598. Ehrlich’s antitoxic unit is adopted by most investigators not only in Germany, but also in other countries. This unit corresponds to 1 c.c. of serum capable of neutralising 100 lethal doses of a standard toxin, i.e. that used to establish the first standard of antitoxin. The serum must be injected after being mixed in vitro with the toxin. The neutralisation must be complete and give rise to no symptom of intoxication.

599. These observations were communicated to me by M. Prevôt, the director of the serotherapeutic station of the Pasteur Institute at Garches.

600. Deutsche med. Wchnschr., Leipzig, 1893, SS. 1253, 1254.

601. Article “Immunität” in Eulenburg’s Realencyclopädie, III^te Aufl., Wien, 1896; see also his “Allgemeine Therapie d. Infectionskrankheiten,” in Eulenburg u. Samuel’s “Lehrb. d. allg. Therapie,” Berlin u. Wien, 1899, Bd. III, SS. 996, 997.

602. Op. cit. supra p. 370, S. 19.

603. München. med. Wchnschr., 1893, S. 380.

604. “Immunität” in Weyl’s “Handbuch der Hygiene,” Jena, 1897, Bd. IX, S. 48.

605. München. med. Wchnschr., 1898, p. 321.

606. Deutsche med. Wchnschr., Leipzig, 1891, SS. 976, 1218; [Ztschr. f. Hyg., Leipzig, 1892, Bd. XII, S. 183].

607. “Allgemeine Therapie der Infectionskrankheiten” in Eulenburg u. Samuel’s “Lehrbuch der allgemeine Therapie,” Berlin u. Wien, 1899, Bd. III, S. 997.

608. Journ. Path. and Bacteriol., Edin. and London, 1900, Vol. VI, p. 180.

609. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1893, t. VII, p. 82.

610. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1898, t. XII, p. 763.

611. Op. cit. supra, p. 363, IV Jahrg., S. 122.

612. Compt. rend. Acad. d. sc., Paris, 1898, t. CXXVI, p. 1229.

613. Ztschr. f. Hyg., Leipzig, 1897, Bd. XXIV, S. 514.

614. “Die Werthbemessung des Diphtherieheilserums” (Klin. Jahrb., Berlin, 1897, Bd. VI), SS. 13–17 of reprint.

615. Berl. klin. Wchnschr., 1898, S. 5.

616. Deutsche med. Wchnschr., Leipzig, 1898, S. 68.

617. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1898, t. XII, p. 91.

618. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1898, t. XII, pp. 81, 263.

619. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 156.

620. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1898, t. XII, p. 225.

621. München. med. Wchnschr., 1898.

622. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1897, t. XI, p. 801.

623. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1898, t. XII, p. 81.

624. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, 1898, p. 602.

625. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1898, t. XII, p. 238.

626. l.c. p. 343.

627. Ztschr. f. Hyg., Leipzig, 1898, Bd. XXVII, S. 213.

628. Compt. rend. Acad. d. sc., Paris, 1897, p. 1053; and 1898, p. 431; Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, 1897, p. 1057; and 1898, p. 153.

629. Ann. de l’Insl. Pasteur, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 126.

630. Deutsche med. Wchnschr., Leipzig, 1901, S. 194.

631. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1895, t. IX, p. 244.

632. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 465.

633. Arch. internat. de Pharmacodyn., Gand et Paris, 1900, vol. VII, p. 65.

634. Semaine méd., Paris, 1899, p. 411.

635. Deutsche med. Wchnschr., Leipzig, 1897, S. 428.

636. l.c. p. 229.

637. Compt. rend. Congrès internat. de Médicine de Paris, Section de bactériologie et de parasitologie, Paris, 1891, p. 30.

638. München. med. Wchnschr., 1898, S. 321.

639. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1897, t. XI, p. 808.

640. “Les réactions leucocytaires, vis-à-vis de certaines toxines,” Paris, 1894.

641. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1891, t. V, p. 1.

642. “Cinquantenaire de la Société de Biologie,” Volume jubilaire, Paris, 1899, p. 202.

643. The rapid disappearance of poisons from the blood is proved also by the experiments of von Behring, Dönitz, Decroly and Rousse (Arch. internat. de Pharmacodyn., Gand et Paris, 1899, t. VI, p. 211) on snake venom and diphtheria and tetanus toxins, as likewise by those of Heymans and Masoin (Ibid., 1901, t. VIII, p. 1) on the malonic and pyrotartaric nitrites. These poisons, within a few minutes of their injection into the veins, are absorbed by the cell elements.

644. “Contribution à l’étude physiologique du leucocyte,” Paris, 1901, p. 39.

645. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1894, t. VIII, p. 719.

646. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, pp. 49, 209.

647. See Besredka, op. cit., p. 50, for its approximate composition and distinction from ordinary yellow trisulphide.

648. Arb. d. pharmak. Instit. z. Dorpat, 1893, 1894, Bde VII-X.

649. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1894, t. VIII, p. 719.

650. Lubarsch u. Ostertag’s Ergebnisse d. allg. Path., Jahrg. IV for 1897, Wiesbaden, 1899, S. 107.

651. Arb. d. pharmak. Instit. z. Dorpat, 1893, Bd. IX, S. 27.

652. Communication to the XIIIth Intern. Congress of Medicine in Paris, 1900.

653. “Les toxines microbiennes et animales,” Paris, 1896.

654. In Bouchard’s Traité de Pathologie générale, Paris, 1900, t. III, 2^me partie, article “Inflammation.”

655. Römer’s recent researches (Arch. f. Ophth., Leipzig, 1901, Bel. LII, S. 72) on anti-abrin accord very well with our hypothesis. He was able to demonstrate that the spleen, the bone-marrow, and the conjunctiva of the eye, when submitted to the influence of abrin, contain a notable quantity of anti-abrin. Now these three organs are very rich in phagocytes.

656. Virchow’s Archiv, Berlin, 1884, Bd. XCVI, S. 192.

657. Arch. de Biol., Gand et Leipzig, 1893, t. XIII, p. 245.

658. Ann. de dermat. et de syph., Paris, 1900, t. X, p. 729.

659. von Graefe’s Arch. f. Ophth., Leipzig, 1894, Bd. XL, S. 130.

660. Deutschmann’s Beitr. z. Augenheilk, Hamburg u. Leipzig, 1893, Hft. VIII.

661. op. cit. supra.

662. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1898, t. XII, p. 210.

663. Arch. d’anat. microsc., Paris, 1898, t. II, pp. 44, 177.

664. [Med.-Chir. Trans., London, 1895, Vol. LXXVIII, p. 239]; The Lancet, London, 1896, Vol. I, p. 86; Brit. Med. Journ., London, 1896, Vol. I, p. 137.

665. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, 1893, p. 756.

666. München. med. Wchnschr., 1896, S. 730.

667. Batzaroff, “La pneumonie pesteuse expérimentale,” Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 385.

668. “La Lèpre,” Paris, 1894.

669. München. med. Wchnschr., 1897, S. 1063.

670. Presse méd., Paris, 1899, 8 avril.

671. “Untersuchungen über Staubinhalation,” Leipzig, 1885.

672. “Eingangspforten der Infectionsorganismen,” Berlin, 1881.

673. Mitth. aus der Brehmer’schen Heilanstalt, 1899, S. 297.

674. “Experim. Unters. ii. d. Eindringen path. Microorganismen,” Königsberg, 1888, [and in Ziegler’s Beitr. z. path. Anat., Jena, 1888, Bd. II, S. 411].

675. Arch. f. Hyg., München u. Leipzig, 1887, Bd. VIII, S. 145.

676. Baumgarten’s Arb. auf d. Geb. d. path. Anat. etc., Braunschweig, 1892, Bd. I, S. 450.

677. “Der Untergang pathog. Schimmelpilze im Körper,” Bonn, 1887.

678. “Die acute Entzündung der Lunge,” Bonn, 1886.

679. “Ueb. d. Untergang des Staphylococcus,” etc., Bonn, 1887.

680. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1889, t. III, p. 337.

681. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, 1897, p. 265.

682. “Die Mikroorganismen der Mundhöhle,” Leipzig, 2^te Aufl., 1892.

683. “La saliva umana,” Siena, 1891, and Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., Jena, 1891, Bd. X, S. 817.

684. op. cit.

685. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1896, t. X, p. 545.

686. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1898, t. XII, p. 510.

687. “Allgemeine Therapie der Infectionskrankheiten,” in Eulenburg u. Samuel’s “Lehrb. d. allg. Therapie,” Berlin u. Wien, 1899, Bd. III, S. 980.

688. Arch. de méd. expér. et d’anat. path., Paris, 1889, t. I, p. 370.

689. Deutsche med. Wchnschr., Leipzig, 1885, no. 49.

690. Amongst this acidophile flora one species merits particular attention. This is a spirillum, discovered by Bizzozero in the mucous membrane of the stomach of the dog. Salomon (Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., Jena, 1896, Bd. XIX, S. 433) has studied this organism, not only in the dog, but in the cat and Norway rat. Multiplying on the mucous membrane, the very mobile spirillum penetrates into the epithelial cells or is met with inside vacuoles. These latter being in communication with the external medium, the spirilla can readily penetrate by the openings. This fact has, then, nothing in common with phagocytosis, where it is the cell which ingests the micro-organisms by means of its amoeboid movements.

691. Von Volkmann’s Samml. klin. Vortr., Leipzig, 1898, no. 38, S. 290.

692. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1898, t. XII, p. 510.

693. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, 1892, p. 153.

694. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, 1897, p. 830, and Charrin, “Les défenses naturelles de l’organisme,” Paris, 1898, p. 128.

695. Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., Jena, 1898, Bd. XXIII, SS. 840, 880.

696. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1895, t. IX, p. 517.

697. Deutsche med. Wchnschr., Leipzig, 1891, SS. 976, 1218.

698. Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., Jena, 1896, Bd. XIX, S. 442.

699. Berl. klin. Wchnschr., 1900, S. 553.

700. Compt. rend. Acad. d. sc., Paris, 1880, t. XCI, p. 86.

701. Fortschr. d. Med., Berlin, 1888, Bd. VI, S. 809.

702. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, 1894, p. 38.

703. Brit. Med. Journ., London, 1897, Vol. II, p. 595.

704. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, 1898, p. 1057.

705. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1898, t. XII, p. 345.

706. Deutsche med. Wchnschr., Leipzig, 1897, SS. 225, 241.

707. Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., Jena, 1898, Abt. I, Bd. XXIII, S. 782.

708. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1899, t. XIII, p. 506.

709. Perhaps the intestinal micro-organisms also play a part in the immunity of the animal against Entozoa. Many of the examples of this immunity are very striking. Certain intestinal worms can live only in the digestive canal of a single or of a very small number of species of animals. When we feed rabbits with a quantity of the cysticerci of the pig these pass living into the small intestine and are there transformed into true scolices. But, instead of reproducing themselves, they are expelled and never give rise to the development of taeniae. The immunity against intestinal parasites has never been made the object of special study, and it is only as a pure hypothesis that I offer this suggestion as to the part played by the micro-organisms of the intestinal flora.

710. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1894, t. VIII, p. 549.

711. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1897, t. XI, p. 802.

712. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, 1897, p. 545.

713. Arch. de Sci. biol., St Pétersbourg, 1892, t. I.

714. “Les défenses naturelles de l’organisme,” Paris, 1898.

715. Deutsche med. Wchnschr., Leipzig, 1885, S. 197.

716. Centralb. f. d. med. Wissensch., Berlin, Jahrg, 1885, S. 801.

717. Gior. internaz. d. sc. med., Napoli, 1886, p. 318.

718. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sc., Lond., 1890, Vol. XXX, n.s., p. 481.

719. Virchow’s Archiv, 1884, Bd. XCVII, S. 211.

720. “Bakteriologie des weiblichen Genitalkanals,” Leipzig, 1897.

721. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1901, t. XV, p. 842.

722. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1897, t. XI, p. 699.

723. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1893, t. VII, p. 65.

724. “Die Etiologie des Erysipels,” Berlin, 1883.

725. Deutsche med. Wchnschr., Leipzig, 1900, SS. 781, 801.

726. Virchow’s Archiv, 1900, Bd. CLXII, S. 222.

727. Address given at the XIIth International Congress of Medicine at Moscow, 1897.

728. See Hudalo, Ann. de dermat. et de syph., Paris, 1891, t. II, pp. 353, 470.

729. Deutsche med. Wchnschr., Leipzig, 1891, S. 101.

730. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1892, t. VI, p. 773.

731. Ztschr. f. Hyg., Leipzig, 1896, Bd. XXI, S. 213.

732. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1901, t. XV, p. 289.

733. Bull. et mém. Soc. méd. d. hôp. de Paris, 1901, 20 juin, p. 624.

734. “Le phénomène de l’agglutination des microbes,” Paris, 1897, p. 76.

735. Presse méd., Paris, 1896, No. 83.

736. Deutsche med. Wchnschr., Leipzig, 1892, S. 827.

737. Berl. klin. Wchnschr., 1892, S. 1072; 1893, S. 1241.

738. Berl. klin. Wchnschr., 1892, S. 1267.

739. Ztschr. f. Hyg., Leipzig, 1894, Bd. XVI, S. 308.

740. Ztschr. f. Hyg., Leipzig, 1893, Bd. XIV, S. 42.

741. Hyg. Rundsch., Berlin, 1895, S. 145.

742. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1893, t. VII, p. 417.

743. München. med. Wchnschr., 1898, S. 363.

744. Deutsche med. Wchnschr., Leipzig, 1898, S. 247.

745. Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., Jena, 1893, Bd. XIII, S. 153.

746. Deutsche med. Wchnschr., Leipzig, 1894, SS. 899, 936.

747. Deutsche med. Wchnschr., Leipzig, 1895, S. 400.

748. Ztschr. f. Hyg., Leipzig, 1895, Bd. XIX, S. 408.

749. Prag. med. Wchnschr., 1896.

750. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, 1888, t. II, p. 69.

751. Ztschr. f. Hyg., Leipzig, 1892, Bd. XII, S. 183; Brieger u. Ehrlich, Deutsche med. Wchnschr., 1892, S. 393.