For Flat A.

For Broad A.

For Short A.

For Intermediate A.

For Long E.

For Short E.

For Long I.

For Short I.

For Long O.

For Long Slender O.

For Short O.

For Long U.

For Short U.

For Short Slender U.

For the Diphthong OI.

For the Diphthong OU.

There is no pure Triphthongal sound in the language. Buoy is equivalent to bwoy. U being a consonant.

SUBSTITUTES FOR THE CONSONANT ELEMENTS.

F.

J.

K.

S.

T.

V.

Y.

¹Z.

²Z.

NG.

SH.

CH.

B, D, G, H, L, M, N, P, and R, have no substitutes.

The most common faults in ARTICULATION are

I. The suppression of a syllable; as,

II. The omission of any sound properly belonging to a word; as,

III. The substitution of one sound for another; as,

IV. Produce the sounds denoted by the following combinations of consonants:—

Let the pupil first produce the sound of the letters, and then the word or words in which they occur. Be careful to give a clear and distinct enunciation to every letter.

1. Bd, as in rob'd; bdst, prob'dst; bl, bl and, able; bld, hum-bl'd; bldst, troubl'dst; blst, troubl'st; blz, crumbles; br, brand; bz, ribs.
2. Ch, as in church; cht, fetch'd.
3. Dj, as in edge; djd, hedg'd; dl, bridle; dld, riddl'd; dlst, handl'st; dlz, bundles; dn, hard'n; dr, drove; dth, width; dths, breadths; dz, odds.
4. Fl, as in flame; fld, rifl'd; flst, stifl'st; flx, rifles; fr, from; fs, quaffs, laughs; fst, laugh'st, quaff'st; ft, raft; fts, wafts; ftst, grft'st.
5. Gd, as in begg'd; gdst, bragg'dst; gl, glide; gld, struggl'd; gldst, haggl'dst; gist, strangl'st; glz, mingles; gr, grove; gst, begg'st; gz, figs.
6. Kl, as in uncle, ankle; kld, trickl'd; kldst, truckl'dst; klst, chuckl'st; klz, wrinkles; kn, black'n; knd, reck'n'd; kndst, reck'n'dst; knst, black'n'st; knz, reck'ns; kr, crank; ks, checks; kt, act.
7. Lb, as in bulb; lbd, bulb'd; lbs, bulbs; lch, filch; lcht, belch'd; ld, hold; ldst, fold'st; ldz, holds; lf, self; lfs, gulfs; lj, bulge; lk, elk; lks, silks; lkt, milk'd; lkts, mulcts; lm, elm; lmd, whelm'd; lmz, films; ln, fall'n; lp, help; lps, scalps; lpst, help'st; ls, false; lst, call'st; lt, melt; lth, health; lths, stealths; lts, colts; lv, delve; lvd, shelv'd; lvz, elves; lz, halls.
8. Md, as in doom'd; mf, triumph; mp, hemp; mpt, tempt; mpts, attempts; mst, entomb'st; mz, tombs.
9. Nch, as in bench; ncht, pinch'd; nd, and; ndst, end'st; ndz, ends; ng, sung; ngd, banged; ngth, length; ngz, songs; nj, range; njd, rang'd; nk, ink; nks, ranks; nkst, thank'st; nst, wine'd; nt, sent; nts, rents; ntst, went'st; nz, runs.
10. Pl, as in plume; pld, rippl'd; plst, rippl'st; plz, apples; pr, prince; ps, sips; pst, rapp'st; pt, ripp'd.
11. Rb, as in herb; rch, search; rcht, church'd; rbd, orbd; rbdst, barb'dst; rbst, disturb'st; rbz, orbs; rd, hard; rdst, heard'st; rdz, words; rf, turf; rft, scarfd; rg, burg; rgz, burgs; rj, dirge; rjd, urg'd; rk, ark; rks, arks; rkst, work'st; rkt, dirk'd; rktst, embark'dst; rl, girl; rld, world; rldst, hurld'st; rlst, whirl'st; rlz, hurls; rm, arm; rmd, arm'd; rmdst, harm'dst; rmst, arm'st; rmz, charms; rn, turn; rnd, turn'd; rndst, earn'dst; rnst, learn'st; rnz, urns; rp, carp; rps, harps; rpt, warp'd; rs, verse; rsh, harsh; rst, first; rsts, bursts; rt, dart; rth, earth; rths, births; rts, marts; rtst, dart'st; rv, curve; rvd, nerv'd; rvdst, curv'dst; rvst, swerv'st; rvz, nerves; rz, errs.
12. Sh, as in ship; sht, hush'd; sk, scan, skip; sks, tusks; skst, frisk'st; skt, risk'd; sl, slow; sld, nestl'd; slz, westles; sm, smile; sn, snag; sp, sport; sps, lisps; spt, clasp'd; st, stag; str, strike; sts, rests; sw, swing.
13. Th, as in thine, thin; thd, breath'd; thr, three; thst, breath'st; thw, thwack; thz, writhes; tl, title; tld, settl'd; tldst, settl'dst; tlst,settl'st; tlz, nettles; tr, truuk; ts, fits; tw, twirl.
14. Vd, as in curv'd; vdst, liv'dst; vl, driv'l; vld, grov'l'd; vldst, grov'l'dst; vlst, driv'l'st; un, driv'n; vst, liv'st; vz, lives.
15. Wh, as in when, where.
16. Zd, as in mus'd; zl, dazzle; zld, muzzl'd; zldst, dazzl'dst; zlst, dazzl'st; zlz, muzzles; zm, spasm; zmz, chasms; zn, ris'n; znd, reas'n'd; znz, pris'nz; zndst, impris'n'dst.

V. Avoid blending the termination of one word with the beginning of another, or suppressing the final letter or letters of one word, when the next word commences with a similar sound.

NOTE.—By an indistinct Articulation the sense of a passage is often liable to be perverted.

1. Will he attempt to conceal his acts?
   Will he attempt to conceal his sacks?
2. The man had oars to row her over.
   The man had doors to row her rover.
3. Can there be an aim more lofty?
   Can there be a name more lofty?
4. The judges ought to arrest the culprits.
   The judges sought to arrest the culprits.
5. His ire burned when she told him her age.
   His sire burned when she told him her rage.
6. He was awed at the works of labor and art.
   He was sawed at the works of labor an dart.
7. He was trained in the religion of his fathers.
   He was strained in the religion of his fathers.

1. Bravely o'er the boisterous billows,
   His gallant bark was borne.
2. Can craven cowards expect to conquer the country?
3. Click, click, goes the clock; clack, clack, goes the mill.
4. Did you desire to hear his dark and doleful dreams?
5. "Firm-paced and slow, a horrid front they form,
   Still as the breeze; but dreadful as the storm."
6. The flaming fire flashed fearfully in his face.
7. The glassy glaciers gleamed in glowing light.
8. How high his honors heaved his haughty head!
9. He drew long, legible lines along the lovely landscape.
10. Masses of immense magnitude move majestically through the vast empire of the solar system.
11. Round the rough and rugged rocks the ragged rascal ran.
12. The stripling stranger strayed straight toward the struggling stream.
13. She uttered a sharp, shrill shriek, and then shrunk from the shriveled form that slumbered in the shroud.
14. For fear of offending the frightful fugitive, the vile vagabond ventured to vilify the venerable veteran.
15. Amidst the mists, with angry boasts,
    He thrusts his fists against the posts,
    And still insists he sees the ghosts.
16. Peter Prangle, the prickly prangly pear picker, picked three pecks of prickly prangly pears, from the prangly pear trees, on the pleasant prairies.
17. Theophilus Thistle, the successful thistle sifter, in sifting a sieve full of unsifted thistles, thrust three thousand thistles through the thick of his thumb; now, if Theophilus Thistle, the successful thistle sifter, in sifting a sieve full of unsifted thistles, thrust three thousand thistles through the thick of his thumb, see that thou, in sifting a sieve full of unsifted thistles, thrust not three thousand thistles through the thick of thy thumb. Success to the successful thistle sifter.
18. We travel sea and soil; we pry, we prowl;
    We progress, and we prog from pole to pole.

SECTION II.
ACCENT AND EMPHASIS.

ACCENT and EMPHASIS both indicate some special stress of voice.

Accent is that stress of voice by which one syllable of a word is made more prominent than others; EMPHASIS is that stress of voice by which one or more words of a sentence are distinguished above the rest.

The accented syllable is sometimes designated thus: (′); as, com-mand′-ment.

NOTE I.—Words of more than two syllables generally have two or more of them accented.

The more forcible stress of voice, is called the Primary Accent; and the less forcible, the Secondary Accent.

In the following examples the Primary Accent is designated by double accentual marks, thus:

Ed″-u-cate′, ed′-u-ca″-tion, mul″-ti-ply′, mul′-ti-pli-ca″-tion, sat″-is-fy′, sat′-is-fac″-tion, com′-pre-hend″, com′-pre-hen″-sion, rec′-om-mend″, rec′-om-mend-a″-tion, mo″-ment-a′-ry, com-mun″-ni-cate′, com′-pli-ment″-al, in-dem′-ni-fi-ca″-tion, ex′-tem-po-ra″-ne-ous, coun′-ter-rev′-o-lu″-tion-a-ry.

NOTE II.—The change of accent on the same word often changes its meaning.

NOTE III.—Emphatic words are often printed in Italics. When, however, different degrees of emphasis are to be denoted, the higher degrees are designated by the use of Capitals, LARGER or SMALLER, according to the degree of intensity.

1. Our motto shall be, our country, OUR WHOLE COUNTRY, and NOTHING BUT OUR COUNTRY.
2. Thou Child of Joy! SHOUT round me: let me HEAR thy shouts, thou happy Shepherd Boy!
3. Freedom calls you! quick, be ready,
     Think of what your sires have done;
   Onward, ONWARD! strong and steady,
     Drive the tyrant to his den;
   ON, and let the watchword be,
     Country, HOME, and LIBERTY.
   

NOTE IV.—Emphasis, as before intimated, varies in degrees of intensity.

1. He shook the fragment of his blade,
     And shouted: "VICTORY!
     Charge, Chester, CHARGE! On, Stanley, ON!"
2. A month! O, for a single WEEK! I as not for years', though an AGE were too little for the much I have to do.
3. Now for the FIGHT! now for the CANNON PEAL!
     ONWARD! through blood, and toil, and cloud, and fire!
   Glorious—the SHOUT, the SHOCK, the CRASH of STEEL,
     The VOLLEY'S ROLL, the ROCKET'S BLAZING SPIRE!
   
4. Hear, O HEAVENS! and give ear, O EARTH!

NOTE V.—Emphasis sometimes changes the seat of accent from its ordinary position.

NOTE VI.—There are two kinds of Emphasis:—Absolute and Antithetic. ABSOLUTE EMPHASIS is used to designate the important words of a sentence, without any direct reference to other words.

1.

2. The UNION, it MUST and SHALL BE PRESERVED!

3.

KNOWLES.

4. When my country shall take her place among the nations of the earth, THEN and not TILL then, let my epitaph be written.

EMMETT.

5. If you are MEN, follow ME! STRIKE DOWN yon guard, and gain the mountain passes.

6.

7. This doctrine never was received; it NEVER CAN, by any POSSIBILITY, BE RECEIVED; and, if admitted at ALL, it must be by THE TOTAL SUBVERSION OF LIBERTY!

8. Are you Christians, and, by upholding duelists, will you deluge the land with blood, and fill it with widows and orphans.

BEECHER.

9. LIBERTY and UNION, NOW and FOREVER, ONE and INSEPARABLE.

WEBSTER.

10. Treason! cried the speaker; treason, TREASON, TREASON, reechoed from every part of the house.

11. The war is inevitable,—and LET IT COME! I repeat it, Sir,—LET IT COME!

PATRICK HENRY.

12.

MISS MITFORD.

13.

KNOWLES.

14. I shall know but one country. The ends I aim at, shall be "My COUNTRY'S, my GOD'S, and TRUTH'S."

WEBSTER.

NOTE VII.—ANTITHETIC EMPHASIS is that which is founded on the contrast of one word or clause with another.

1. The faults of others should always remind us of our own.

2. He desired to protect his friend, not to injure him.

3.

SHAKESPEARE.

4. A good name is rather to be chosen than great riches.

BIBLE.

5. We can do nothing against the truth; but for the truth.

BIBLE.

6. He that is slow to anger, is better than the mighty; and he that ruleth his spirit, than he that taketh a city.

BIBLE.

NOTE VIII.—The following examples contain two or more sets of Antitheses.

1. Just men are only free, the rest are slaves.

2. Beauty is like the flower of spring; virtue is like the stars of heaven.

3.

BRYANT.

4. A false balance is abomination to the Lord; but a just weight is his delight.

BIBLE.

5. A friend can not be known in prosperity; and an enemy can not be hidden in adversity.

6. It is my living sentiment, and, by the blessing of God, it shall be my dying sentiment: INDEPENDENCE NOW, and INDEPENDENCE FOREVER.

WEBSTER.

7. We live in deeds, not years,—in thoughts, not breaths,—in feelings, not in figures on a dial. We should count time by heart throbs. He most lives, who THINKS THE MOST,—FEELS THE NOBLEST,—ACTS THE BEST.

8. You have done the mischief, and I bear the blame.

9. The wise man is happy when he gains his own approbation; the fool when he gains that of others.

10. We must hold them as we hold the rest of mankind—enemies in war,—in peace, friends.

JEFFERSON.

NOTE IX.—The sense of a passage is varied by changing the place of the emphasis.

1. Has James seen his brother to-day? No; but Charles has.

2. Has James seen his brother to-day? No; but he has heard from him.

3. Has James seen his brother to-day? No; but he saw yours.

4. Has James seen his brother to-day? No; but he has seen his sister.

5. Has James seen his brother to-day? No; but he saw him yesterday.

REMARK.—To determine the emphatic words of a sentence, as well as the degree and kind of emphasis to be employed, the reader must be governed wholly by the sentiment to be expressed. The idea is sometimes entertained that emphasis consists merely in loudness of tone. But it should be borne in mind that the most intense emphasis may often be effectively expressed, even by a whisper.

SECTION III.
INFLECTIONS.

INFLECTIONS are turns or slides of the voice, made in reading or speaking; as; Will you go to New [Transcriber's Note: Two missing lines in printing, page 25 in original.] or to [Transcriber's Note: Remainder of paragraph is missing.]

All the various sounds of the human voice may be comprehended under the general appellation of tones. The principal modifications of these tones are the MONOTONE, the RISING INFLECTION, the FALLING INFLECTION, and the CIRCUMFLEX.

The MONOTONE is that sameness of sound, which arises from repeating the several words or syllables of a passage in one and the same general tone.

REMARK.—The Monotone is employed with admirable effect in the delivery of a passage that is solemn or sublime.

1. O thou that rollest above, round as the shield of my fathers: whence are thy beams, O sun, thy everlasting light?

OSSIAN.

2.

PRENTICE.

3. God came from Teman, and the Holy One from Mount Paran. Selah. His glory covered the heavens, and the earth was full of His praise.

4. Before Him went the pestilence, and burning coals went forth at His feet. He stood and measured the earth: He beheld, and drove asunder the nations; and the everlasting mountains were scattered, the perpetual hills did bow: His ways are everlasting.

BIBLE.

5. The heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth His handy work. Day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto night showeth knowledge. There is no speech nor language, where their voice is not heard.

ID.

6.

7.

THOMSON.

REMARK.—The inappropriate use of the monotone,—a fault into which young people naturally fall,—is a very grave and obstinate error. It is always tedious, and often even ridiculous. It should be studiously avoided.

The RISING INFLECTION is an upward turn, or slide of the voice, used in reading or speaking; as,