Herbs almost always with milky juice, alternate or basal leaves and yellow or rarely pink, blue, purple, or white flowers in involucrate heads; bracts of the involucre in 1 to several series; flowers all alike and perfect; corolla with a short or long tube and a strap-shaped (ligulate) usually 5-toothed limb (ray).

Pale and smooth throughout or a little woolly below. Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong, entire, dentate or pinnatifid, 2—10 inches long, acuminate. Scapes stout, smooth or slightly hairy, longer than the leaves, 6—18 inches high, head 1—2 inches broad, rays bright yellow, involucre oblong, campanulate, usually smooth.

Open grounds and on grassy alpine slopes and in meadows; flowering during June and July.

Nearly smooth, not glaucous. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, entire or with lanceolate lobes toward the base, narrowed into slender petioles, 4—8 inches long. Scapes longer than the leaves, smooth below, woolly at the top; involucre ½—¾ of an inch high, bracts lanceolate, more or less woolly, flowers orange or copper-coloured.

In open ground and alpine meadows throughout the region; flowering in midsummer.

Smooth, leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate entire, 6—8 inches long, acute. Scapes slender, 10—18 inches high, woolly at the summit; involucre ½—¾ of an inch long, bracts narrow, smooth with hairy-fringed margins; flowers deep orange.

In grassy alpine meadows throughout the Rockies at the higher altitudes; flowering during July.

Root thick and deep. Leaves oblong to spatulate in outline, usually rough-hairy at least when young, acute or obtuse, pinnatifid, sinuate-dentate or rarely nearly entire, rather succulent, 3—10 inches long, ½—2½ inches wide, narrowed into petioles. Scapes erect, 2—18 inches high, head 1—2 inches broad, containing very numerous golden yellow flowers, inner bracts of the involucre, linear or linear-lanceolate, the outer similar, shorter, not glaucous, reflexed, acute; achenes greenish brown.

In waste places and open ground throughout the region, along roadsides and near the railway; established as a weed; flowering in early summer.

Smooth; scapes and leaves from the crown of a thick, vertical root. Leaves spatulate, oblong, nearly entire or runcinately-toothed, obtuse, the teeth shallow and simple, 3—4 inches long, ½—¾ of an inch wide. Flowers bright orange or yellow on smooth scapes, 4—8 inches high; involucral bracts all appressed, in 2-series, the outer ovate to lanceolate, frequently reddish; inner ones narrowly lanceolate.

Throughout the Rockies in the lower valleys and slopes; flowering in early June.

Stems smooth, leafy below, branched and nearly naked above, 2—4 feet high. Lower and basal leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, often 12 inches long, spinulose dentate, narrowed into short petioles, the upper pinnatifid or entire, clasping. Flowers bright yellow, numerous in showy heads, 1—2 inches broad; involucre nearly an inch high.

An introduced weed, occurring more or less frequently along the line of the railway throughout the region; a showy plant when in flower, during the early part of the day.

Smooth throughout and somewhat glaucous; stem rather slender and leafy, 1—3 feet high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblong, acute, entire, dentate, lobed or pinnatifid, 2—8 inches long. Flowers bright blue or violet in numerous heads ½ an inch or more broad, in an open panicle.

Frequent along the railway in moist open places throughout the region; flowering in midsummer.

Smooth, forming depressed tufts on slender, creeping rootstocks. Leaves chiefly at the root, 1—2 inches long including the petioles, obovate to spatulate, entire, repand dentate or lyrate, commonly equalling the clustered stems. Heads few-flowered, nearly ½ an inch high, narrowly cylindric, ⅛ of an inch in diameter; flowers bright yellow, spreading ¼ of an inch across.

A small alpine plant growing among loose stones and on the moraines and on slides and summits throughout the Rockies; flowering in midsummer.

Smooth, many-stemmed from a perennial tap-root, 6—12 inches high, diffusely branched. Leaves entire or nearly so; root leaves spatulate; stem-leaves from lanceolate to linear. Heads numerous, narrowly cylindric, ¼—⅓ of an inch high, the pale yellow flowers little more than ⅓ of an inch across.

In gravel beds along the rivers and larger streams throughout the Rockies; flowering during July.

Stem rather slender, smooth or puberulent, sometimes rough hairy below, leafy, simple, 1—2½ feet high. Leaves lanceolate or the lowest spatulate, entire, denticulate or sometimes laciniate-dentate, acute or acuminate, 1—3 inches long, smooth above, usually hairy beneath with the margins fringed with hairs. Heads of flowers nearly an inch broad, umbellate, bright yellow.

On banks and near rivers in the Rockies; flowering in July.

Hairy throughout with long, soft hairs; 1—2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate, 3—6 inches long. Flowers in an irregular branching panicle. Head ½ an inch high; involucre with copious long bristly hairs; flowers bright yellow, ½ an inch or more broad.

On banks and stony open ground throughout the region flowering during July.

Growing in tufts, pale green. Leaves nearly all in clusters at the root, obovate to oblong-spatulate, 1—3 inches long, attenuate into petioles, entire or repand denticulate. Stems 8—18 inches high, brownish-hairy above, bearing few or several heads of flowers near the top; involucres about ⅓ of an inch high, usually blackish-hairy at the base; flowers bright yellow in heads ¼ of an inch or less broad.

In dry open or shaded places at the higher elevations throughout the region, growing in sand; flowering in July.

Loosely branching and hairy with long hairs; 1—3 feet high. Leaves oblong, thin, 2—6 inches long. Involucres narrow-campanulate, ⅓ to nearly ½ an inch high; flowers white, ¼ of an inch across or more; several in a compound cyme.

On sandy banks and open mountain sides, frequent throughout the region at the lower elevations; flowering during June and July.