A day in old Rome

INDEX

[References are to pages.]

Acta Diurna, 282ff.
Advocates, methods of, 345;
great importance of, 355;
cheap pettifoggers, 356;
high abilities of some lawyers, 358.
Agrippa, Baths of, 361.
Aliens, vast numbers of, 123;
colonies of, in Rome, 145.
Amphitheater, 394ff.;
(see Gladiator Contests).
Antiques, often spurious, 58.
Apicius, the gourmand, 100.
Aqueducts, 303–304.
Arch, use of, 13.
Architectural Forms, usually Greek, 12;
use of arch and vault in, 13.
Architecture, very grandiose, 258.
Arena, arrangement of, 392;
(see Gladiator Contests).
Armor, of legionaries, 318.
Army, real master of the Empire, 307;
held under stiff discipline, 308;
stationed on frontiers, 308–309;
legions in, 309 ff.;
size of, 331;
efficiency of, 332;
no reserves to, 332;
(see Legionaries).
Arria (wife of Cæcina Poetus), 76.
Atrium, 42, 43.
Auctions, 226.
Audiences with emperors, 296.
Augurs and augury, 418–419.
Augustus, tomb of, 372;
deified, 439.
Auspices, taken in Senate, 340.
Auxiliary cohorts, 327–328.

Ball games, 206.
Banks and bankers, 227 ff.;
a great banker, 228;
forms of investment, 229;
trust business of, 229;
savings banks, 230;
safe deposits, 230;
deposits in Temple of Vesta, 231.
Banquets (see Dinners).
Barber shops, 90, 91.
Basilica Æmilia, 271.
Basilica Julia, 272–274.
Baths, popularity of, 358;
luxurious private, 359;
private-owned, 360–361;
large government-owned, 360;
great Baths of Trajan, 361 ff.;
crowds at, 362;
often a kind of club house, 362–363;
entrance to, 363;
interior of, 364;
cold room (frigidarium), 365;
swimming pool, 365;
tepidarium, 365–366;
hot baths (caldaria), 366;
extreme luxury of, 367;
restaurants and shops at, 367–368;
parasites at, 368.
Beards, revival of, 91.
Beast fights, 399.
Beggars, multitude of, 252.
Bonuses (donativa), 245.
Books, 209 ff.;
format of, 210;
mounting and rolling of, 211;
copying of, 212;
publication of, 212, 213.
Bread, 103, 104.
Breakfast (jentaculum), 110.
Building materials used in Rome, 10.
Bulla, 186.

Caldaria, 366.
Camp of prætorian guard, 311.
Camps, military, 330.
Campus Martius, view from, 7;
general description of, 280;
great porticoes along, 368;
public buildings upon, 369.
Carriages, varieties of, 455–456.
Catacombs, used by Christians, 473.
Cemeteries, 179–180.
Cena (see Dinner).
Centurions, in legions, 323–325.
Chairs, forms of, 55–56.
Charioteers, 383;
(see Circus).
Chests, 57.
Children, legal status of, 184;
exposure of, 184;
very desirable, 185;
ceremonies after birth, 185;
names given, 186–189;
care in educating, 189;
toys and pets, 190;
taught Greek, 191;
schooling and education, 192 ff.
Christianity, pagan account of, 449;
persecution of, 450–451;
charges against, 451;
attitude of educated men towards, 452.
Christians, gathering of, in the Catacombs, 473.
Circus, popularity of, 382;
charioteers in, 383;
racing factions in, 383;
wagering in, 384;
Circus Maximus, 384 ff.;
race track, 384;
procession before races, 385–386;
beginning of races, 386;
dangers in races, 387;
proclaiming victors, 387–389.
Circus, Flaminian, 370.
Circus Maximus, 384 ff.
Citizenship, desirability of, 146;
case of St. Paul, 147.
Claudius Etruscus, powerful freedman, 142.
Clientage, old type, 147–148;
new type, 148.
Clients, morning salutation by, 148–149;
doles given, 150;
attend their patron, 151;
undergo insults, 151, 152.
Clothing (see Garments).
Cohorts, city (cohortes urbanae), 313.
Collegia, 249 ff.
Color, used upon sculpture, 259.
Column of Trajan, 278–280.
Concrete, great use of, 11.
Congiaria, 244.
Cookery, refinements in, 109, 110.
Correspondence, 208.
Couches, general use of, 54.
Country, around Rome, 5;
view of, 5, 6.
Country-life, Roman love of, 453–454;
(see Villas).
Court, imperial;
(see Emperor).
Courts, law, 353 ff.;
(see Legal Procedure).
Crowds, typical, upon a Roman street, 21.
Curia, 272.
Curia Julia, arrangement of, 339.
Cybele, worship of, 441.

Daily Gazette (Acta Diurna), 282 ff.;
entries and gossip in, 284, 285.
Decurions, provincial nobles, 152.
Deified Augustus and later emperors, 439.
Dining room (triclinium), 45, 46.
Dinner (cena), 111 ff.;
time for, 111;
standard number for, 113;
preparing for, 114;
arranging couches, 115;
serving of, 116;
courses at, 117;
drinking bout after, 118;
garlands and perfumes at, 119;
very elaborate banquets, 120;
simple home meals, 121.
Dinner hunters, 112;
at baths, 368.
Discomforts of life in Rome, 33.
Doles, public, of grain, 242, 243;
distribution of, 244.
Domus (mansions), 39 ff.;
often several owned by one magnate, 39;
plan of early, 40;
plan of developed, 40, 41;
price of a handsome, 41;
entrance to, 42;
atrium of, 42, 43;
decorations of, 43;
peristylium, 44;
triclinium, 45, 46;
special rooms in, 47;
garden behind, 47;
slaves’ quarters, 48;
floors and windows of, 49;
frescos in, 50;
statues in, 51, 52, 53;
furniture in, 54 ff.
Donativa, 245.
Drinking bout (commissatio), 118.

Eagle of legion, 325.
Eating-houses, 235, 236.
Education, selection of school, 192;
extent of literacy, 193;
instruction of girls, 193;
for lower classes, 193, 194;
low-grade schools, 194;
cruelty in schools, 195;
superior types of schools, 196;
methods of teaching, 197;
reading and writing, 198;
arithmetic, 199;
grammarians’ high schools, 199;
passion for oratory, 200;
rhetoric schools, 201;
mock debates, 202;
popularity of rhetorical studies, 203;
philosophy, study of, 204.
Egypt, worship of its gods, 442.
Emperor, center of social life, 294;
“friends of Cæsar,” 295;
audiences with, 296;
ruin through disfavor of, 296, 297;
favor most valuable, 298.
Emperors, cult of the deified, 439–440.
Emporium, 240.
Encampments, military, 330.
Entrance to house, 42.
Epicureanism, popular, 407.
Equites, second class nobles, 153;
qualifications and honors of, 154, 155;
review of, 156.
Escorts, of rich nobles, 25.

Factions, in circus, 383.
Fame, passion for, in letters, 214, 215;
in poetry, 216.
Familia of slaves, 129, 130;
organization of, 131.
Festivals, great number of, 374;
passion for spectacles, 375;
(see Games, Public).
Fetiales, 422.
Fire department, 304 ff.
Fish, great demand for, 106.
Flamens, 420.
Flavian amphitheater, 394–397.
Floors, of houses, 49.
Flowers, varieties supplied from villa gardens, 458.
Flute-blowers, guild of, 251.
Fora, centers of Roman life, 254;
series of, 256;
crowds in, 256, 257;
centers for new, 257;
grandiose architecture in, 258;
use of color on sculptures, 259;
entrance upon the series, 260;
Temple of Venus and Rome, 261, 262;
colossal statue of Nero, 262;
Arch of Titus, 262;
Temple of Vesta, 265;
Temple of the Divine Julius, 265;
Old Forum, 265 ff.;
of the Emperors, 275 ff.
Foreign cults, numerous in Rome, 437;
why popular, 438;
cult of Cybele or “Great Mother,” 441;
Isis worship, 442;
ceremonies at Temple of Isis, 443;
Serapis worship, 445;
Mithras worship, 445;
nobility of Mithras cult, 446;
Taurobolium ceremony, 448–449;
Christianity, pagan view of, 449 ff.
Fortresses, frontier, 330.
Forum, morning visit to, 111;
of Julius, 276;
of Augustus, 277;
of Nerva, 278;
of Trajan, 278;
(see Old Forum and Fora).
Forum Romanum, 265 ff.;
(see Old Forum).
Fountains, public, 20.
Freedmen, how created, 140;
status of, 140, 141;
humble types of, 141;
wealthy, 142;
importance of, 143.
Frescos, in a Roman house, 50, 51.
“Friends” of Emperor, 295.
Frigidarium, 365.
Fruits, 104, 105.
Fullers, 89.
Funeral monuments, 179, 182.
Funerals, great interest in, 172;
preliminaries to, 173;
procession of “ancestors,” 174;
exhibits in procession, 175;
orations at, 176;
tombs, 177–180;
funeral pyre, 180, 181;
for poorer classes, 182.

Gain, passion for, 220.
Galli, 441.
Gambling, mania for, 375.
Games, children’s, 204;
played on boards, 205, 206;
out-door, 206.
Games, public, passion for, 375;
mania for gambling at, 375;
vast scale of, 375–376;
great expense of, 376;
popularity of, 377;
seating at, 378;
(see Theater, Circus, and Amphitheater).
Gardens, public, around Rome, 372.
Garlands, at dinners, 119.
Garments, types of, 80 ff.;
toga, 81;
tunica, 84;
capes, cloaks, and gala garments, 85;
women’s stola and palla, 86, 87;
materials of, 88;
use of silk, 89;
changing styles of, 89.
Gladiators, notice of display of, 29;
popularity of, 392;
(see Gladiator Contests).
Gladiator contests, enormously popular, 389;
at funerals, 390.
Gladiator schools, 390;
inmates usually criminals, 391;
severe training in, 392;
typical arrangement of, 393;
Flavian Amphitheater, 394–395;
its interior arrangements, 395–396;
procession before contests, 397;
criminals thrown to beasts, 398;
fights with wild beasts, 399;
interval in sports, 400;
distribution of lottery tickets at, 400;
beginning of regular, 401;
chariot warfare, 402;
cavalry combats, 403;
signals for ruthlessness and signals for mercy, 403;
“Netters” and “Thracians,” 404–405;
reward of victors, 405–406.
Glass, used in windows, 49.
Gluttony, 100–102.
Golden Milestone, 269, 270.
Gourmandizing, delight in, 100.
Government of Rome, 299 ff.;
city præfect, 300;
curators and commissioners, 301;
water supply of, 301–302;
great aqueducts, 303;
police and fire department, 304–305.
Grain, trade in, 242;
doles of, 243;
distribution of, 244.
Grammarians’ schools, 199.
“Great Mother,” 441.
Greek language, constantly used in Rome, 22, 23.
Guests at dinner, proper number nine, 113;
arrangement on couches, 115.
Guilds, 249;
very ancient ones, 250;
importance of, 251;
festivals of, 252.

Hadrian, prosperity of his reign, 1, 468;
tomb of, 370;
his return to Italy, 469;
his procession entering Rome, 470;
how saluted, 472;
presides over fêtes, 472–473.
Hairdressing, women’s, 93;
ornaments on hair, 93.
Heating of houses, 49.
Hills, Seven, of Rome, 9.
Hospitals, almost nonexistent, 168.
Hotels, (see Inns).
House fronts, on typical Roman streets, 18.
Houses (see Insulæ and Domus).

Idlers, vast number of, 27.
Imagines (death masks), 54.
Impeachment trial, before Senate, 343 ff.
Industry, quarters for, 238;
conditions of labor in, 238, 239;
organization in guilds, 249 ff.
Inns, usually sordid, 231;
type of, 232;
reckonings at, 233;
frequenters of, 234;
eating houses, 235 ff.
Insulæ (tenement houses), 34 ff.;
typical insula, 35;
flats in, 36;
cheap attics in, 37;
dangers of, 37, 38.
Isis, cult of, 442 ff.

Janus, 413.
Jentaculum (breakfast), 110.
Jesus, legal status of, 144.
Jewels, 96 ff.
Jews in Rome, 145.

Kissing, habit of, in public, 27.
Kitchens, 109.

Lacerna, 85.
Lacus, Curtius, 274.
Lares and Penates, 414.
Latrunculi (game), 205.
Lawyers (see Advocates).
Legacies, 170;
hunting for, 171;
public bequests, 172.
Legal procedure, highly scientific, 353;
great tribunals for, 354;
forms of verdicts, 355;
importance of advocates, 355;
cheap pettifoggers, 356;
character and slave witnesses, 357;
use of written evidence, 357–358.
Legate of the legion, 329.
Legionaries, enlistment of, 314;
organization of, 315;
training of, 316;
weapons of, 317–318;
armor of, 318;
rewards and punishment of, 319–320;
retiring bonuses for, 329;
pay and rations of, 320;
training of, 321;
non-military labors of, 322;
petty officers of, 322–323;
centurions of, 323–324;
primipilus of, 325;
eagle of, 325.
Legions, number of, 309;
organization of, 315 ff.;
location and names of, 326;
commanders of, 328;
(see also Legionaries).
Letters, 207, 208.
Libraries, size of, 217;
private, 218;
public, 219;
of Trajan, 280.
Literary fame, passion for, 214 ff.
Luncheon (prandium), 111.

Magistrates, public honors paid to, 24.
Mansions (see Domus).
Manumission, 139, 140.
Marble trade, 241.
Marriage, men often reluctant to marry, 61;
usually arranged by girls’ parents, 63;
marriage treaties, 64;
betrothal before, 65;
dowries, 66;
dressing bride, 66, 67;
actual ceremonies of, 67 ff.;
contract of, 68;
wedding procession, 69;
ceremonies at bridegroom’s house, 70;
often unhappy, 72;
divorce, easy and frequent, 74;
happy marriages, 75.
Masks, death (imagines), 54.
Matrons, honors paid to, 71, 72;
(see Women).
Meals and meal times, 110 ff.
Meat and poultry, 105.
Medicine (see Physicians).
Mimes, 380.
Mithras, worship of, 445–446.
Morning, how spent by gentlemen, 110.
Morra, game of, 205.
Mosaics, in Roman mansion, 43.

Names, intricacy of, 186;
irregular, 187;
of slaves, 188;
of women, 188;
confusion of, 189.
Nero, colossal statue of, 262.
Notices, public, 29.

Old Forum, 265 ff.;
noble traditions of, 266;
impression created by, 267;
crowds in, 268, 269;
area of, 268, 269;
western end of, 269;
Rostra, 269;
Golden Milestone, 269, 270;
Tullianum, 270, 271;
Basilica Æmilia, 271;
Temple of Janus, 271;
Senate House, 272;
Basilica Julia, 272;
Lacus Curtius, 274.
Olive oil, 107.
Omens, belief in, 419–420.
Oratory, passion for, 200;
training in, 201 ff.;
in Senate, 343 ff.
Ostia, trade through, 239.
shipping at, 247;
naval shipping at, 248;
harbor town at, 249.

Pænula, 85.
Palace, imperial, 288 ff.;
magnificent aspect of, 289;
famous buildings in, 290;
triclinium and throne-room of Domitian, 291–292;
enormous luxury of, 292;
swarm of officials present in, 293.
Palatine, view from, 260;
history of, 286;
fine residences upon, 287;
Augustus settles upon, 287–288;
commanding view from, 288;
imperial palace upon, 288 ff.
Palla, 88.
Pantheon, 280–282.
Pantomimes, 381;
high art in, 382.
Papyrus, 209, 210.
Parasites, swarm of, in Rome, 27;
at dinners, 112, 113;
at baths, 368.
Park system around Rome, 280;
toward Tiber, 369.
Patria Potestas, 184.
Paul, legal status of, 147.
Pavements, in Roman streets, 18.
Pax Romana, blessings of, 1.
Pearls, 97.
Perfumes, 98;
at dinners, 119.
Peristylium, 44.
Pet animals, 58;
of children, 190.
Philosophy, study of, 204.
Physicians, no training required, 160;
superior class of, 161;
fashionable doctors, 161, 162;
instruments and books of, 163;
famous remedies of, 164;
absurd medicines, 164;
theriac, 165;
fear of poisons, 165, 166;
disciples of, 166;
quack doctors, 167.
Placards, public, 28, 29.
Plebeians, the “mob,” 145.
Pliny the Younger’s Tuscan villa, 459;
charming location of, 460;
view from, 461;
terraces and porticoes of, 462;
bed-chambers of, 463–464;
gardens of, 465.
Poetry, passion for, 216.
Police department, 304–305.
Pontiffs, 417.
Population of Rome, 3, 4.
Porticoes, along Campus Martius, 368–369.
Portrait busts, trade in, 246.
Præfect, of city of Rome, 300;
of the police (vigiles), 306;
of the camps, 328.
Prætorian guard, 309–311;
præfect of, 311;
camp of, 311–312;
organization of, 313.
Prætorian præfect, 311.
Prayer, formal, at sacrifice, 428.
Priests, duties of, 417;
(see Flamens).
Primipilus, 325.
Processions, attending great nobles, 24.
Provincials, status of, 143.
Public games, 375 ff.
Publishers of books, 213, 214.
Punishments, of slaves, 136;
of soldiers, 320.

Regia, 265.
Regions of Rome, 15.
Religion, signs of, everywhere, 407;
upper classes sceptical, 407–408;
Stoicism popular, 408;
revival of, under Empire, 409;
many foreign cults, 410;
plebeians very superstitious, 411;
based on old Italian agriculture, 412;
native Italian gods, 413;
Lares and Penates, 414;
personified virtues as gods, 415;
legalistic character of, 416;
priests not sacrosanct, 417;
Pontifices, 417–418;
Augurs, 418;
Flamens, 420;
Salii, 421;
Fetiales, 422;
Arval Brethren, 423;
rustic, 424;
soothsayers and astrologers, 424–425;
sacrifices, private, 425;
ceremony at temple, 426;
slaughtering the victim, 427;
formal prayer, 428;
Vestal Virgins, 429 ff.;
(see Foreign Cults).
Restaurants (see Eating-Houses).
Rhetoricians, 201;
schools of, 202 ff.
Rings, 96.
Robbers, game of, 205.
Roman Empire very prosperous under Hadrian, 1.
Rome, beautified by Augustus and later Emperors, 3;
reaches architectural perfection about 135 A.D., 3;
population of, 3, 4;
crowded condition of, 4;
country around, 5;
view from Campus Martius, 7;
Seven Hills of, 9;
regions and social quarters of, 15;
typical street in, 16;
discomforts of life in, 33;
vast alien population in, 122;
divisions of society in, 123 ff.;
great Jewish colony in, 145;
plebeians in, 145, 146;
life in, extravagant and expensive, 221;
a city of investors and buyers of luxuries, 222;
great shopping quarters in, 223;
industrial quarters in, 210 ff.;
city government of, 299 ff.
Rostra, 269.

Sacrifices, private description of, 425 ff.
Salii, 421.
Salutations, form of, in public, 26.
Sandals, 95.
Saturnalia, 437.
Schools (see Educators).
Scribblings, upon every wall, 30, 31.
Sculptures, trade in, 246;
often colored, 259.
Seat of honor, at festivals, 378.
Secretaries, 209.
Senate, outward glory of, 334;
actual weakness of, 335;
actual authority of, 336;
organization and procedure of, 337–338;
Curia (Senate House) for, 338;
arrangement of seats, 339;
precedence in, 339–340;
opening of session, 340;
auspices in, 340–341;
routine business in, 341;
taking of vote, 342;
impeachment before, 342–343;
use of water clocks, 344;
oratory in, 344;
advocates before, 345;
shouts and invectives during debates, 347;
taking the opinion of, 348 ff.;
speeches from floor of, 349;
uproar in, 350;
formal division in, 351;
decree of banishment, 352;
end of session, 352.
Senate House, 272.
Senatorial order, 156;
includes relatives of senators, 158.
Senators, social glories of, 157;
form a high aristocracy, 158;
insignia and titles of, 158;
great importance of, 159.
Serapis, worship of, 445.
“Seven Hills” of Rome, 9.
Shipping, merchant, 247, 248;
naval, 248.
Shoes, 95.
Shop fronts, 18.
Shops, vast number of, 18;
shopping districts in Rome, 223, 224;
arrangement of shops, 224;
of barbers, 225;
superior retail stores, 226.
Shrines, upon streets, 20.
Siege warfare, 331.
Siesta, custom of, 112.
Silk, use of, 89.
Slaves, notice to, 42;
vast numbers of, 124;
power of master over, 125;
city slaves and country slaves, 125–126;
purchase of, 126, 127;
auction of, 128;
sale of superior, 129;
size of household of, 129, 130;
workmen as, 130;
duties of, 131;
organization of, 131;
discipline of, 132;
frequently idle, 133;
degradation of slave system, 133;
evil results on masters, 134;
punishment of, 135;
branding of, 136;
pursuit of runaways, 137;
torture of, 138;
manumission of, 139.
Society, divisions of, 123, 124.
Soldiers (see Legionaries).
Soothsayers, 424.
Statues, vast multiplication of, 51;
portrait busts, 52, 53.
Status, in Roman society, 123.
Stoicism, popularity of, 408.
Stola, 87.
Streets, typical in Rome, 16;
very narrow, 17;
paving of, 17, 18;
shops upon, 18;
shrines and fountains upon, 20, 21;
crowds in, 21;
noise and turmoil of, 23;
dark and dangerous at night, 32;
extremely noisy towards dawn, 33.
Suicide, not condemned, 168.

Tables, 56;
costly, of citrus wood, 57.
Tablets, writing, 207.
Tactics, in battle, 330.
Taurobolium, 447.
Taverns (see Inns).
Temple, of the Divine Julius, 265;
of Janus, 271;
of Mars Ultor, 277;
of Peace, 276;
of Venus and Rome, 261, 262;
of Vesta, 265.
Tenement blocks (insulæ), 34 ff.
Tepidarium, 365.
Theater, not extremely popular, 378;
stage in, 379;
spectacles in, 380;
mimes, 380;
pantomimes, 381;
high art in latter, 382.
Theaters upon Campus Martius, 369.
Thermopolia, 236.
Tiber, and valley of, 6;
barges upon, 240;
trip down to Ostia, 247;
shipping upon, 248.
Time, measured by water clocks, 344.
Titus, arch of, 262.
Toga, 81–84.
Toilets, very elaborate, 94.
Tombs, 177–180;
of Hadrian, 370;
of Augustus, 372.
Toys, 190.
Trade, through Ostia and Campania, 239;
Emporium and wharves, 240;
upon Tiber, 240, 241;
in marble and grain, 241, 242;
in sculptures and portrait statues, 246.
Trajan, forum and column of, 278–280;
baths of, 361 ff.
Travel, modes of, 454–456.
Traveler’s escorts, 25, 26.
Triclinium (dining room), 45, 46.
Trigon (ball game), 206.
Triumph, ceremonies of a, 470.
Tullianum, 270, 271.
Tunica, 84.
Turia, story of, 78.

Vegetables, 104.
Veterans, care and rewards of, 329–330.
Vesta, Temple of, as safe deposit, 231.
Vestal Virgins, 429 ff.;
origin and sanctity, 430;
temple and residence of, 431;
how chosen, 432;
duties of, 433;
senior vestal (Maxima), 433;
punishment of, 434;
great honors of, 435.
Via Sacra, 261, 263 ff.
Victory, statue of, in Senate, 340.
Vigiles, city police, 28;
description of, 304 ff.
Villas, several owned by one senator, 39;
greatly enjoyed, 453;
comfortable travel to, 454–456;
multiplication of, 456;
by the sea shore, 457;
in the mountains, 457–458;
near Rome, 458;
great estates in the hills, 459;
Pliny’s Tuscan villa, 459 ff.
Vitellius, imperial glutton, 102.

Wall scribblings, 30.
War, ceremony of declaring, 423.
Water clocks, 57;
in Senate, 344.
Water supply of Rome, 301 ff.
Wealth, vast premium upon in Rome, 220, 221.
Weapons, of legionaries, 317, 318.
Wills, 169.
Windows of houses, 49.
Wines, 107, 108, 109.
Writing tablets, 207.
Women, honorable status of, 60;
rights and privileges when married, 61, 71, 72;
have control of property, 62;
selection of husbands for girls, 63;
marriage treaties, 64;
betrothal ceremonies, 65;
dowries of, 66;
marriage of, 66 ff.;
frivolous type of, 72, 73;
nobler types of, 75;
famous and devoted wives, 76, 77;
case of Turia, 78, 79.

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INDEX