[149] Duvernoy, op. cit. p. 61.
[150] Grateloup, Act. Ac. R. Sci. Bordeaux, 1840, p. 208.
[151] Wagler, Syst. Amphib. etc., p. 35 (1830).
[152] The anatomy of Platanista is fully described by J. Anderson, Zoological Results of Two Expeditions to Western Yunnan, 1878.
[153] D’Orbigny, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris, vol. iii. p. 31 (1834).
[154] Gray, Zoology of Erebus and Terror, p. 46 (1846).
[155] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 105 (1766).
[156] Lacépède, Hist. Nat. des Cétacés, p. xli. (1804).
[157] Cuvier, Règne Animal, vol. i. p. 279 (1817).
[158] Zoology of Erebus and Terror, p. 30 (1846). The name is preoccupied by Lamarck for a genus of Polyzoa (1816).
[159] Gray, Cat. Cetacea Brit. Mus. p. 106 (1850).
[160] Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales in Brit. Mus. p. 285 (1866).
[161] Anatomical and Zoological Researches, comprising an Account of the Zoological Results of the two Expeditions to Western Yunnan, in 1868 and 1875 (1878).
[162] Gray, Zoology of Erebus and Terror, p. 33 (1846).
[163] Reinhardt, Overs. Dan. Sezsk. Forh. 1862, p. 151.
[164] Lesson, N. Tab. d. Règne Animal—Mamm. p. 200 (1842).
[165] Gray, Zoology of Erebus and Terror, p. 30 (1846).
[166] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 77.
[167] Gray, Zoology of Erebus and Terror, p. 35 (1846).
[168] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 108 (1766).
[169] Gervais, Hist. Nat. des Mammifères, vol. ii. p. 323 (1855).
[170] Gervais, Ostéographie des Cétacés, p. 604 (1880).
[171] Gray, Zoology of Erebus and Terror, p. 43 (1846).
[172] Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales Brit. Mus. 2d ed. p. 393 (1866).
[173] Since this was in type the discovery of transient rudimentary clavicles in the embryo of the Sheep has been announced by Wineza (Morpholog. Jahrb. xvi. p. 647).
[174] Also known as Diplarthra.
[175] The pollex is present in the manus of the extinct Cotylops.
[176] In the table on p. 89 the Peccaries are included in the Suidæ.
[177] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 101 (1766).
[178] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 102 (1766).
[179] If from any accidental circumstances these teeth are not constantly worn down by friction, they grow into a complete circle, the point penetrating the bone of the jaw close to the root of the tooth. The natives of the Fiji Islands avail themselves of this circumstance to produce one of their most valued ornaments—a circular boar’s tusk: the upper canines being extracted, the lower ones are allowed to grow to the desired form.
[180] See Garson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 413.
[181] Lesson, Man. d. Mamm., p. 337 (1827), “Babirusa.”
[182] Cuvier, Règne-Animal, vol. i. p. 236 (1817).
[183] Cuvier, Règne Animal, vol. i. p. 237 (1817).
[184] Professor Cope considers that there is a third species, for which he has proposed the name D. angularis.
[185] This name (Leidy, 1851) is preoccupied by Orodus (Agassiz, 1838).
[186] The stomach of the Camel inhabiting the Arabian desert is commonly looked upon as a striking example of specialised structure, adapted or modified in direct accordance with a highly specialised mode of life; it is therefore very remarkable to find an organ exactly similar, except in some unessential details, in the Llamas of the Peruvian Andes and the Guanacos of the Pampas. No hypothesis except that of a common origin will satisfactorily account for this, and, granting that this view is correct, it becomes extremely interesting to find for how long a time two genera may be isolated and yet retain such close similarities in parts which in other groups appear readily subject to adaptive modifications.
[187] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 90 (1766).
[188] There is much confusion as to the proper use of the names Camel and Dromedary. It is now generally accepted that the former is the common term for all the members of the genus, and that Dromedary should be confined to the lighter and swifter breeds of the one-humped species. One of the oldest pictures of the two-humped Camel extant, painted on the wall of the Chapter House of Westminster Abbey, has, however, “Dromedary” inscribed under it.
[189] Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. p. 103 (1811).
[190] Natural History of the Strait of Magellan, 1871.
[191] Pallas, Spicilegia Zoologica, vol. xiii. p. 27 (1779).
[192] Kaup, Ossemens Fossiles de Darmstadt, pt. 5, p. 92 (1836). This name, which was proposed for a fossil species, antedates Hyomoschus, Gray, applied to the living form.
[193] For the anatomy of this group see A. H. Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 2.
[194] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 91 (1766).
[195] For the anatomy of Moschus see Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 159; and Garrod, ibid. 1877, p. 287.
[196] Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 889.
[197] De Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 74.
[198] Milne-Edwards, Nouv. Arch. du Muséum, vol. vii. Bull. p. 93 (1872).
[199] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 92 (1766).
[200] Hamilton-Smith, in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, vol. v. p. 304 (1827).
[201] Hamilton-Smith, in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, vol. v. p. 303 (1827).
[202] Scott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1885, p. 181.
[203] Hamilton-Smith, in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, vol. v. p. 313 (1827).
[204] Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 90.
[205] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 237.
[206] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 242.
[208] Zimmermann, Geograph. Geschichte, vol. ii. p. 125 (1780).
[209] Ord. Journ. de Physique, vol. lxxxvii. p. 149 (1818).
[210] Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 75.
[211] Lichtenstein, Berlin Ges. Natuforsch. Freunde Magazin, vol. vi. pp. 152, 165 (1814).
[212] F. E. Blaauw, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 2.
[213] Hamilton-Smith, in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, vol. iv. p. 258 (1827). Taken to include Grimmia, Terphone, etc., of Gray.
[214] Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiv. p. 524 (1823).
[215] Hamilton-Smith, in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, vol. iv. p. 269 (1827).
[216] Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia, p. 268.
[217] Sundevall, Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. for 1844, p. 191. Taken to include Calotragus, Scopophorus, Nesotragus, Pediotragus, and Oreotragus of Gray.
[218] See V. Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, pp. 642 and 875.
[219] Gray, Cat. Ungulate Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 90 (1852).
[220] Andrew Smith, Illustrations of Zoology of South Africa, No. 12 (1840), “Kobus.” Is taken to include Adenota and Onotragus of Gray.
[221] De Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 75. Syn. Eleotragus.
[222] Pallas, Spicilegia Zoologica, vol. i. p. 3 (1767).
[223] Sundevall, Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. for 1845, p. 271.
[224] Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 160 (1843).
[225] Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 81.
[226] De Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 75. Is taken to include Procapra and Tragops.
[227] Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 537. Three species subsequently described are here added to the list.
[228] Sundevall, Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. for 1844, p. 196.
[229] De Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 75.
[230] Rafinesque, Anal. Nat. 1815, p. 56.
[231] De Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 75. Syn. Portax, Hamilton-Smith.
[232] De Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 75. Includes Euryceros, Gray.
[233] Gray, List. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 155 (1843).
[234] Desmarest, Mammalogie, p. 471 (1822).
[235] De Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 75.
[236] Hamilton-Smith, in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, vol. v. p. 352 (1827).
[237] Hamilton-Smith, in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, vol. v. p. 354 (1827). Amended from “Aplocerus.”
[238] Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xix. p. 65 (1850).
[239] See A. O. Hume, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, pp. 483-486.
[240] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 94 (1766).
[241] Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 314; and 1887, p. 552.
[242] Specimens referred by Dinnik to C. caucasica have been made the types of another species—C. severtzovi.
[243] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 97 (1766).
[244] There may be a beard on the throat, as in O. cycloceros.
[245] Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 326.
[246] De Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 76.
[247] Zoologist, September 1877.
[248] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 98 (1766).
[249] Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 474.
[250] Sir V. Brooke states that this species is distinguished from B. pumilus by the absence of a fringe to the ears, but specimens in the British Museum show that this is not the case.
[251] The Extirpation of the American Bison, 1889.
[252] The late Mr. Alston, Fauna of Scotland, “Mammalia” (Glasgow, 1880), p. 25, considers that the Chillingham cattle are descendants of a race which had escaped from domestication.
[253] Wanting in the aberrant Chalicotherium.
[254] See W. N. Parker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 775.
[255] Cuvier, Tableau Élément. de l’Hist. Nat. p. 152 (1798); ex Brisson.
[256] See J. Murie, Journ. Anat. and Physiol. vol. vi. p. 131, 1871; W. N. Parker. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 768; and F. E. Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 252.
[257] The Swiss P. siderolithicus has only one cusp in the last upper premolar.
[258] Leidy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 26.
[259] Christol, Ann. Sci. Indust. Mid. France, vol. i. p. 180 (1832).
[260] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 100 (1766).
[261] Darwin, Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, 1868, vol. i. chap. ii.
[262] See Nature, 21st August 1884, and Zool. Garten. vol. xxviii. p. 453.
[263] See Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 542.
[264] See Blanford, Zoology and Geology of Eastern Persia (Journeys of the Persian Boundary Commission), p. 84.
[265] This must not be confounded with the navicular of the tarsus.
[266] Want of space and of the necessary illustrations rendered it impossible to give an account of mammalian myology in the earlier chapters of this work.
[267] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 104 (1766).
[268] Many authors use Cuvier’s name, R. indicus, in preference to this, on the ground that there are more than one species with one horn, forgetting that the name substituted is equally inconvenient, as more than one species live in India. The fact of a specific name being applicable to several members of a genus is no objection to its restriction to the first to which it was applied; otherwise changes in old and well-received names would constantly have to be made in consequence of new discoveries.
[269] Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. xii.; see also Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 9.
[270] See Beddard and Treves, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 9.
[271] For the internal anatomy of R. sumatrensis see Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 92; and Beddard and Treves, loc. cit.
[272] Those external points of distinction from R. simus are taken from a paper by Sclater in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 143.
[273] Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 726.
[274] This name is the earliest, but is preoccupied.
[275] Hermann, Tab. Affinit. Anim. p. 115 (1783). It has recently been proposed to substitute the earlier name Procavia in lieu of Hyrax. The anatomy of Hyrax was first described by Pallas (Spicilegia Zoologica). Besides minor memoirs, two detailed accounts of its structure have appeared—one by Brandt, in Mém. Acad. Nat. Scien. St. Pétersbourg, 7ⁱᵉᵐᵉ sér. vol. xiv. No. 2, 1869; and another by George, in Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 6ⁱᵉᵐᵉ sér. tom. i. 1874, in which references to all the previous literature will be found. The mechanism by which the sole of the foot is enabled to adhere to smooth surfaces is fully described by G. E. Dobson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 526.
[276] Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4. vol. i. p. 48 (1868).
[277] See a paper by J. V. Barboza du Bocage, in the Jorn. Sci. Phys. Nat. Lisboa (2), vol. i. p. 186 (1889), where a list of all the known species will be found.
[278] These teeth are by some writers classed as canines, as their roots are implanted in the maxillæ; but, as in Rodents, they are originally developed in the gum covering the premaxillæ, in which bones their primitive alveoli are sunk. As growth proceeds, however, firm support for such massive and weighty bodies can only be obtained by their roots gradually sinking through the premaxillæ into the great and specially modified alveolar processes of the maxillæ, but this does not vitiate their homology with the incisors of other mammals.
[279] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 48 (1766).
[280] In the Gulf of Cambay,—not the island of the same name in the Red Sea.
[281] The word Mammoth was introduced into the languages of Western Europe about two centuries ago from the Russian, and is thought by Pallas and Nordenskiöld to be of Tartar origin, but others, as Witzen, Strahlenburg, and Howorth, have endeavored to prove that it is a corruption of the Arabic word Behemoth, or great beast.
[282] The best known of these is the etching upon a portion of tusk found in the cave of La Madelaine in the Dordogne, figured in Lartet and Christy’s Reliquiæ Aquitanicæ, and in many other works bearing on the subject of the antiquity of man.
[283] Cuvier, Ann. du Muséum, vol. viii. p. 270 (1806).
[284] This, and the larger number of ridges in the latter, are the only absolute distinctions which Falconer could find between Mastodon and Elephas (Palæont. Memoirs, ii. p. 9), and it is clear that they are somewhat arbitrary. The line between the two genera is drawn at this point more as a matter of convenience for descriptive purposes than as indicating any great natural break in the sequence of modifications of the same type.
[285] Also found beyond the extreme north-western frontier of India.
[286] Kaup, Isis, vol. xxii. p. 401 (1829).
[287] Leidy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1872, p 169.
[288] For detailed descriptions and figures of this group, see Marsh, “Monograph of the Dinocerata,” Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. vol. x. (1884).
[289] Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds, p. 299 (1846).
[290] See G. E. Dobson, Journ. Anat. Phys. vol. xvii.
[291] Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, p. 124.
[292] Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 8.
[293] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 86 (1766).
[294] Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xx. p. 272 (1867).
[295] Hemprich and Ehrenberg, Symbol. Phys. Mamm. vol. i. (1832).
[296] Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. p. 83 (1811).
[297] Some American zoologists have recently proposed to raise a large number of the forms usually regarded as local races to the rank of species.
[298] Cuvier, Leçons d’Anatomie Comp. (1800).
[299] Cuvier, Ann. du Muséum, vol. x. p. 126 (1825).
[300] O. Thomas, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. lvii. p. 256 (1888).
[301] Schreber, Säugethiere, vol. iv. p. 721 (1792).
[302] Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag. vol. ii. p. 45 (1817).
[303] F. Cuvier, Mém. du Muséum, vol. vi. p. 293 (1822).
[304] Richardson, Zool. Journ. vol. iv. p. 334 (1829). Amended.
[305] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 78 (1766).
[306] For a monograph of the Myoxidæ, see C. L. Reuvens, Die Myoxidæ, etc., 4to, Leyden, 1890.
[307] Schreber, Säugethiere, vol. iv. p. 824 (1792).
[308] Wagner, Abh. baier. Akad. vol. iii. p. 179 (1843).