men of European race and descent only; while women are not granted the parliamentary vote, as is the case in Australia; New Zealand; California, Colorado, Wyoming, and three other states of the American Union; the Isle of Man; Finland; and Norway. In these points, the framers of the Act of Union have shown the unprogressive spirit characteristic of the S. African Dutch.

162. He reached England in 1811 but was treated there with a neglect and ingratitude by the British Government which will long remain a scandal in our Imperial History, and for which as yet no public reparation has been made. His only descendant is Prof. Flinders-Petrie, the Egyptologist.

163. See the article of Professor Flinders-Petrie in the Geographical Journal, November, 1908.

164. Caius Plinius Secundus: born at Verona or Como 23 A.C. His geographical publication or Natural History was published (according to Sir E. Bunbury) in 77 A.C.

165. He visited the Upper Niger in 1352.

166. The subsequent adventures of this heroic man, Lobo, are summarized in my book, The Nile Quest, 1903.

167. Probably identical with the Ba-jok or Va-kioko between the rivers Kwango and Kasai.

168. See my Pioneers in West Africa, 1911.

169. Where he was British Chaplain.

170. Pliny and one or two succeeding classical geographers mention the Ger or Gir and the Niger as rivers of Western Africa, the former being possibly the river Draa. Both words may be derived from Berber roots.

171. See my work, Pioneers in West Africa, for details of Hornemann’s journey and the possible date and place of his death.

172. Afterwards Sir William C. Harris. He explored Shoa (South of Abyssinia) in 1841-2, and was knighted for concluding a treaty on behalf of the Government of India with the King of Shoa.

173. Then nearly independent of Turkey, and ruled by the Karamanli dynasty of Turkish pashas.

174. Denham, who had really rendered great services in the cause of exploration, was rewarded somewhat inadequately with the post of Secretary to the colony of Sierra Leone and Superintendent of the slave settlement at Fernando Pô, where he soon died.

175. In a patent collapsible boat.

176. His name is spelt by the French “Mardochée.”

177. Ludwig Krapf, like his colleagues in East Africa, Rebmann and Erhardt, was a native of Württemberg, having been born near Tübingen in that South-German kingdom.

178. These in order of achievements were: Frédéric Caillaud (French) who explored the Nile as far as Khartum and the Blue Nile to Fazogl (1819-23); Adolphe Linant (Belgian) who in 1827 penetrated 150 miles above Khartum; Thibaut (French consul at Khartum)Khartum), who, with one of Muhammad Ali’s expeditions reached as far south as Bôr (6°, 30′ N. Lat.); and Ferdinand Werne (German) who got as high up the Mountain Nile as Gondokoro (4°, 20′) and mapped the whole course of the river from Khartum to Gondokoro in 1841.

179. For a detailed account of Miss Tinne’s work and terrible death, see my book The Nile Quest (1903).

180. Dr Bastian had explored the Lower Congo in 1858; and the region of Loango was examined by a German scientific expedition in 1875-80, by Bastian, Pechuel Loesche, Falkenstein, and other German explorers.

181. This was the letter which Stanley wrote to England appealing to missionaries to come out and settle at the court of the King of Uganda. It was taken away by Linant de Bellefonds to be posted in Egypt. After leaving Uganda, de Bellefonds was killed by the Bari on the Upper Nile. Stanley’s letter was concealed in one of the boots of the corpse when it was recovered. It was handed to General Gordon, and transmitted by him to England.

182. Sir Harry Johnston and Dr Cross discovered the south end of this lake in 1889.

183. Wissmann was a lieutenant in the Prussian army, born at Frankfurt-on-the-Oder. He played subsequently a great part in German East Africa.

184. Baumann made a careful examination of the mountainous country of Usambara in East Africa, and mapped the lands due west of the Victoria Nyanza.

185. Sir J. R. L. Macdonald (then Captain Macdonald, R.E.) had conducted with Captain Pringle, R.E. a very remarkable railway survey at the beginning of the nineties, from Mombasa to the Victoria Nyanza, a survey which was really a geographical exploration of the East Africa Protectorate.

186. It was never officially styled the Congo “Free” State. The meaning of the French words was “the Independent State of the Congo”; and unhappily it was no more “free” in its subsequent history than in name. Bula Matadi was its local title in Congoland, such being Stanley’s nickname (Rock-breaker).

187. Hamed bin Muhammad bin Juma, nicknamed Tipu Tipu or “Tippootib.”

188. The Fall of the Congo Arabs, Methuen, 1897. This campaign is also described in my book George Grenfell and the Congo.