[138] This chapter is condensed from one of two “Studies in the History of Physical Education” published for the author by the Society of Directors of Physical Education in Colleges, in 1918.

[139] See page 77. An abridged translation of this book, by V. K. Hjort, curate at Holmens Kirke, was published in Copenhagen in 1799 (see page 79).

[140] “Lærebog i Gymnastik for Almue- og Borger-Skolerne i Danmark. Kjøbenhavn 1828. Trykt hos Andreas Seidelin, Hof- og Universitets-Bogtrykker.” A German translation was published: “Lehrbuch der Gymnastik für Volks- und Bürgerschulen. Aus dem Dänischen übersetzt von C. Kopp, Gymnastiklehrer am Königl. Schullehrer-Seminar in Tondern, Dannebrogsmann. Mit vier Steindrücken. Tondern 1831. Gedruckt in der Königl. privilegirten Buchdruckerey der Wittwe Forchhammer.” Tondern was then a Danish town, but the German language was used in the Seminarium. State aid was given toward the publication of the book.

[141] “Lærebog i Gymnastik til Brug for de lærde Skoler i Danmark. Ved F. Nachtegall, Direkteur for og Professor i Gymnastikken; Ridder af Dbr. og Dbm. Kjøbenhavn. Trykt i det Poppske Bogtrykkeri. 1834.” Bound with the above: “Regulativ for den gymnastiske Underviisning ved de lærde Skoler i Danmark.” Of this book also a German translation appeared: “Lehrbuch der Gymnastik zum Gebrauch für die gelehrten Schulen in Dänemark. Von F. Nachtegall, Directeur und Professor der Gymnastik, Ritter von Dannebrog und Dannebrogsmann. Aus dem Dänischen übersetzt von C. Kopp, Gymnastiklehrer am Königl. Schullehrer-Seminar in Tondern, Dannebrogsmann. Tondern 1837. Gedruckt in der Königl. privilegirten Buchdruckerei der Wittwe Forchhammer.” Bound with the above: “Regulativ für den gymnastischen Unterricht bei den gelehrten Schulen in Dänemark.”

[142] Sources for Nachtegall and his time:

1. Joakim Larsen, “Gymnastikundervisningen i Danmark paa Nachtegalls Tid (Foredrag ved Gymnastiklærermødet i Stockholm 1895; her meddelt i en noget udvidet Skikkelse).” In Vor Ungdom (periodical, Copenhagen), 1895, pp. 465-512.

2. Joakim Larsen, article “Nachtegall” in C. F. Bricka’s “Dansk Biografisk Lexikon,” 12 (Copenhagen, 1898).

3. Joakim Larsen, “Gymnastikundervisningens Indførelse i vore Folkeskoler for 100 Aar siden.” In Gymnastisk Selskabs Aarsskrift 1913-1914 (Copenhagen, 1914), pp. 5-28.

4. K. A. Knudsen, article “Gymnastik” in “Salmonsens store illustrerede Konversationsleksikon,” 8 (Copenhagen, 1898).

5. K. A. Knudsen, “Gymnastikken i Danmark i hundrede Aar 1814-1914.” Foredrag ved de baltiske Lege i Malmö 1914. Copenhagen, 1914.

6. Jens Bergmann, “Hærens Gymnastikskole og Skolegymnastikken.” In Gymnastisk Selskabs Aarsskrift 1904.

7. Illeris og Trap, “Grundtræk af Gymnastikkens Historie” (Copenhagen, 1909), pp. 72-79.

[143] “Lærebog i Gymnastik for Borger- og Almueskoler.” Copenhagen, 1856 (1855?). Second edition 1860. There was also a “Tillæg til Lærebog i Gymnastik for Borger- og Almueskolerne.” Copenhagen, 1869.

[144] Now known as the “Army School of Gymnastics” (Hærens Gymnastikskole).

[145] For the history of the Rifle Clubs consult Lieut.-Col. Peter Ramsing’s “Gymnastiken i de danske Skytteforeninger,” published in the “Beretning om det skandinaviske Gymnastiklærerselskabs femte almindelige Møde i København den 12-14. August 1899” (Copenhagen, 1902), pp. 48-73; and Kristen A. Lange’s “Den Lingske Gymnastik i Danmark 1884-1909” (Copenhagen, 1909), pp. 60-87.

[146] Sources: “Le Danemark. État actuel de sa civilisation et de son organisation sociale. Ouvrage publié à l’occasion de l’exposition universelle de Paris 1900 par J. Carlsen, H. Olrik, C.-N. Starcke” (Copenhagen, 1900), pp. 180-190; Harold W. Foght, “The Educational System of Rural Denmark” (U. S. Bureau of Education Bulletin 1913, No. 53. Washington, 1914); L. L. Friend, “The Folk High School of Denmark” (U. S. Bureau of Education Bulletin 1914, No. 5. Washington, 1914); and Kristen A. Lange’s “Den Lingske Gymnastik i Danmark 1884-1909” (Copenhagen, 1909), pp. 14 and following.

[147] For the history of the Ling gymnastics in Denmark consult: Ramsing 1899 (as above, under rifle clubs); Knudsen 1914 (as above, under Nachtegall), pp. 12-30; Kristen A. Lange’s “Den Lingske Gymnastik i Danmark 1884-1909” (Copenhagen, 1909); Kåre Teilmann’s “Den Lingske Gymnastik i Danmark,” in Gymnastisk Selskabs Aarsskrift 1913-1914 (Copenhagen, 1914), pp. 94-142; “Haandbog i Gymnastik” (Copenhagen, 1899); Prof. K. Kroman, “Den nye danske Skolegymnastik,” in “Beretning om det skandinaviske Gymnastiklærerselskabs femte almindelige Møde i København den 12.-14. August 1899” (Copenhagen, 1902), pp. 20-30 (see also pp. 31-40); “Die Leibespflege in Dänemark: Bericht über eine einjährige Studienreise von Turnlehrer Otto Plaumann (Beilage zu dem Jahresbericht des Reform-Realgymnasium zu Kiel.” Kiel, 1910. 48 pages); “Leibesübungen in Dänemark: Bericht über eine einjährige Studien-Reise von J. B. Masüger, Turnlehrer an der Kantonsschule in Chur” (Chur, 1912. 104 pages).

[148] Copenhagen, J. Frimodt.

[149] Born at Orte, Island of Fünen, August 21, 1864, and graduated from the Latin school in Odense in 1883. He had completed his theological studies in Copenhagen in 1889, and the two-years course at the Stockholm Centralinstitut in 1891, taught in the Ryslinge (Fünen) people’s high school 1891-1895 (and during this time was active in spreading the Ling gymnastics in the Svendborg and Odense county rifle clubs), and besides practising medical gymnastics had been connected with Frøken Natalie Zahle’s school and the Rasmussen gymnasium in Copenhagen 1895-1898.

[150] Inspector Knudsen has written the following, all of them published in Copenhagen, “i Hovedkommission hos J. Frimodt”:

1. “Grundsætninger for Gymnastikundervisning.” 1897. Fourth edition, 1908.

2. “Øvelselære. Forklaring af typiske gymnastiske Øvelser.” 1900. Fourth revised edition 1911. A German translation (Turnerische Übungslehre) by Ana Iversen, was published by B. G. Teubner, Leipzig and Berlin, in 1915.

3. “Timesedler til Brug ved Gymnastikundervisning for mandlige Elever.” 1900. Fourth edition, 1912.

4. “Timesedler til Brug ved Gymnastikundervisning for kvindelige Elever.” 1900. Fifth edition, 1912.

5. With Sigrid Nutzhorn, “Legemsøvelser for Pigeskolen, ordnede efter Skoleaar.” Udgivet med Understøttelse fra Ministeriet for Kirke- og Undervisningsvæsenet. 1913.

6. “Lærebog i Gymnastik for Seminarierne.” 1916. An English translation (“A Text-book of Gymnastics”) by Ruth Herbert and H. G. Junker was published in 1920 (London, William Heinemann; Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Co.).

[151] For the later history of physical education in the Danish schools consult Knudsen in “Salmonsens store illustrerede Konversationsleksikon,” 19 (Copenhagen, 1911), pp. 631-634; his “Gymnastikken i Danmark i hundrede Aar 1814-1914” (Copenhagen, 1914), and “Beretning om Statens Kursus i Gymnastik og om Gymnastikkens Tilstand i de danske Skoler i 1911” (Copenhagen, 1912); Docent J. Lindhard, “Akademiske Gymnastiklærere,” in Gymnastisk Selskabs Aarsskrift 1912, pp. 169-177; and Kristen A. Lange, “Den Lingske Gymnastik i Danmark 1884-1909” (Copenhagen, 1909).

[152] Temporary quarters, on rented land in a corner of the University Ball Club’s grounds (Akademisk Boldklubs Bane), out Tagensvej near the corner of Jagtvej. On April 1, 1921, the Rigsdag voted the sum of 500,000 Kr. for new buildings.

[153] “Circulære til samtlige Skoledirektioner om Indførelse af ordnede Lege for Folkeskolens Børn.” The circular is given in full in the appendix to the first report (Første Beretning, 1897-1899) of Udvalget for danske Skolebørns Fælleslege (Copenhagen, 1899).

[154] “Lege, Boldspil og anden Idræt. Kort Vejledning til Brug for Skoler udarbejdet af Gymnastikkommission.” Copenhagen, 1897. The same material, somewhat modified, is contained on pp. 275-404 of the “Haandbog i Gymnastik” of 1899.

[155] Udvalget for danske Skolebørns Fælleslege. The Committee, whose headquarters are in Copenhagen, at Holsteinsgade 11², has issued six reports, covering respectively the years 1897-1899, 1899-1902, 1902-1905, 1905-1908, 1908-1911, and 1911-1914.