CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION by John B. Andrews xiii
       
PART I
ACTUAL CONDITION OF THE AGED
CHAPTER 1.—AFTER SIXTY—WHAT? 1
CHAPTER 2.—THE INDUSTRIAL SCRAP-HEAP, 8
CHAPTER 3.—PASSING BEYOND THE HALF CENTURY MARK, 22
CHAPTER 4.—THE COST OF FOLLOWING THE OSTRICH POLICY, 46
    a—The Cost to the Tax-payer, 46
    b—The Cost to the Institutional Inmates or Recipients of Charity, 51
    c—The Cost to Industry, 58
    d—The Cost to the Younger Generation and Society in General, 59
       
PART II
CAUSES OF OLD AGE DEPENDENCY
CHAPTER 5.—INDIVIDUAL CAUSES, 67
    a—Superannuation, 68
    b—Waning Earning Power, 69
    c—Lack of Family Connections, 71
    d—Industrial Accidents and Sickness, 71
CHAPTER 6.—THE CHASM BETWEEN THE COST OF LIVING AND WAGES, 85
CHAPTER 7.—SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND MORAL CAUSES, 124
    a—Unemployment, 124
    b—Strikes, 130
    c—General Misfortune, 133
    d—The Part Played by Moral Character, 135
       
PART III
EXISTING METHODS OF RELIEF
CHAPTER 8.—INDIVIDUAL SAVINGS AND INDUSTRIAL PENSIONS, 141
    a—Individual Savings, 141
    b—Individual Pensions, 147
    c—Railroad Pensions, 158
CHAPTER 9.—FEDERAL, STATE & MUNICIPAL EMPLOYÉS’ PENSIONS, 162
    a—Introduction  
    b—Federal Employés’ Pensions, 167
    c—Military Pensions, 172
    d—Pensions for State Employés, 176
    e—Municipal Employés’ Pensions, 178
    f—Teachers’ Retirement Funds, 183
CHAPTER 10.—OLD AGE BENEFITS OF FRATERNAL AND TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS, 190
    a—Fraternal Society Benefits, 190
    b—Trade Union Superannuation Benefits, 193
       
PART IV
OLD AGE PENSIONS; WHAT THEY ARE AND THEIR OUTLOOK FOR THE U. S.
CHAPTER 11.—THE PURPOSE AND NATURE OF PENSIONS, 213
    a—Introduction  
    b—Voluntary Insurance, 216
    c—Compulsory-Contributory Insurance, 218
    d—Straight or Non-Contributory Pensions, 223
    e—Arguments Against Non-Contributory Pensions, 228
CHAPTER 12.—THE PENSION MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES, 244
       
PART V
PENSION SYSTEMS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES AND VARIOUS STATES
CHAPTER 13.—VOLUNTARY & SUBSIDIZED SYSTEMS OF OLD AGE INSURANCE, 265
    a—Introduction  
    b—Belgium, 266
    c—Canada, 269
    d—Japan, 271
    e—Switzerland, 272
    f—Massachusetts, 275
    g—Wisconsin, 278
CHAPTER 14.—COMPULSORY-CONTRIBUTORY OLD AGE INSURANCE, 280
    a—Austria, 280
    b—Czecho-Slovakia, 282
    c—Chile, 283
    d—France, 284
    e—Germany, 288
    f—Greece, 295
    g—Iceland, 295
    h—Italy, 296
    i—Luxemburg, 300
    j—Netherlands, 302
    k—Norway, 304
    l—Portugal, 306
    m—Roumania, 308
    n—Russia, 308
    o—Spain, 309
    p—Sweden, 312
    q—Switzerland, 315
CHAPTER 15.—NON-CONTRIBUTORY OR STRAIGHT OLD AGE PENSIONS SYSTEMS, 318
    a—Alaska, 318
    b—Arizona, 319
    c—Australia, 320
    d—Denmark, 322
    e—Great Britain, 324
    f—New Zealand, 332
    g—Uruguay, 335
       
PART VI
APPENDIX
  A—Bill Introduced by Senator McNary, 339
  B—Bill Presented by the Commission to the 1921 Pennsylvania State Legislature, 342
    a—Administration, 343
    b—Allowance, 344
    c—Qualifications of Claimants, 345
    d—Property Qualifications, 345
    e—Calculations of Income, 346
    f—How Administered, 346
    g—Fines, Punishment and Criminal Procedure, 349
    h—Funds and Expenses, 351
    i—Annual Report Hearings Etc., 351