[484] F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammifères (1825). Amended from “Ailurus.” For anatomy, see Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1870, p. 752.

[485] Fauna of British India, “Mammalia,” p. 189 (1888).

[486] Storr, Prodromus Meth. Mamm. p. 35 (1780).

[487] A corruption of the North American Indian “arrathkune” or “arathcone.” The French raton or raton laveur, German Waschbär, and other European names are derived from a curious habit the Raccoon has of dipping or washing its food in water before eating it.

[488] Lichtenstein, Isis, 1831, p. 512.

[489] Allen, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1876, p. 20.

[490] Storr, Prodromus Meth. Mamm. p. 35 (1780).

[491] Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 127 (1811).

[492] Also in two other species noticed below. One extinct Otter has two upper molars.

[493] Erxleben, Syst. Règn. Animal, p. 445 (1777).

[494] See Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 190.

[495] The synonymy of this species is not settled, and the adoption of the name given here only preliminary.

[496] Gloger, Nova Acta Ac. Cæs. Leop.-Car. vol. xiii. pt. 2, p. 511 (1827): Syn. Enhydra; Fleming, Philosophy of Zoology, vol. ii. p. 187 (1822). Preoccupied by Enhydris, Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amphib. p. 140 (1820).

[497] Cuvier, “Tabl. de Classif.” in Leçons d’Anat. Compar. vol. i. (1800).

[498] Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. i. p. 581 (1837).

[499] F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammifères (1825).

[500] Possibly the name should be Bálu-soor (Sand-pig).

[501] F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammifères (1825).

[502] Storr, Prodromus Meth. Mamm. p. 34 (1780).

[503] Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 154.

[504] Storr, Prodromus Meth. Mamm. p. 34 (1780).

[505] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, p. 94.

[506] Garrod, ibid. 1879, pl. xxix.

[507] Kaup, Thierreich, vol. i. p. 352 (1835).

[508] Bell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 45.

[509] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 66 (1766).

[510] By all old authors of authority, as Ray, Pennant, Shaw, and Fleming, the word is written “Martin,” but this form of spelling is now generally reserved by way of distinction for the bird. The term “Marten-Cat,” often used, is a misnomer.

[511] See Rolleston, “On the Domestic Cats, Felis domesticus and Mustela foina, of Ancient and Modern Times,” Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. ii. p. 47, 1868.

[512] O. Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xi. p. 370 (1883).

[513] Gervais, Dict. Univ. d’Hist. Nat. t. iv. p. 685 (1849).

[514] Storr, Prodromus Meth. Mamm. p. 34 (1780).

[515] Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 497.

[516] Péron, Voyage aux Terres Australes, vol. ii. p. 37 note (1816).

[517] “On the structure of Hooker’s Sea-Lion (Arctocephalus hookeri),” Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. xii. p. 369 (1890).

[518] Linn, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 49 (1766).

[519] The former word is a modification of the Scandinavian vallross or hvalros (“whale-horse”), the latter an adaptation of the Russian name for the animal.

[520] Nilsson, Faun. Scandinav. vol. i. p. 377 (1820).

[521] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 55 (1766).

[522] Fleming, Philosophy of Zoology, vol. ii. p. 187 (1822).

[523] For details of these and the other genera see Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 486, et seq.

[524] Peters, Monatsb. K. P. Akad. Wissensch. zu Berlin, p. 393 (1875), substituted for Stenorhynchus, F. Cuvier; preoccupied for a genus of Crustacea.

[525] Gray, Zoology of Erebus and Terror, vol. i. p. 5 (1844).

[526] New name, Syn. Leptonyx, Gray, Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 582 (1837); preoccupied by Swainson, 1821.

[527] Gray, Zoology of Erebus and Terror, vol. i. p. 7 (1844).

[528] Nilsson, Faun. Scandinav. vol. i. p. 382 (1820).

[529] F. Cuvier, Mém. du Muséum, vol. xi. p. 200 (1824), “Macrorhine.”

[530] Pallas, Acta Acad. Sci. Imp. Petropolis, vol. iv. pt. 1, p. 208 (1780).

[531] Ueber die Säugethiergattung Galeopithecus. Sv. Ak. Handl. vol. xxi. pt. xi. (1886).

[532] Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiii. p. 256 (1822).

[533] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, p. 23.

[534] Andrew Smith, S. African Quart. Journ. vol. ii. No. 1, p. 64 (1833).

[535] The above correct formula of the dentition of this family has been recently worked out by O. Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, pp. 445, 446.

[536] Peters, Bericht k. preuss. Ak. Wiss. 1847, p. 36.

[537] Horsfield and Vigors, Zool. Journ. vol. iii. p. 246 (1828).

[538] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 75 (1766).

[539] Originally given incorrectly as Neurogymnurus.

[540] Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 49.

[541] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 73 (1766).

[542] Syn. S. minutus.

[543] Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxiv. p. 36 (1855).

[544] Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terrs. vol. iii. p. 646 (1877).

[545] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 124.

[546] Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 275.

[547] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 124.

[548] Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 275.

[549] Brandt, in Lehmann’s Reise.-Zool. Anh. p. 299 (1852).

[550] Milne-Edwards, Comptes Rendus, vol lxx. p. 341 (1870).

[551] Anderson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xlvi. p. 262 (1877).

[552] Milne-Edwards, Comptes Rendus, vol. lxx. p. 341 (1870).

[553] Cuvier, “Tabl. de Classif.” in Leçons d’Anat. Compar. vol. i. (1800).

[554] Temminck, Fauna Japonica, vol. i. p. 22 (1842).

[555] Milne-Edwards, Arch. du Muséum, vol. vii. Bull. p. 92 (1872).

[556] Cuvier, “Tabl. de Classif.” in Leçon d’Anat. Comp. vol. i. (1800).

[557] Pomel, Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. vol. ix. p. 247 (1848).

[558] Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium. p. 125 (1811).

[559] Milne-Edwards, N. Arch. du Muséum, vol. vii. Bull. p. 92 (1872).

[560] Linn, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. p. 73 (1766).

[561] The following account is taken almost entirely from Dr. Dobson.

[562] Du Chaillu, Proc. Boston Soc. Hist. Nat. vol. vii. p. 363 (1860).

[563] Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. vol. xv. p. 5 (1872).

[564] Brandt, Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg, 1833, vol. ii. p. 459.

[565] Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 124 (1811).

[566] Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 72.

[567] I. Geoffroy, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, vol. viii. p. 60 (1837).

[568] Thomas, Journ. Linn. Soc.—Zool. vol. xvi. p. 319 (1882).

[569] Grandidier, Rev. and Mag. Zool. 1870, p. 50.

[570] Lacépède, Mém. de l’Institut, vol. iii. p. 493 (1801—read 1799).

[571] Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 473.

[572] Bennett, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ii. p. 38 (1835).

[573] Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. xv. p. 90 (1810).—Ex. Brisson.

[574] Gray, List. Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pp. 37, 38 (1843): Syn. Cynonycteris.

[575] Jentink, Notes Leyd. Mus. vol. i. p. 117 (1879).—Amended.

[576] F. Cuvier, Dents des Mammifères, p. 39 (1825).

[577] Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 118 (1811).

[578] Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. xvi. p. 99 (1810).

[579] O. Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 155 (1888).

[580] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 36.

[581] Dobson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xlii. p. 204 (1873).

[582] New name: Syn. Macroglossus, F. Cuvier, Dents des Mammifères, p. 40 (1825). Preoccupied by Macroglossum, Scopoli, 1777.

[583] Dobson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 119.

[584] O. Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xix. p. 417 (1887).

[585] Jentink, Notes Leyd. Mus. vol. xi. p. 209 (1889).

[586] New name: Syn. Megaloglossus; Pagenstecher, J. B. Mus. Hamburg, vol. ii. p. 125 (1885). Preoccupied by Megaglossa, Rond., 1865.

[587] Geoffroy, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xix. p. 383 (1803).

[588] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 53. The Bats of this genus are usually described as Phyllorhina, but this use has been shown to be incorrect; see Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 637.

[589] O. Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 156 (1888).

[590] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 16.

[591] Dobson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xl. p. 455 (1871).

[592] Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvii. p. 251 (1848).

[593] Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. xv. p. 197 (1810).

[594] Geoffroy, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xv. p. 501 (1803).

[595] Geoffroy, Descript. de l’Egypte, vol. ii. p. 112 (1812).

[596] Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelthiere Europ. p. 55 (1840).

[597] Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1859, p. 222.

[598] Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiii. p. 78 (1822).

[599] Allen, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1862, p. 247.

[600] Keyserling and Blasius, Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1839, p. 312.

[601] Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1866, p. 672.

[602] Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiii. p. 71 (1822).

[603] See O. Thomas, Ann. Mus. Genova (2), vol. ix. pp. 84-88 (1890).

[604] Rafinesque, Journ. de Physique, vol. lxxxviii. p. 417 (1819).

[605] Rafinesque, Précis des Decouvértes et Trav. Somiol. p. 12 (1814).

[606] Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. x. p. 259 (1842).

[607] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 46 (1766).

[608] Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. x. p. 258 (1842), Kerivoula.

[609] Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. vol. ii. p. 496 (1838).

[610] Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, fasc. xxi. (1837).

[611] Spix, Sim. and Vesp. Bresil, p. 61 (1823).

[612] A. Milne-Edwards, Bull. Soc. Philom. sér. 7, vol. ii. p. 1 (1878).

[613] Bonaparte, Faun. Ital. vol. i. (1832-41): Syn. Furia, F. Cuvier, Mém. du Muséum, vol. xvi. p. 150 (1828). Preoccupied by Linn. 1766.

[614] Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1877, p. 185.

[615] Temminck (Van der Hoeven), Tijdsch. Nat. Ges. 1839, p. 22.

[616] Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1867, p. 479.

[617] Peters, loc. cit. p. 477.

[618] Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 121 (1811).

[619] Geoffroy, Descript. de l’Egypte, vol. ii. p. 126 (1812).

[620] Wied, Isis, 1819, p. 1629.

[621] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 88 (1766).

[622] Geoffroy, Descript. de l’Egypte, vol. ii. p. 123 (1812).

[623] Horsfield, Zool. Research Java (1824).

[624] Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. vi. p. 154 (1805).

[625] Geoffroy, Descript. de l’Egypte, vol. ii. p. 114 (1812).

[626] New name: Syn. Mystacina; Gray, Voyage of the “Sulphur,” “Mamm.” p. 23 (1843). Preoccupied by Mystacina, Boie, 1822.

[627] Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. iv. p. 4 (1839).

[628] Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiii. p. 76 (1820-22).—Amended.

[629] Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 81.

[630] New name: Syn. Macrotus; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 21. Preoccupied by Macrotis, Dej. 1833.

[631] New name: Syn. Macrophyllum; Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. vol. ii. p. 489 (1838). Preoccupied by Macrophylla, Hope, 1837.

[632] Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiii. pp. 74, 75 (1822). For the references to the other genera see Dobson, Cat. Chiropt. Brit. Mus.

[633] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 113. Syn. Schizostoma; Gervais, 1855. Preoccupied by Broun, 1835.

[634] New name: Syn. Tylostoma; Gervais, 1855. Preoccupied by Sharpe, 1849.

[635] Gervais, Castlenau’s Exped.-Zool. p. 43 (1855): Syn. Carollia, Gray, 1838. Preoccupied by Carolia, Cantraine, 1837.

[636] The references to the genera of this and the following division will be found in Dobson’s Catalogue.

[637] New name: Syn. Ischnoglossa, Saussure, 1860. Preoccupied by Kraatz, 1856.

[638] Wied, Beitr. Natgesch. Brasil, vol. ii. p. 231 (1826).

[639] Spix, Sim. et Vesp. Brasil, p. 68 (1823).

[640] For the arguments in favour of placing the Lemurs in a separate order see Milne-Edwards, “Observations sur quelques points de l’embryologie des Lemuriens et sur les affinités zoologiques de ces animaux,” in the Ann. des Sciences Nat. October 1871; and P. Gervais, “Encephale des Lemures,” in Journ. de Zoologie, tom. i. p. 7. For those for retaining them among the Primates, see Mivart, “On Lepilemur and Chirogaleus, and on the Zoological Rank of the Lemuroidea,” in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 484.

[641] Geoffroy, Mag. Encyclop. 2d ann. vol. i. p. 46 (1796), “Indri.”

[642] Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 20.

[643] Jourdan, Mém. de l’Institut, vol. ii. p. 231 (1834).

[644] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 44 (1766).

[645] Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 132.

[646] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 829.

[647] I. Geoffroy, Cat. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 75 (1851). Amended from Lepilemur.

[648] Monatsb. Ak. Berlin, 1874, p. 690.

[649] Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. xix. p. 171 (1812).

[650] Geoffroy, Mag. Encyclop. 2d ann. vol. i. p. 49 (1796).

[651] Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. xix. pp. 162, 163 (1812).

[652] For the anatomy of this genus, see J. L. C. Shroeder van der Kolk and W. Vrolik, “Recherches d’Anatomie comparée sur le genre Stenops d’Illiger,” in Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, Part 1, Amsterdam, 1848-54.

[653] Geoffroy, Mag. Encyclop. 2d ann. vol. i. p. 48 (1796).

[654] Mammalia of British India, p. 48 (1888).

[655] Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 109.