[328] Archæologia, vol. lii., p. 359.

[329] Archæologia Cambrensis, ser. 5, vol. xiii., p. 212.

[330] Kemble’s Horæ Ferales, pl. 15.

[331] The Reliquary for 1901, p. 56.

[332] Unpublished.

[333] Jour. Brit. Archæol. Assoc., vol. xxxix., p. 90.

[334] R. Munro’s Prehistoric Scotland, p. 378.

[335] Douglas’ Nenia Britannica, p. 134.

[336] Dictionnaire Archéologique de la Gaule.

[337] Lindenschmit’s Alterthümer.

[338] A. Bertrand’s Archéologie Celtique et Gauloise, p. 367.

[339] E. Vouga’s Les Helvètes à La Tène, pl. 5.

[340] The Antiquary for 1895, p. 110.

[341] Ll. Jewitt’s Grave-Mounds and their Contents, p. 246.

[342] Jour. R. Hist. and Archæol. Assoc. of Ireland, ser. 4, vol. vi., p. 394.

[343] Mém. de la Soc. Ant. du Nord, 1890, p. 35.

[344] J. B. Waring’s Manchester Fine Art Treasures Exhibition.

[345] Kemble’s Horæ Ferales, pl. 18, fig. 3.

[346] Archæol. Jour., vol. xxx., p. 267.

[347] Proc. Somersetsh. Archæol. Soc., vol. xl.

[348] The Antiquary for 1895, p. 110.

[349] Journ. Brit. Archæol. Assoc., vol. xxiii., p. 228.

[350] S. Lysons’ Reliquiæ Brittanico Romanæ, No. 3, pl. 5.

[351] See J. R. Allen’s Christian Symbolism, p. 94. The Chi-Rho Monogram occurs on inscribed monuments in Gaul between A.D. 377 and 493.

[352] Archæologia Cambrensis, ser. 6, vol. i., p. 240.

[353] Trans. Royal Irish Academy, vol. xxxi., p. 318.

[354] Journ. R. Hist. and A. A. of Ireland, ser. 4, vol. ii., p. 546.

[355] Archæol. Jour., vol. xii., p. 86.

[356] Archæologia Cambrensis, ser. 5, vol. ix., p. 147.

[357] As in the specimens from Barlaston, Staffordshire; Chesterton-on-the-Fossway, Warwickshire; Barrington, Cambridgeshire; Crosthwaite, Cumberland; Middleton Moor, Derbyshire; Oxford; and Greenwich.

[358] As in the specimens from Wilton, Wilts; and Faversham, Kent.

[359] Miss M. Stokes’ Early Christian Art in Ireland, p. 92. The Stowe Missal is in the Museum of the R.I.A. at Dublin.

[360] Sir W. Wilde’s Catal. Mus. R.I.A., p. 569.

[361] Archæologia Cambrensis, ser. 5, vol. xvi., p. 261.

[362] Dr. J. Anderson’s Scotland in Early Christian Times, 2nd ser., p. 38.

[363] Ibid., p. 44.

[364] The sculptured architectural details of the Round Towers and early churches in Ireland and Scotland consist chiefly of crosses or crucifixes over the doorways and terminal heads.

[365] Petrie’s Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Language, vol. i., pl. 12, No. 29.

[366] Ibid., vol. i., pl. 31, No. 82.

[367] Ibid., vol. ii., pl. 30.

[368] Archæologia Cambrensis, ser. 5, vol. vi., p. 357.

[369] Prof. J. O. Westwood’s Lapidarium Walliæ, pl. 60.

[370] Ibid., pl. 14.

[371] Dr. J. Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. ii., pl. 131.

[372] A. G. Langdon’s Old Cornish Crosses, p. 412.

[373] Dr. J. Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. i., p. 28. See also casts in the South Kensington and Edinburgh Museums.

[374] J. G. Cumming’s Runic Remains of the Isle of Man.

[375] Ibid.

[376] Prof. J. O. Westwood’s Lapidarium Walliæ, pl. 15.

[377] Ibid., pl. 5.

[378] Ibid., pl. 84.

[379] A. G. Langdon’s Old Cornish Crosses.

[380] H. O’Neill’s Ancient Crosses of Ireland.

[381] Petrie’s Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Language, vol. ii., p. 66.

[382] Ibid., vol. i., p. 43.

[383] As on the crosses at Monasterboice, Co. Louth, and Durrow, King’s Co.

[384] As on the Cross of Cong in the Dublin Museum, and on the pectoral cross of St. Cuthbert in the Library of Durham Cathedral.

[385] Didron’s Annales Archéologiques, vol. vi., p. 315.

[386] F. R. Fowke’s Bayeux Tapestry, pl. 31.

[387] Probably the earliest representation of a cow-bell in Great Britain is on the pre-Norman cross at Fowlis Wester, near Crieff, Perthshire.

[388] We are indebted to Mr. W. Corbet Yale-Jones-Parry, of Madryn Castle, Pwllheli, the present owner of the Bell, for permission to reproduce the photograph.

[389] Mr. R. Welch, of Belfast, tells me that it is kept in a fire-proof safe, and that over £300 was refused for it.

[390] R. Purton Cooper’s Appendix A to Rymer’s Fœdera, p. 90 and pl. 7 (St. Mark miniature), and pl. 10 (initial page of St. John’s Gospel).

[391] Petrie’s Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Language, vol. ii., p. 118; and H. O’Neill’s Fine Arts of Ancient Ireland, p. 42.

[392] Petrie’s Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Language, vol. ii., p. 116.

[393] Miss M. Stokes’ Early Christian Art in Ireland, p. 105.

[394] Dr. J. Anderson’s Scotland in Early Christian Times, 1st ser., p. 219.

[395] As on the croziers of Lismore, Clonmacnois, and Dysert.

[396] As on St. Fillan’s crozier.

[397] As on St. Fillan’s crozier.

[398] H. O’Neill’s Sculptured Crosses of Ancient Ireland, pl. 12.

[399] Vetusta Monumenta, vol. vi., pl. 19.

[400] Dr. J. Anderson’s Scotland in Early Christian Times, 1st ser., p. 249.

[401] Journ. R. Soc. Ant. of Ireland, 5th ser., vol. ii. (1892), p. 349.

[402] J. J. A. Worsaae’s Nordiske Oldsager i det Kongelige Museum i Kjöbenhavn, p. 129, Fig. 524.

[403] Dr. J. Anderson’s Scotland in Early Christian Times, 1st ser., p. 246.

[404] Ibid., p. 247.

[405] Archæologia, vol. xliii., p. 131.

[406] The Reliquary, vol. xv. (1875), p. 193.

[407] Proc. R.I.A., vol. ii., p. 113, and vol. iv., p. 572; Petrie’s Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Language, vol. ii., p. 118; Miss M. Stokes’ Early Christian Art in Ireland, p. 108; and Journ. R. Soc. Ant. Ireland, vol. xxxi. (1901), p. 40.

[408] De Caumont’s Abécédaire d’Archéologie Architecture Religieuse, p. 117.

[409] Dr. R. Munro’s Boznia-Herzegovina and Dalmatia, p. 292.

[410] De Caumont, loc. cit., p. 118.

[411] Petrie’s Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Language, vol. ii., p. 123; Trans. R.I.A., vol. xxiv., p. 433; Miss M. Stokes’ Early Christian Art in Ireland, p. 83.

[412] Dr. J. Stuart’s Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. ii., pl. 10.

[413] Miniatures, pl. 51. Fig. 7.

[414] Pl. 51, Fig. 8.

[415] Journ. R. Soc. Ant. Ireland, ser. 5, vol. i. (1890-1), p. 318.

[416] R.I.A. photo, A 165.

[417] Illustrated Archæologist for 1893, p. 164.

[418] Illustrated Archæologist for 1893, p. 165.

[419] Obtained from Albert Hautecœur, 2, Boulevard des Capucines, Paris.

[420] Reliquary for 1903, p. 203.

[421] Dr. J. Anderson’s Scotland in Pagan Times: Iron Age, p. 97.

[422] H. O’Neill’s Fine Arts of Ancient Ireland, p. 49.

[423] Publication of the Palæographical Soc., and G. F. Warner’s Illuminated Manuscripts in the British Museum, 3rd series.

[424] Allen and Anderson’s Early Christian Monuments of Scotland, p. 428.

[425] Dr. J. Anderson’s Scotland in Early Christian Times, 2nd ser., p. 2.

[426] Ibid., p. 7.

[427] Ibid., p. 21.

[428] Rev. J. P. Mahaffy’s Book of Trinity College.

[429] Archælogia, vol. xliii., p. 131.

[430] Sir W. Wilde’s Catal. Mus. R.I.A., p. 284.

[431] Sir E. M. Thompson’s Greek and Latin Palæography, p. 38.

[432] Bede’s Eccl. Hist., bk. i., chap. 1.

[433] Dr. Ferdinand Keller in the Ulster Journal of Archæology, vol. viii.

[434] Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxxv., p. 90.

[435] Proc. R.I.A., 3rd ser., vol. i., p. 207.

[436] J. H. Pollen’s Gold and Silver, p. 53.

[437] J. O. Westwood’s Catal. of Fictile Ivories in S. K. Mus.

[438] Ibid.

[439] Annales de la Société Archéologique de Bruxelles, vol. xv. (1901), p. 434.

[440] Le Chanoine Rensens’ Éléments d’Archéologie Chrétienne, 2nd ed. (Aix, 1885), vol. i., pp. 241 and 262.

[441] Jour. R. Soc. Ant. Ireland, ser. 5, vol. ix., p. 251.

[442] Archæologia, vol. lvi., p. 43.

[443] Also the jambs of the doorway of the chapel of S. Zeno in the church of S. Prassede, Rome (A.D. 772-95).

[444] Slabs of circular knotwork are also to be seen in the church of Sta. Sabina, Rome.

[445] Or a substitution of later forms for the Cupids, etc., of the Classical style.

[446] L’Architettura in Italia, pp. 29 and 31.

[447] Ibid., p. 80.

[448] Ibid., p. 87.

[449] Archæologia, vol. xl., p. 191.

[450] This occurs on the second panel of the cross at Llanbadarn Fawr.

[451] Plaits of an uneven number of cords are seldom used, because they produce lopsided patterns.

[452] J. R. Allen and J. Anderson’s Early Christian Monuments of Scotland, p. lxxviii.; J. A. Bruun’s Illuminated Manuscripts of the Middle Ages, pt. I, “Celtic MSS.,” p. 8.

[453] H. O’Neill’s Crosses of Ancient Ireland.

[454] Allen and Anderson’s Early Christian Monuments of Scotland.

[455] Chiefly in the Pictish districts of the north-east of Scotland.

[456] As on the erect cross-slab at Hilton of Cadboll (now at Invergordon Castle), Ross-shire.

[457] As on the erect cross-slab at Aberlemno, Forfarshire.

[458] As on the base of the cross in the churchyard of Kells, Co. Meath.

[459] As on the erect cross-slabs at Shandwick, Ross-shire; and St. Vigeans, Forfarshire; and on the base of the cross at Castledermot, Co. Kildare.

[460] Instances of this occur at Lanherne and Sancreed, Cornwall.

[461] At Cossins and Monifieth, Forfarshire; and Meigle, Dunfallandy; and St. Madoes, Perthshire. The arched top of the frame round the miniature of Christ seized by the Jews, in the Book of Kells, is treated in exactly the same way as the pedimented tops of the erect cross-slabs. In the second table of Eusebian Canons, in the Book of Kells, the head and arms of Christ are placed between the two beasts’ heads.

[462] A pin-brooch ornamented with a human head, from Woodford River, Co. Cavan, is illustrated in Sir W. Wilde’s Catal. of the Mus. R.I.A., p. 565.

[463] Westwood’s Miniatures, pl. 5.

[464] In the miniature of David and Goliath in the Psalter David holds a sling in one hand and a beast-headed club in the other. The resemblance between this club and the beast’s-head symbol, which occurs on the Norrie’s Law silver ornaments and on several of the early incised slabs in Scotland, may be only accidental, but it is worth noting as a possible clue to the scriptural interpretation of the symbol.

[465] O’Neil, pl. 24A.

[466] L. H. S. Dietrichsen, De Norske Stavkirker, p. 362.

[467] C. Purton Cooper’s “Appendix A to Report on Rymer’s Fœdera,” pl. 5.

[468] Archæologia, vol. xliii., p. 131.

[469] Westwood’s Miniatures, pl. 51.

[470] As at Nigg and St. Vigeans. Dr. J. Anderson regards the Nigg example as being intended for St. Paul and St. Anthony.

[471] As at Kells, Moone Abbey, Clonca.

[472] Another remarkable instance of the eagle and fish has recently been found on a stone with an Ogam inscription, at Latheron, near Keiss, Caithness.