REFERENCE-LIST

  CHAPTER I. MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES

  (1) Robert Boyle, Philosophical Works (3 vols.). London, 1738.

  CHAPTER II. THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERN CHEMISTRY

  (1) For a complete account of the controversy called the "Water
  Controversy," see The Life of the Hon. Henry Cavendish, by George
  Wilson, M.D., F.R.S.E. London, 1850.

  (2) Henry Cavendish, in Phil. Trans. for 1784, P. 119.

  (3) Lives of the Philosophers of the Time of George III., by Henry, Lord
  Brougham, F.R.S., p. 106. London, 1855.

  (4) Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, by Joseph
  Priestley (3 vols.). Birmingham, 790, vol. II, pp. 103-107.

  (5) Lectures on Experimental Philosophy, by Joseph Priestley, lecture
  IV., pp. 18, ig. J. Johnson, London, 1794.

  (6) Translated from Scheele's Om Brunsten, eller Magnesia, och dess
  Egenakaper. Stockholm, 1774, and published as Alembic Club Reprints, No.
  13, 1897, p. 6.

  (7) According to some writers this was discovered by Berzelius.

  (8) Histoire de la Chimie, par Ferdinand Hoefer. Paris, 1869, Vol. CL,
  p. 289.

  (9) Elements of Chemistry, by Anton Laurent Lavoisier, translated by
  Robert Kerr, p. 8. London and Edinburgh, 1790.

  (10) Ibid., pp. 414-416.

  CHAPTER III. CHEMISTRY SINCE THE TIME OF DALTON

  (1) Sir Humphry Davy, in Phil. Trans., Vol. VIII.

  CHAPTER IV. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

  (1) Baas, History of Medicine, p. 692.

  (2) Based on Thomas H. Huxley's Presidential Address to the British
  Association for the Advancement of Science, 1870.

  (3) Essays on Digestion, by James Carson. London, 1834, p. 6.

  (4) Ibid., p. 7.

  (5) John Hunter, On the Digestion of the Stomach after Death, first
  edition, pp. 183-188.

  (6) Erasmus Darwin, The Botanic Garden, pp. 448-453. London, 1799.

  CHAPTER V. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

  (1) Baron de Cuvier's Theory of the Earth. New York, 1818, p. 123.

  (2) On the Organs and Mode of Fecundation of Orchidex and Asclepiadea,
  by Robert Brown, Esq., in Miscellaneous Botanical Works. London, 1866,
  Vol. I., pp. 511-514.

  (3) Justin Liebig, Animal Chemistry. London, 1843, p. 17f.

  CHAPTER VI. THEORIES OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION

  (1) "Essay on the Metamorphoses of Plants," by Goethe, translated
  for the present work from Grundriss einer Geschichte der
  Naturwissenschaften, by Friederich Dannemann (2 vols.). Leipzig, 1896,
  Vol. I., p. 194.

  (2) The Temple of Nature, or The Origin of Society, by Erasmus Darwin,
  edition published in 1807, p. 35.

  (3) Baron de Cuvier, Theory of the Earth. New York, 1818, p.74. (This
  was the introduction to Cuvier's great work.)

  (4) Robert Chambers, Explanations: a sequel to Vestiges of Creation.
  London, Churchill, 1845, pp. 148-153.

  CHAPTER VII. EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY MEDICINE

  (1) Condensed from Dr. Boerhaave's Academical Lectures on the Theory of
  Physic. London, 1751, pp. 77, 78. Boerhaave's lectures were published as
  Aphorismi de cognoscendis et curandis Morbis, Leyden, 1709. On this
  book Van Swieten wrote commentaries filling five volumes. Another very
  celebrated work of Boerhaave is his Institutiones et Experimenta
  Chemic, Paris, 1724, the germs of this being given as a lecture on his
  appointment to the chair of chemistry in the University of Leyden in
  1718.

  (2) An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variola Vaccine, etc.,
  by Edward Jenner, M.D., F.R.S., etc. London, 1799, pp. 2-7. He wrote
  several other papers, most of which were communications to the Royal
  Society. His last publication was, On the Influence of Artificial
  Eruptions in Certain Diseases (London, 1822), a subject to which he had
  given much time and study.

  CHAPTER VIII. NINETEENTH-CENTURY MEDICINE

  (1) In the introduction to Corvisart's translation of Avenbrugger's
  work. Paris, 1808.

  (2) Laennec, Traite d'Auscultation Mediate. Paris, 1819. This was
  Laennec's chief work, and was soon translated into several different
  languages. Before publishing this he had written also, Propositions sur
  la doctrine midicale d'Hippocrate, Paris, 1804, and Memoires sur les
  vers visiculaires, in the same year.

  (3) Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, chiefly concerning Nitrous
  Oxide or Dephlogisticated Nitrous Air and its Respiration, by Humphry
  Davy. London, 1800, pp. 479-556.

  (4) Ibid.

  (5) For accounts of the discovery of anaesthesia, see Report of the
  Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 1888.
  Also, The Ether Controversy: Vindication of the Hospital Reports of
  1848, by N. L Bowditch, Boston, 1848. An excellent account is given in
  Littell's Living Age, for March, 1848, written by R. H. Dana, Jr. There
  are also two Congressional Reports on the question of the discovery of
  etherization, one for 1848, the other for 11852.

  (6) Simpson made public this discovery of the anaesthetic properties
  of chloroform in a paper read before the Medico-Chirurgical Society of
  Edinburgh, in March, 1847, about three months after he had first seen
  a surgical operation performed upon a patient to whom ether had been
  administered.

  (7) Louis Pasteur, Studies on Fermentation. London, 1870.

  (8) Louis Pasteur, in Comptes Rendus des Sciences de L'Academie des
  Sciences, vol. XCII., 1881, pp. 429-435.

  CHAPTER IX. THE NEW SCIENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

  (1) Bell's communications were made to the Royal Society, but his
  studies and his discoveries in the field of anatomy of the nervous
  system were collected and published, in 1824, as An Exposition of the
  Natural System of Nerves of the Human Body: being a Republication of the
  Papers delivered to the Royal Society on the Subject of the Nerves.

  (2) Marshall Hall, M.D., F.R.S.L., On the Reflex Functions of the
  Medulla Oblongata and the Medulla Spinalis, in Phil. Trans. of Royal
  Soc., vol. XXXIII., 1833.