[305] Cyrus Thomas, Twelfth Ann. Rept. Bu. Eth., p. 408.
[306] In New England there was once a fortification in Sanbornton, N. H., which had walls six feet thick and breast-high, faced outside with stone.—Winsor, Nar. and Crit. Hist., vol. i., p. 404.
[307] The great Cahokia mound in Illinois is seven hundred feet by five hundred feet on the ground. For illustration of Etowah mound see page 337.
[308] Cyrus Thomas, Study of North American Archæology, p. 125.
[309] Gerard Fowke describes in the American Anthropologist, N. S., vol. ii, No. 3, “Points of difference between Norse Remains and Indian works.”
[310] Ancient Cities.
[311] Ad. Bandelier, Archæological Tour, p. 233 et seq.
[312] Contact with civilisation has, however, changed the average health in many if not all tribes.
[313] Bancroft, History of the United States, vol. i.
[314] For further details of the Mexican drinks, see Charnay’s Ancient Cities.
[315] Squier, Nicaragua, p. 272.
[316] Biart, The Aztecs, p. 290.
[317] The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth, Mountaineer, Scout, and Pioneer, and Chief of the Crow Nation of Indians, p. 444. Harper Bros., 1856.
[318] Ibid., p. 445.
[319] The council was opened by the sachem puffing smoke from the pipe over the heads of the assembly, and then each councillor in turn drawing at the pipe. This accomplished, business was begun.
[320] Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith, “Myths of the Iroquois,” Second Ann. Rept. Bu. Eth., p. 72.
[321] History of the United States.
[322] Important announcements are made by appointed criers.
[323] Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth, p. 228.
[324] History of the United States.
[325] Payne’s History of the New World, vol. ii., pp. 495, 499, and 501.
[326] Conquest of Mexico, vol. i., p. 81.
[327] Conquest of Mexico, vol. i., p. 126; see also pp. 251, 252 of this book.
[328] Lucien Carr, Smithsonian Report, 1891, p. 543; see also Payne’s History of the New World, page 330.
[329] Ibid.
[330] See Fewkes, “The New-Fire Ceremony at Walpi,” American Anthropologist, N. S., vol. ii., No. 1.
[331] For details of cenoté, etc., see Desiré Charnay’s Ancient Cities.
[332] Archæological Tour, p. 204.
[333] James Mooney, “The Ghost-Dance Religion,” Fourteenth Ann. Rept. Bu. Eth., p. 980.
[334] Mrs. Erminnie Smith, “Myths of the Iroquois,” Second Ann. Rept. Bu. Eth., p. 68.
[335] Conquest of Mexico, vol. i., p. 121.
[336] James Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees,” Seventh Ann. Rept. Bu. Eth., p. 328.
[337] “Our materia medica owes tobacco, gum copal, liquid amber, sarsaparilla, resin of tecamaca, jalap, and huaca to the Aztecs.”—L. Biart, The Aztecs, p. 285.
[338] D. G. Brinton, The American Race, p. 82.
[339] League of the Iroquois, p. 55.
[340] Ibid., pp. 330–333.
[341] Brinton, The American Race, p. 77.
[342] These ceremonials often introduce historical matters. I was surprised once to hear the song change to one of our Sunday-school hymns. This portion of the ceremony was describing the establishment of a Presbyterian mission at Keam’s Canyon years before.
[343] See J. Walter Fewkes, Journal of American Ethnology, for a description of some of the Moki ceremonials and other papers by the same author.
[344] In some of the pueblos there is a constant inter-killing going on for supposed evil practices of witchcraft (Bandelier Report, part i., p. 35), but whether this has any connection with the secret orders, I do not know.
[345] For information on these and other social points see the various writings of J. W. Powell.
[346] The clan totem is probably an expansion of the individual totem by increase.
[347] See pp. 162, 164, 241, this book, for illustrations of totem poles.
[348] Dr. H. C. Yarrow, “Mortuary Customs,” First Ann. Rept. Bu. Eth.
[349] The head-stones of these graves were this shape, [** symbol] and a portion in some cases protruded above the ground when I was there. The ground was very sandy. The stones were natural slabs, about 1½ in. thick.
[350] Stansbury, in his Report, describes graphically a “death lodge” he found, but, unfortunately, space is lacking to reprint it here.

It is important in studying burial customs of the Amerinds to remember that all members of a tribe were not necessarily disposed of in the same way. Cabeza de Vaca mentions that “sometimes common members of a tribe were buried while medicine men were burned.”

[351] See p. 46, this book.
[352] D. G. Brinton, The Lenapé and their Legends, pp. 158, 164.
[353] “The spirit of any plant, any star, or other personage in creation may become a man’s attendant. In our popular phraseology this is called his medicine.”—Jeremiah Curtin, Creation Myths, p. 29.
[354] See “The Lessons of Folklore,” J. W. Powell, American Anthropologist, vol. ii., No. 1, N. S., January, 1900.
[355] Jeremiah Curtin, Creation Myths of Primitive America, p. 499.
[356] Bandelier, Archæological Tour, p. 180.
[357] Ibid., p. 193. See p. 170 et seq. for his whole discussion of Quetzalcohuatl. See also the “Book of Quetzalcohuatl.” Payne, History of the New World, II., p. 435 et seq.
[358] American Hero Myths, p. 64 et seq.
[359] A. S. Gatschet, “An Indian Visit to Jack Wilson, the Payute Messiah,” Journal of American Folk-Lore.
[360] American Hero Myths, p. 147.
[361] Payne accepts the Amazon stories as true. History of the New World, vol. ii., p. 11.
[362] For some Amerind legends delightfully related, see Blackfoot Lodge Tales, and other books, by George Bird Grinnell.
[363] Native Races, vol. i., p. 129.
[364] League of the Iroquois, p. 43.
[365] Brinton, The Lenapé, p. 15.
[366] History of the American Indians, p. 282.
[367] See Macmillan’s Dictionary of Architecture; pronounced kee-vah.
[368] First Ann. Rept. Bu. Eth., p. 59.
[369] See Macmillan’s Dictionary of Architecture.
[370] Parkman mentions Beckwourth in the Oregon Trail, p. 124, as “a mongrel of French, American, and Indian blood.... He is a ruffian of the worst stamp, bloody and treacherous, without honour or honesty”; but other writers seem to give him a better character.
[371] Beckwourth, Life and Adventures, first ed., pp. 227, 228.
[372] Brinton, The Lenapé, p. 47.
[373] The American Race, p. 46.
[374] Morgan, Houses and House Life, p. 8. “In the ancient gens descent was limited to the female line.” Ibid., p. 5.
[375] Ancient Society, p. 69.
[376] American Anthropologist, N. S., vol i., No. 4, October, 1899, p. 710.
[377] Ancient Society, p. 71, and Houses and House-Life, p. 7.
[378] Powell, First Ann. Rept. Bu. Eth., p. 61.
[379] Originally Häyowenthä in the Mohawk. He and Däganowédä are usually considered mythical personages.
[380] The American Race, p. 130.
[381] Payne, as before noted, says “a military despotism.”
[382] Archæological Tour, p. 31, and footnote, p. 31.
[383] Conquest of Mexico, vol. i., p. 23.
[384] Ancient Society, pp. 71, 72.
[385] Houses and House-Life, p. 28.
[386] See the Preface of this book, and also Payne’s History of the New World, vol. ii., which, unfortunately, the author did not have the benefit of seeing till after this book was written.
[387] In this connection see “Archæology of the Thompson River Region, British Columbia,” by Harlan I. Smith, Memoirs of the American Museum, vol. ii., May, 1900. The Eskimo probably entered Alaska along the coast from the east.
[388] It is of course possible that some infusion of blood occurred in this manner, but it is not likely that it was ever sufficient to tinge a whole stock.
[389] “This uniformity finds one of its explanations in the geographical features of the continent, which are such as to favour migrations in longitude, and thus prevent the diversity which special conditions of latitude tend to produce.”—Brinton, American Race, p. 41.
[390] See also “On the Peopling of America,” by August R. Grote, Bulletin Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, February 2, 1877.
[391] The tinge of resemblance between certain Amerind stocks and foreign stocks endures from the pre-glacial period, then, when intercourse was on different lines, and does not indicate any latter-day relationship.
[392] These tools might easily be quite as good as many found on the surface to-day, and it would be difficult to distinguish them from at least the ruder forms of modern implements.
[393] W. H. Holmes, “Preliminary Revision of the Evidence Relating to Auriferous Gravel Man in California,” American Anthropologist, October, 1899.
[394] An elevation of the ocean bottom in the Atlantic tropical regions would probably disturb the existing climate of the North Atlantic regions by deflecting the warm currents.
[395] See A Naturalist in Nicaragua, by Thomas Belt, Chap. XIV.
[396] Payne believes that by this lowering of the waters combined with land elevation, a Miocene land passage was formed leading from Asia to the North-west coast and that the American continent was then peopled by this route.
[397] See also, “Man and the Glacial Period in America,” Payne’s History of the New World, vol. ii., p. 62 et seq., and discussion of the effects of glaciation, ibid., p. 348.
[398] “When first met with the Navajos occupied the same range of country they now inhabit.”—Bandelier, Report, part i., p. 175.
[399] National Geographical Magazine, December 1, 1899, p. 509.
[400] “That there was a primitive empire ... seems to some minds confirmed by other evidences than the story of Votan ... and out of this empire ... have come, as such believers say, after its downfall, somewhere near the Christian era, and by divergence, the great stocks of people called Maya, etc.”—Winsor, Nar. and Crit. Hist., vol. i., p. 134.
[401] League of the Iroquois.
[402] For information on the Amerindian wars, their efforts to preserve their territory, etc., see Bancroft’s History of the United States; Winsor’s Narrative and Critical History of the United States; Winsor’s other works; Parkman, John Fiske; and numerous other books to be found in any good library.
[403] Harper’s Magazine, March, 1899, p. 649.
[404] “The True Route of Coronado’s March,” Bulletin of American Geographical Society, December, 1897.
[405] Life and Adventures, p. 438.
[406] Bering found no inhabitants on the Aleutian islands and his visit of discovery was recent—1741.
[407] The thanks of the author are due to Prof. Otis Tufton Mason, of the United States National Museum, for kindly reviewing this appendix in proof. Prof. Mason writes, “Your work has my approval and it is well done.”
[408] See map, page 33 this book, and also the original of it in the Seventh Ann. Rept. Bu. Eth.
[409] See “The True Route of Coronado’s March,” by F. S. Dellenbaugh, in the Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, December, 1897.
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