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A Short History of Italy (476-1900)

Chapter 101: INDEX
By Henry Dwight Sedgwick
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About This Book

The author offers a compact chronological survey of Italian history from the end of imperial rule through the modern era, tracing political disintegration and the rise of medieval institutions, the increasing power of the papacy, the emergence of communes and despotisms, and the intellectual and artistic revival of the Renaissance. He describes foreign invasions and diplomatic struggles, the cultural achievements of the sixteenth-century flowering, the subsequent centuries of political stagnation, the upheavals of the Napoleonic period, and the nineteenth-century movements leading to national unity, concluding with a concise assessment of late nineteenth-century Italy.






II

GENEALOGY OF THE MEDICI

Giovanni Bicci, d. 1429.
      |        
|           |  
Cosimo, Pater Patriæ, d. 1464.       Lorenzo, d. 1440.
|           |  
Piero, d. 1469.         Piero Francesco, 1467.
|           |  
|         | |  
Lorenzo the Magnificent, d. 1492. Giuliano, d. 1478. Giovanni, m. Caterina
|         | Sforza, d. 1498.
|     |   | |  
Piero, d. 1503. Giovanni, Pope Giulio, Pope Clement |  
|   Leo X, d. 1521. VII, d. 1534. |  
Lorenzo, Duke         Giovanni, "delle
of Urbino, d. 1519.         bande nere," d.1526.
| |
|     |     |  
Alessandro, Caterina, m. Henri II   Cosimo I, Grand
d. 1537. of France, d. 1589.   Duke, d. 1574.
            |  
      |   |  
      Francesco I, d. 1587, m. Joanna Ferdinand I, d. 1609.
      of Austria, also Bianca Cappello. |  
      |     |  
  Maria, m. Henri IV of France. Cosimo II, d. 1621.
            |  
            Ferdinand II, d. 1670.
            |  
            Cosimo III, d. 1723.
            |  
          Giovanni Gastone, d. 1737.





III

SKELETON TABLE OF THE KINGS OF THE TWO SICILIES[26]

               
NAPLES KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES SICILY
    NORMAN CONQUEST,    
    last half of eleventh century.    
Roger, d. 1154.
      |        
    |     |
  William the Bad, d. 1166. Constance, d. 1198,  
    |     married  
  William the Good, d. 1189. Henry VI, Emperor, d. 1197. }Hohenstaufen
          |   }Line.
    |     }
    Frederick II, Emperor, d. 1250.     }
  |   }
  |   | }
  Conrad IV, d. 1254.   Manfred, d. 1266. }
  |   }
  Conradin, d. 1268.   }
 
FRENCH CONQUEST, 1266.
Charles of Anjou, 1266-1282.
  SICILIAN VESPERS, 1282.
House of Anjou, 1266-1442.   House of Aragon, 1282-1442.
Alfonso of Aragon,
1442-1448.
|
|   |
House of Aragon, illegitimate,
1448-1504.		   House of Aragon, legitimate, which, on marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon with Isabella of Castile, became House of Spain.
1448-1504.
 
SPANISH CONQUEST, 1504.
 
  Ferdinand the Catholic, 1504-1516.
|  
  Charles V, Emperor, 1516-1556.
|  
  Spanish Crown, 1556-1713.
   
  TREATY OF UTRECHT, 1713.
Austria, 1713-1720.   Savoy, 1713-1720.
  WILL OF QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE, 1720.
 
  Austria, 1720-1738.
 
  PEACE OF VIENNA, 1738.
 
  Spanish Bourbons, 1738-1798.
  [French invasion, 1798-1802.]
  Spanish Bourbons, 1802-1805.
  Joseph Bonaparte, 1806-1808.
  Joachim Murat, 1808-1815.
  Spanish Bourbons:
  Ferdinand I, 1815-1825.
  Francis I, 1825-1830.
  Ferdinand II, 1830-1859.
  Francis II, 1859-1860.

FOOTNOTE:

[26] When the two kingdoms are united the names of the kings are put in the middle column, when separate in the side columns respectively.






IV

LIST OF BOOKS FOR GENERAL READING

For the Middle Ages

Italy and her Invaders Thomas Hodgkin.
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Edward Gibbon.
History of Latin Christianity Dean Milman.
Rome in the Middle Ages (translated from the German by Mrs. G. W. Hamilton F. Gregorovius.
Mediæval Europe Ephraim Emerton.
Italian Chronicles of the Middle Ages Ugo Balzani.
Story of the Byzantine Empire C. W. C. Oman.
History of the Later Roman Empire J. Bury.
The Holy Roman Empire James Bryce.
Historical Documents of the Middle Ages Ernest F. Henderson.
The Papal Monarchy William Barry.
A History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages H. C. Lea.
An Historical Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy in the Christian Church H. D. Lea.
History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in the Latin Church H. C. Lea.
History of Western Europe J. H. Robinson.
First Two Centuries of Florence (translated from the Italian by Linda Villari) Pasquale Villari.
Florence, Mediæval Towns Series E. C. Gardner.
The History of Venice W. Carew Hazlitt.
A Short History of Venice W. R. Thayer.
Church Building in the Middle Ages Charles Eliot Norton.
The Monks of the West from St. Benedict to St. Bernard (translated from the French) Montalembert.
The Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages H. O. Taylor.
Life of St. Francis of Assisi (translated from the French by L. S. Houghton) Paul Sabatier.
   
For the Renaissance
The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (translated from the German by S. G. C. Middlemore) Jakob Burckhardt.
The Cicerone Jakob Burckhardt.
Renaissance in Italy (The Age of the Despots, Revival of Learning, Fine Arts, Literature, Catholic Reaction) John Addington Symonds.
History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages (translated from the French) S. de Sismondi.
History of the Popes of Rome (translated from the German by Sarah Austin) Leopold Ranke.
The Papacy during the Reformation M. Creighton.
The Renaissance Cambridge Mod. History.
History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages (translated from the German) L. Pastor.
The Council of Trent J. A. Froude.
Petrarch, the First Modern Scholar and Man of Letters Robinson & Rolfe.
Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (translated from the Italian by Mrs. Foster) Giorgio Vasari.
Journal of Montaigne's Travels in Italy.  
   
For the Eighteenth Century
Studies of the Eighteenth Century in Italy Vernon Lee.
Goldoni's Memoirs, translated by W. D. Howells.
Memoirs of Carlo Gozzi J. A. Symonds.
   
For the Risorgimento
The Liberation of Italy Evelyn M. Cesaresco.
Italian Characters of the Epoch of Unification Evelyn M. Cesaresco.
The Union of Italy (1815-1895) W. J. Stillman.
Life of Victor Emmanuel II G. S. Godkin.
The Dawn of Italian Independence W. R. Thayer.
Modern Italy, 1748-1898 (translated from the Italian by Alice Vialls) Pietro Orsi.





INDEX

  • Aachen, 59.
  • Abyssinians defeat Italians, 415.
  • Agnello, Father, 71, 72.
  • Aistulf, 49.
  • Alaric, 5.
  • Alberic, 76, 78.
  • Alberti, Leon Battista, 241.
  • Albinola, 370.
  • Albizzi, Maso degli, 230.
  • Alboin, 27, 29.
  • Albornoz, Cardinal, 218.
  • Alessi, Galeazzo, 306.
  • Alexander VI, Pope (Rodrigo Borgia), and Savonarola, 261;
    • political course, 272, 273;
    • private life, 275;
    • death, 275;
    • his apartments in Vatican, 288.
  • Alexander VII, Pope, 346.
  • Alfieri, Vittorio, 364.
  • Alfonso, of Aragon, King of Two Sicilies, 223;
    • interest in humanism, 249;
    • his death, 262.
  • Amalfi, 70, 73, 103.
  • Amati, 359.
  • Ammanati, 306.
  • Angelico, Fra, 233.
  • Antignati, 359.
  • Apollo Belvedere, 289.
  • Aragon, King of, swears allegiance to Innocent III, 122.
  • Arcadia, the, 353, 354.
  • Arians, 3;
    • persecuted by Justinian, 18.
  • Ariosto, 283-285, 354.
  • Aristotle, 19, 178, 235, 242.
  • Arnold of Brescia, 109.
  • Arnolfo di Cambio, 188.
  • Arnulf, Emperor, 74;
    • enters Rome, 75.
  • Arsenal, at Venice, 225.
  • Aspromonte, 406.
  • Assisi, heretics in, 125;
    • description of, 127, 128;
    • basilica of St. Francis, 132;
    • taken by Milan temporarily, 227.
  • Athens, made a Latin fief, 119;
    • captured by Venice, 338.
  • Athens, Duke of, see Walter of Brienne.
  • Attendolo, Muzio, see Sforza Attendolo.
  • Augustine, in England, 36.
  • Augustulus, see Romulus Augustulus.
  • Austria, supreme in Italy, 368;
    • in Holy Alliance, 370;
    • triumphant in 1848-49, 389, 390;
    • war with France and Piedmont, 400, 401;
    • war with Prussia and Italy, 407.
  • Avignon, 151;
    • Petrarch at, 204;
    • return of Popes to Rome from, 217;
    • anti-popes of Great Schism at, 219.

  • Babylonish Captivity, 151;
  • Baglioni, in Perugia, 198.
  • Bandinelli, 308.
  • Banditti, 325.
  • Bank scandals, 415.
  • Barbarians, their character, 1;
    • their society, 3;
    • habits, 4;
    • intercourse with Rome, 5, 6;
    • dismember Empire, 6;
    • their problems in Italy, 10;
    • described by Boethius, 19;
    • so-called (foreigners), 253, 257.
  • Barbarossa, see Frederick I, Emperor.
  • Barberini, see Urban VIII, Pope.
  • Baroque, the, 307, 308, 350, 351.
  • Barozzi, Giacomo, see Vignola.
  • Basel, Council of, 268, 269.
  • Beccaria, 362.
  • Belisarius, 21.
  • Bellini, composer, 358, 378.
  • Bellini, Gentile, 312.
  • Bellini, Giovanni, 312.
  • Bellini, Jacopo, 312.
  • Bellotto, 352.
  • Bembo, 282, 283.
  • Benedetto da Maiano, 244.
  • Benedict, see St. Benedict.
  • Benevento, 28.
  • Bentivoglio, in Bologna, 198.
  • Berchet, 377.
  • Bergamo, annexed to Venice, 224.
  • Bernini, 351.
  • Bisticci, Vespasiano da, 234.
  • Black Death, see Plague of 1348.
  • Boboli garden, 306.
  • Boccaccio, 185;
    • his account of Black Death, 209, 210.
  • Boethius, 19.
  • Boiardo, Matteo, 283.
  • Bologna, jurists of, 110;
    • university of, 177, 178;
    • poetry in, 184;
    • Bentivogli in, 198;
    • subject to Papacy, 218;
    • seized by Visconti, 227;
    • recovered by Papacy, 228;
    • visited by Montaigne, 324;
    • school of (painting), 351, 352.
  • Boniface VIII, Pope, 146;
    • his character, 146;
    • quarrel with the Colonna, 147;
    • with Philip the Fair, 148;
    • his papal theories, 148, 149;
    • outraged, 150;
    • death, 151.
  • Bonifazio, 312.
  • Bordone, Paris, 312.
  • Borghese, Camillo, see Paul V, Pope.
  • Borgia, Cæsar, 272-275;
    • employs Leonardo, 286;
    • believed to have murdered his brother, 314;
    • admired by Machiavelli, 314.
  • Borgia, Lucrezia, 275.
  • Borgia, Rodrigo, see Alexander VI, Pope.
  • Borgia, son to Rodrigo, see Duke of Gandia.
  • Botticelli, 245-247, 288.
  • Bourbon, High Constable, 279.
  • Bourbon, House of, 335, 339.
  • Bramante, 256, 283, 285;
    • in Rome, 287;
    • designs St. Peter's, 289, 290.
  • Brescia, captured by Henry VII, 157;
    • annexed by Venice, 224;
    • gallant defence of, 391.
  • Brienne, Walter of, Duke of Athens, 229.
  • Bronzino, 308, 309.
  • Brunelleschi, 233, 235-237;
    • and Donatello, anecdote of, 238, 239.
  • Bruno, Giordano, 349.
  • Burckhardt, 304;
    • on Bandinelli, 308.
  • Burgundy, 78.
  • Byron, Lord, 372-375.
  • Byzantine art, 188, 189.

  • Cacciaguida, 180.
  • Cambrai, League of, 224, 265, 266.
  • Cambrai, treaty of, 293.
  • Camorra, 294, 412.
  • Campanella, 349.
  • Canaletto, 352.
  • Can Grande, see under Scala della.
  • Canon law, see Church law.
  • Canossa, 99.
  • Cappello, Bianca, 327.
  • Caracci, the, 309, 352.
  • Caraffa, Cardinal, see Paul IV, Pope.
  • Caravaggio, 309, 352.
  • Carbonari, 369, 382.
  • Cardinals, made papal electors, 91.
  • Carducci, on Tasso, 310.
  • Carissimi, 358.
  • Carlo Alberto, 375, 376, 379, 380, 384, 385;
    • war with Austria, 388;
    • resigns his crown, 390.
  • Carlo Dolci, 352.
  • Carlo Felice, 375.
  • Carlovingians, the, 44, 57, 58.
  • Carlyle, on Mazzini, 382.
  • Carmagnola, 228.
  • Carnival, Roman, 330.
  • Carpaccio, 312.
  • Cassiodorus, 14.
  • Castiglione, 281-283.
  • Castillia, 370.
  • Castracane, Castruccio, 200.
  • Cateau-Cambrésis, treaty of, 293, 296, 327.
  • Catholic Reaction, see Catholic Revival.
  • Catholic Revival, 297-302.
  • Cavalcanti, 184.
  • Cavaliere servente, 356.
  • Cavour, 386, 387;
    • policy of Church and State, 398;
    • policy in Piedmont, 398;
    • as to Crimean War, 398, 399;
    • and Napoleon III, 399, 400;
    • resigns, 401;
    • recalled, 402;
    • interference in Naples, 404;
    • death, 406.
  • Celibacy of clergy, 86.
  • Cellini, 308, 316, 317.
  • Certosa, at Pavia, 226, 227, 250.
  • Cervantes, 297.
  • Charlemagne, blessed by Pope, 45;
    • marriage, 50;
    • Donation of, 50;
    • European conquests, 51;
    • titles, 53;
    • person and character, 53;
    • judges Pope, 55;
    • receives gifts from Caliph, 55;
    • coronation, 56;
    • his Empire, 57;
    • crowns his son, 59.
  • Charles of Anjou, 144, 161, 162;
    • visits Cimabue's studio, 189.
  • Charles of Durazzo, 222.
  • Charles V, Emperor, struggle with Francis I, 257;
    • policy in Florence, 262, 263;
    • marries daughter to Alessandro dei Medici, 263;
    • inherits Two Sicilies, 264;
    • crowned Emperor, 299;
    • and Council of Trent, 300.
  • Charles VIII, King of France, 256, 257, 259.
  • Charles Martel, 44, 53.
  • Chigi, see Alexander VII, Pope.
  • Church, the (see also Papacy), causes of its rise, 8;
    • orthodoxy, 10;
    • relations with Empire, 16;
    • during Lombard dominion, 31;
    • imperial character, 32;
    • sources of power, 32, 33.
  • Church law, 65.
  • Cicisbeismo, 356.
  • Cimabue, 189.
  • Cimarosa, 358.
  • Cinquecento, the, 304-318.
  • Ciompi, 229.
  • Clare, St., see St. Clare.
  • Classical revival, 201-208.
  • Clement V, Pope, 151;
    • dealings with Henry VII, 156.
  • Clement VII, Pope, 262, 277, 278-280;
    • crowns Charles V, 299.
  • Clement IX, Pope, 346.
  • Clergy, in Carlovingian times, 71.
  • Cluny, monastic reform of, 85;
    • its creed, 86;
    • its effect, 88.
  • Cola, di Rienzo, 206-208;
    • dreams for Rome, 206;
    • letter to Florentines, 207;
    • his fall and death, 207.
  • Colleoni, statue of, 247, 311.
  • Colonia Erithrea, see Colony in Africa.
  • Colonna, the, 76;
    • quarrel with Boniface VIII, 146;
    • Pope Martin V, 220;
    • custom in their palace, 277, 278.
  • Colonna, Sciarra, 150.
  • Colony in Africa, 415.
  • Columbanus, St., see St. Columbanus.
  • Commedia dell'Arte, 355.
  • Commines, Philippe de, on Venice, 265.
  • Communes, government of, 163-165;
    • prosperity of, 166 (see also Lombardy).
  • Company, the Great, 212, 213.
  • Concordat of Worms, 100.
  • Condottieri, 212.
  • Confalonieri, 370.
  • Conradin, 143, 144.
  • Consolations of Philosophy, 19.
  • [Constance], wife of Henry VI, 113, 114, 117.
  • Constance, Council of, 220, 221, 268.
  • Constance, Peace of, 112.
  • Constantine, 45;
    • legend of Donation, 46, 47.
  • Constantinople, 2, 25;
  • Consuls, 165.
  • Conti, family, 135.
  • Coronation of Emperors, 80;
    • last in Italy, 299.
  • Cosimo dei Medici, see under Medici.
  • Cosimo I, Grand Duke, see under Medici.
  • Counter-Reformation, see Catholic Revival.
  • Courtier, Book of the, 284, 285.
  • Cremona, 95;
    • sacked by Henry VII, 157.
  • Crescimbeni, 353.
  • Crete, lost by Venice, 338.
  • Crispi, as a young patriot, 402;
    • with Garibaldi in Sicily, 403;
    • his career, 414;
    • in parliament, 414, 415.
  • Crown of Lombardy, 80;
    • assumed by Napoleon I, 365.
  • Custoza, battle of, 389.

  • Damian, see St. Peter Damian.
  • Dante, 19;
    • on Boniface VIII, 146;
    • Divine Comedy, 152;
    • character, 152, 153;
    • De Monarchia, 153, 154;
    • views, 154;
    • hails Henry VII, 155, 156;
    • letter to Henry VII, 157-159;
    • follows Thomas Aquinas, 179;
    • importance in literature, 184;
    • effect on Tuscan speech, 184;
    • on the vernacular, 185;
    • painted by Giotto, 190;
    • celebrates Can Grande, 195;
    • invectives against Roman Curia, 274.
  • D'Azeglio, Massimo, 382, 384.
  • Decameron, 274.
  • Decretals, Isidorian, 66.
  • Depretis, 413, 414.
  • Desiderius, 29, 49, 50.
  • Despotisms, 192-200;
    • evils of, 214.
  • Despots, see Despotisms.
  • Di Rudinì, 416.
  • Divine Comedy, 184.
  • Domenichino, 352.
  • Donatello, 237-240.
  • Donation of Charlemagne, 50.
  • Donation of Constantine, 46-48, 49, 65.
  • Donation of Pippin, 45, 47, 50.
  • Donizetti, 358.
  • Dossi, Dosso, 309.
  • Ducal palace, Venice, 226.
  • Duomo, Florence, 237.
  • Durante, 358.

  • Election of Emperors, 80.
  • Election of Popes, 91.
  • Emanuele Filiberto, 296.
  • Emo, Angelo, 339.
  • Empire, the, see the Roman Empire.
  • Empire, Eastern, 24;
    • its policy, 25.
  • England, 36.
  • Enzio, 141;
  • Este, D', Ercole, duke, 250.
  • Este, House of, 198, 282;
    • move to Modena, 295.
  • Estensi, see House of Este.
  • Eugenius IV, Pope, 288.
  • Exarchs, 26, 36.
  • Ezzelino da Romano, 194.

  • Faliero, Marino, 225.
  • Farnese, Alessandro, see Paul III, Pope.
  • Farnese, Giulia, 275, 288.
  • Farnesi, in Parma, 295;
    • in Piacenza, 305.
  • Ferdinand the Catholic, 263;
  • Ferdinand I, of Two Sicilies, 368, 370.
  • Ferdinand II, of Two Sicilies (Bomba), 389, 390;
  • Ferrara, 246;
    • in High Renaissance, 283;
    • taken by Papacy, 295;
    • Tasso at, 310;
    • visited by Montaigne, 324.
  • Feudalism, 102.
  • Ficino, Marsilio, 245.
  • Fiesole, library at, 233, 234, 251.
  • Fiesole, Mino da, 244.
  • Filicaia, 353.
  • Flagellants, 175.
  • Flemish painters, 243.
  • Florence, Guelf, 133;
    • denounced by Dante, 158;
    • shuts out Henry VII, 159;
    • her guilds, 164;
    • wool trade, 166;
    • bankers, 167;
    • impediments to trade, 167;
    • receives back Ghibellines, 176;
    • in 1283, 182, 183;
    • democratic, 194;
    • about 1300, 202;
    • in Black Death, 210;
    • takes Pisa, 227;
    • under Duke of Athens, 229;
    • revolt of Ciompi, 229;
    • Salvestro dei Medici, 229;
    • Michele di Lando, 229;
    • the oligarchy, 230;
    • in Early Renaissance, 231-241;
    • interest in Plato, 243;
    • under Lorenzo, 250;
    • 1492-1537, 258-263;
    • under Grand Dukes, 294, 295;
    • close of Renaissance, 308, 309;
    • visited by Montaigne, 326, 327.
  • Foligno, 332.
  • Foresti, 370.
  • Formosus, Pope, 68.
  • Foscari, Francesco, Doge, 224
  • Foscolo, Ugo, 377.
  • France, 58;
    • bows to Innocent III, 122;
    • vigorous monarchy, 145;
    • invades Italy, 253, 254, 255;
    • claims on Italy, 293;
    • defeated by Spain, 293;
    • sends army to Rome, 391, 392, 394;
    • withdraws garrison from Rome, 407;
    • relations with Italy, 412, 413.
  • Francesca, Piero della, 249.
  • Francesco I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 326, 327.
  • Francis I, King of France, 257.
  • Francis I, King of Two Sicilies, 378.
  • Francis II, King of Two Sicilies, 402, 404.
  • Francis, St., see St. Francis.
  • Franciscan Order, 129, 131-133;
    • Gray Friars, 134.
  • Franks, 40;
    • Kingdom of, 43;
    • Catholicism of, 43.
  • Frederick I, Emperor (Barbarossa), 102;
    • character, 102;
    • theory of imperial rights, 103;
    • wars with Lombard cities, 108;
    • called to Italy, 108, 109;
    • war with Milan, 109;
    • diet at Roncaglia, 111;
    • defeat at Legnano, 112;
    • his son's marriage, 113;
    • death, 113.
  • Frederick II, Emperor, 117;
    • gratitude to Innocent III, 117;
    • summons to Germany, 121;
    • pledge to Innocent III, 121, 122;
    • King of Germany, 122;
    • character, 134;
    • promises, 135;
    • crowned emperor, 135;
    • at Brindisi, 136;
    • denounced by Gregory IX, 136, 137;
    • excommunicated, 137;
    • letter to King of England, 138, 139;
    • recovers Jerusalem, 139;
    • King of Jerusalem, 140;
    • his habits, 140, 141;
    • poetry, 141;
    • war with Lombard cities, 142;
    • excommunicated again, 142;
    • defeat, 142;
    • death, 143;
    • times of, 180.

  • Galileo, 346, 349.
  • Gamba, Pietro, 373, 374.
  • Gandia, Duke of (a Borgia), murdered, 312.
  • Garibaldi, 382;
    • in Rome, 392, 393;
    • escapes, 394, 398;
    • expedition to Two Sicilies, 402-405;
    • attempt on Rome, 406;
    • second attempt, Mentana, 407;
    • death, 413.
  • Genoa, 70;
    • prosperity, 105;
    • war with Pisa, 169, 170;
    • submits temporarily to Milan, 199;
    • loss in Black Death, 210;
    • war with Venice, 224;
    • still a republic, 295;
    • palaces in, 306;
    • becomes Republic of Liguria, 365;
    • given to Kingdom of Sardinia, 367.
  • Genseric, 5.
  • Germany, 58;
    • its duchies, 77;
    • part of Holy Roman Empire, 78;
    • attitude towards its king, 96;
    • in time of Innocent III, 120, 121.
  • Gesù, church, 305, 306.
  • Gesuati, 321.
  • Ghibellines, 155;
    • trouble in Milan, 157;
    • cause lost, 159;
    • description of, 168, 169;
    • described by Gregory X, 176;
    • fictitious revival of, 325.
  • Ghiberti, 241.
  • Ghirlandaio, Domenico, 245, 288.
  • Gioberti, 383, 384.
  • Giocondo, Fra, 290.
  • Giorgione, 312.
  • Giotto, 189, 190.
  • Giulio Romano, 309.
  • Gladstone, on conditions in Naples, 395, 396.
  • Goethe, admires Palladio, 306, 307;
    • admires I Promessi Sposi, 377.
  • Goldoni, 353-356.
  • Gonzaga, the, in Mantua, 198.
  • Goths, see Ostrogoths.
  • Gozzoli, Benozzo, 233, 244.
  • Gravina, 353, 359.
  • Great Council of Venice, 171, 172.
  • Greek, study of, 242, 243.
  • Greek Empire, overthrown by Crusaders, 119.
  • Gregory I (the Great), Pope, 35-37.
  • Gregory II, Pope, 42, 53.
  • Gregory III, Pope, 42, 53.
  • Gregory VII, Pope (Hildebrand), 89;
    • character, 90;
    • aims, 91;
    • becomes Pope, 91;
    • creed, 91, 92;
    • claims, 92;
    • allies, 92-96;
    • denunciation of simony and lay investiture, 96;
    • attempted deposition by Henry IV, 97;
    • excommunicates Henry IV, 99;
    • at Canossa, 99;
    • his death, 100.
  • Gregory IX, Pope (Ugolino), 135;
    • anger at Frederick II, 136;
    • letter on Frederick, 135-137;
    • excommunicates Frederick, 137.
  • Gregory X, Pope, describes Ghibellines, 176.
  • Gregory XI, Pope, ends Babylonish Captivity, 217.
  • Gregory XIII, Pope, 328, 329.
  • Gregory XV, Pope, 345.
  • Gregory XVI, Pope, 383.
  • Grossi, Tommaso, 382.
  • Guardi, 352.
  • Guelfs, accept Henry VII, 156;
    • trouble in Milan, 157;
    • description of, 168, 169;
    • fictitious revival of, 325.
  • Guercino, 352.
  • Guerrazzi, F. D., 382.
  • Guicciardini, on condition of Italy, 253, 254;
    • modern historian, 281.
  • Guido Reni, 352, 360.
  • Guilds, 164.
  • Guinicelli, 184.

  • Hapsburg, House of, 335, 338.
  • Hawkwood, John, 213, 222.
  • Haynau, 391.
  • Henry IV, Emperor, 90;
    • attempts to depose Gregory VII, 97;
    • his letter to Gregory, 97-99;
    • at Canossa, 99;
    • death, 100.
  • Henry VI, Emperor, his Sicilian marriage, 113;
    • character, 114;
    • his acts, 115.
  • Henry VII, Emperor, 150;
    • welcomed by Dante, 155, 156;
    • enters Italy, 156;
    • becomes Ghibelline chief, 157;
    • receives letter from Dante, 157-159;
    • death, 159;
    • effect of, on fortunes of Can Grande and the Visconti, 198.
  • Henry IV, King of France (Henry of Navarre), 337, 338, 357.
  • Heresy, in Southern France, 123;
    • in Italy, 125;
    • in England and Bohemia, 220.
  • Hildebrand, see Gregory VII, Pope.
  • Hohenstaufens, 102, 113;
  • Holy Alliance, 370.
  • Holy Roman Empire, beginning, 78;
    • its extent, 79, 80;
    • its power, 81;
    • attitude toward Papacy, 84, 85, 89;
    • concordat with Papacy, 100;
    • death struggle with Papacy, 133;
    • real end, 143;
    • last flicker, 152-160;
    • a shadow, 161;
    • its petty bargainings, 217;
    • extinguished by Napoleon, 365.
  • Honorius, Pope, 133;
    • crowns Frederick II, 135;
    • death, 135.
  • Humanists, 242, 244, 245.
  • Humbert of the White Hand, 173.
  • Humbert, King, 416.
  • Hungarians, raids of, 77.
  • Huss, John, 220, 221.

  • Iconoclasm, 41, 42.
  • Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 299.
  • Innocent III, Pope, his education, 115;
    • doings in Italy, 116;
    • in Tuscany and Two Sicilies, 117;
    • at Constantinople, 119;
    • in Germany, 120;
    • excommunicates Otto IV, 121;
    • his doings in Europe, 122;
    • in England, 122;
    • Albigensian crusade, 123;
    • triumph, 123, 124;
    • recognizes St. Francis, 126, 127;
    • referred to by Frederick II, 138;
    • and Dominicans, 299.
  • Innocent VIII, Pope, 286.
  • Innocent X, Pope, 346.
  • Innocent XI, Pope, 346.
  • Inquisition, 298, 299.
  • Investiture, lay, 86, 87, 89;
    • settled between Empire and Papacy, 100.
  • Italian language, 80;
    • influenced by Dante, 184;
    • its dialects, 185.
  • Italy, condition of, middle of 6th century, 23, 24;
    • under Byzantine rule, 26;
    • on fall of Carlovingian Empire, 69;
    • its divisions, 69;
    • condition of people, 70;
    • degradation, 67-78;
    • condition under mercenary soldiers, 213, 214;
    • condition prior to 1494, 252;
    • during Catholic Revival, 302, 303;
    • divisions of, at close of 16th century, 304;
    • place for travellers, 319;
    • as seen by Montaigne, 320-334;
    • under Napoleon I, 365, 366;
    • on Napoleon's fall, 366-368;
    • unity of, 395-408;
    • difficulties after unity, 411-413;
    • relations with France, 412, 413;
    • Triple Alliance, 413.
  • Isidorian Decretals, see Decretals.

  • Jerome, St., see St. Jerome.
  • Jerome of Prague, 220, 221.
  • Jerusalem, plan for reconquest of, 134;
    • recovered by Frederick II, 139.
  • Jesuit style, 351.
  • Jesus, Order of, 299;
    • suppressed, 347;
    • restored in Papal States, 367.
  • Joan I, Queen of Naples, 222.
  • Joan II, Queen of Naples, 222.
  • John of Bologna, 308, 324.
  • John, Don, of Austria, 295.
  • John, King of England, 122, 138.
  • John XII, Pope, 78, 81;
    • his trial, 82-84;
    • deposition, 84.
  • Jommelli, 358.
  • Jubilee, first, 147.
  • Julius II, Pope, 270, 275-277, 288.
  • Justin, Emperor, 16.
  • Justinian, Emperor, 16-18.

  • Ladislaus, King of Naples, 222, 230.
  • Landini, 308.
  • Lando, Michele di, 229.
  • Landucci, Luca, diary of, 259-262.
  • Laocoön, the, discovery of, 291, 292.
  • Lateran palace, 45.
  • Legion, Garibaldi's, 393.
  • Legnano, battle of, 112.
  • Leo (composer), 358.
  • Leo, Emperor, the Isaurian, 41.
  • Leo I, Pope, the Great, 9.
  • Leo III, Pope, 54, 56.
  • Leo IV, Pope, 73, 74.
  • Leo X, Pope (Medici), 250, 251, 262, 276, 277;
    • excommunicates Luther, 278;
    • last of papal overlords of Europe, 292.
  • Leo XIII, Pope, 416-419.
  • Leonardo, see Vinci, Leonardo da.
  • Leopardi, Alessandro (sculptor), 311.
  • Leopardi, Giacomo (poet), 378.
  • Leopold I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 363.
  • Lippi, Filippino, 244.
  • Lombard cities, see Lombardy and Milan.
  • Lombardi (architects and sculptors), 311.
  • Lombards, the, 23;
    • character, 27;
    • conquests, 28;
    • civilization, 28, 29;
    • conversion to Catholicism, 29;
    • political incompetence, 29;
    • influence, 30;
    • attempt to conquer all Italy, 43;
    • defeated by Pippin, 45;
    • by Charlemagne, 50.
  • Lombardy, espouses Hildebrand's side, 95;
    • trade, 106;
    • represented at diet of Roncaglia, 110;
    • peace with Barbarossa, 112;
    • condition prior to 1789, 362;
    • crown of, assumed by Napoleon, 365;
    • restored to Austria, 367;
    • condition in 1820-21, 370, 371;
    • in 1848, 387;
    • united to Piedmont, 401.
  • Lorenzo the Magnificent, see under Medici.
  • Loreto, 332.
  • Lorraine, King of, 62.
  • Lothair, Emperor, 58, 59.
  • Lotto, Lorenzo, 312.
  • Louis I, Emperor, the Pious, 58, 59.
  • Louis II, Emperor, 58, 59, 62, 63.
  • Louis XII, King of France, 257;
    • unites with Spain against Naples, 263.
  • Louis Napoleon, see Napoleon III.
  • Loyola, Ignatius, 299.
  • Lucca, 168;
    • under Castruccio Castracane, 200;
    • still a republic, 295;
    • visited by Montaigne, 332;
    • on Napoleon's fall, 367.
  • Lucca, Bagni di, 333.
  • Ludovisi, see Gregory XV, Pope.
  • Luini, 309.
  • Luther, Martin, 276, 278, 297.
  • Lutherans, do not attend Council of Trent, 298.
  • Lyons, Council of, 142.

  • Machiavelli, admires Castruccio Castracane, 200;
    • also Cæsar Borgia, 273;
    • writes, 281;
    • description of successful Prince, 314, 315;
    • comedies, 354.
  • Mafia, 294, 364, 411, 412.
  • Magenta, battle of, 400.
  • Malatesta, in Rimini, 198.
  • Mameli, Goffredo, 393, 394.
  • Manfred, 141, 143;
    • defeat and death, 144;
    • his daughter, 162.
  • Manin, Daniele, 388, 394.
  • Mantegna, 288.
  • Mantua, the Gonzaga in, 198;
  • Manzoni, 377.
  • Marignano, 257.
  • Maroncelli, 370-372.
  • Marozia, 75, 76.
  • Martin V, Pope, 220, 268.
  • Masaccio, 240, 241.
  • Mastai-Ferretti, Cardinal, see Pius IX, Pope.
  • Matilda, Countess, 94;
    • Donation to Papacy, 94.
  • Maximilian, Emperor, 265.
  • Mazzini, 376;
  • Medici, dei, Alessandro, 263.
  • Medici, dei, Cosimo, Pater Patriæ, 232;
    • cultivation, 233;
    • his tastes, 233;
    • libraries, 233, 234;
    • death, 235;
    • anecdote of, with Donatello, 239;
    • founds Platonic Academy, 243;
    • and Nicholas V, 251.
  • Medici, dei, Cosimo I, Grand Duke, 263;
  • Medici, dei, Francesco I, Grand Duke, 326, 327.
  • Medici, dei, Giovanni, see Leo X, Pope.
  • Medici, dei, Giovanni, Angelo (not of Florentine family), see Pius IV, Pope.
  • Medici, dei, Giuliano, see Clement VII, Pope.
  • Medici, dei, Lorenzo, the Magnificent, 248-250, 286.
  • Medici, dei, Maria, 357.
  • Medici, dei, Piero, 244, 249.
  • Medici, dei, Salvestro, 229.
  • Mentana, battle of, 407.
  • Mercenary soldiers, 211-214.
  • Merovingians, 44.
  • Metastasio, 359, 360.
  • Metternich, 367.
  • Michelangelo, 263;
    • sonnets, 285;
    • goes to Rome, 289;
    • plans dome of St. Peter's, 290;
    • at discovery of Laocoön, 299;
    • statues in Florence, 308.
  • Michelozzo, 233.
  • Milan, 107;
    • classes in, 107, 108;
    • war with Barbarossa, 109;
    • receives Henry VII, 156;
    • Visconti in, 198, 199;
    • acquires Genoa temporarily, 199;
    • under Gian Galeazzo Visconti, 226;
    • becomes a dukedom, 226;
    • cathedral, 226, 227;
    • loss of dominion on Gian Galeazzo's death, 228;
    • end of Visconti, 250;
    • founding of Sforza line, 250;
    • condition, 1466-1535, 254-258;
    • captured by French, 257;
    • by Spanish, 257;
    • annexed to Spanish crown, 258;
    • Leonardo there, 286;
    • Bramante there, 287;
    • under Spanish governors, 294;
    • visited by Montaigne, 333;
    • under Spanish rule, 339, 340;
    • conveyed to Austria, 341;
    • Five Days of, 387;
    • jealous of Turin, 389.
  • Mille, i, 403.
  • Minghetti, 413.
  • Mino, da Fiesole, 244.
  • Modena, duchy, 293;
    • seat of House of Este, 293;
    • transfers, 341;
    • reform in, 362;
    • restoration of old order on Napoleon's fall, 367;
    • in 1848, 388, 389, 397;
    • united with Piedmont in Kingdom of Italy, 402.
  • Mohammed, 40, 41.
  • Monasteries, 34, 72.
  • Montaigne, diary of his travels in Italy, 320-334.
  • Monte Cassino, 34.
  • Montefeltri, in Urbino, 198.
  • Montefeltro, Federigo da, 249, 250.
  • Monteverdi, 357.
  • Montfort, 123.
  • Murat, 365, 366.

  • Naples, 21, 70, 73;
    • House of Aragon reigning, 161;
    • condition, about 1350, 201;
    • loss in Black Death, 210;
    • condition, 1350-1450, 222;
    • conquered by Alfonso of Aragon, 223;
    • no share in Renaissance, 249;
    • passes to illegitimate branch of House of Aragon, 263;
    • conquered by Spaniards, 263;
    • annexed to Spanish crown, 264;
    • under Spanish viceroys, 294;
    • inquisition in, 299;
    • conveyed to Austria and then to Spanish Bourbons, 341;
    • condition, prior to 1789, 363;
    • given to Joseph Bonaparte and Murat, 365;
    • revolution of 1820, 369, 370;
    • cruelty of Francis I, 378;
    • in 1848, 386;
    • takes part in war against Austria, 388;
    • persecution of liberals, 391;
    • persecution described by Gladstone, 395, 396;
    • united with Kingdom of Italy, 404, 405.
  • Napoleon I, 365, 366.
  • Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon), interferes in Rome, 391;
    • plans of, 399;
    • agreement with Cavour, 400;
    • war with Austria, 400;
    • peace, 400, 401.
  • Narses, 22, 26.
  • Niccolini, 382.
  • Nicholas I, Pope, 62-64.
  • Nicholas V, Pope, 251, 252, 269, 288.
  • Nogaret, 150.
  • Normans, in Southern Italy, 92;
    • in Sicily, 93;
    • become liegemen to the Popes, 93.
  • Novara, battle of, 390.

  • Odescalchi, see Innocent XI, Pope.
  • Odoacer, 7, 10, 11, 13.
  • Opera, the, 357, 358.
  • Oratorio, the, 358.
  • Order of St. Francis, see Franciscan Order.
  • Order of Jesus, see Jesus, Order of.
  • Orlando Furioso, 283, 284.
  • Orlando Innamorato, 283.
  • Orsini, the, 76, 150.
  • Ostrogoths, 12-22.
  • Otto I, Emperor, the Great, 77;
    • marriage, 78;
    • crowned Emperor, 78;
    • his empire, 79, 80;
    • tries and deposes Pope John XII, 82-84.
  • Otto IV, Emperor, 120;
    • becomes Ghibelline, 120, 121;
    • excommunicated by Innocent III, 121;
    • deposition, 122.

  • Padua, 95;
    • conquered by Venice, 224;
    • visited by Montaigne, 322.
  • Paisiello, 358.
  • Palazzo Vecchio, 188;
    • fountain in, 247;
    • occupied by Grand Duke, 294.
  • Palermo, rising in, 402.
  • Palestrina, 357.
  • Palladio, 306, 307, 311.
  • Palma Vecchio, 312.
  • Palmerston, Lord, sends Gladstone's letter to European governments, 396.
  • Panfili, see Innocent X, Pope.
  • Paolo Veronese, 312.
  • Papacy, strengthened by monasticism, 33, 34;
    • relations with Empire, 38;
    • with Lombards, 39;
    • with Franks, 40;
    • split with Eastern Empire, 42;
    • Donation of Pippin, 45;
    • further relations with Franks, 49;
    • Donation of Charlemagne, 50;
    • attitude towards Charlemagne, 51;
    • towards Roman Empire, 52;
    • local weakness, 52;
    • supported by Empire, 58;
    • duel with Empire, 59;
    • right to crown Emperors, 59, 60;
    • anomalous nature of, 60;
    • subjection to Empire, 61;
    • struggle with Empire, 61, 62;
    • added prestige, 62;
    • cosmopolitan ambition, 64;
    • degradation, 67, 68;
    • revival of, 79;
    • character of, in 10th century, 81;
    • becomes suzerain to Southern Italy, 93;
    • struggle with Empire over investitures, 89-101;
    • its triumph, 114-124;
    • its death grapple with Empire, 133-144;
    • its decay and fall, 145-151;
    • Babylonish Captivity, 151;
    • an absentee, 161;
    • return to Rome, 217;
    • and Renaissance, 251;
    • as head of culture, 252;
    • its monarchy, 267-280;
    • in High Renaissance, 288-292;
    • its revival, 297-302;
    • a purely Italian institution, 302;
    • quarrel with Venice, 336, 337;
    • in 17th and 18th centuries, 343-345;
    • under Napoleon, 365;
    • loss of Temporal Power, 407, 408;
    • attitude towards Italian government, 410, 411;
    • under Leo XIII, 418.
  • Papal Curia, see Roman Curia.
  • Papal States, 69;
    • really founded by Innocent III, 120;
    • confusion in, during Babylonish Captivity, 162;
    • about 1350, 202;
    • reduced to order, 218;
    • firmly established, 267, 268;
    • the Papal monarchy, 267-280;
    • prior to 1789, 363;
    • in Napoleon's time, 365;
    • after Napoleon's fall, 367;
    • in 1848, 390;
    • in 1849, 391-394;
    • invaded by Piedmontese army, 404;
    • votes to join Kingdom of Italy, 405.
  • Parentucelli, see Nicholas V, Pope.
  • Paris, Congress of, 399.
  • Parma, a duchy, 295;
    • taken by Farnesi, 295;
    • conveyed to Spanish Bourbons, 341, 342;
    • prior to 1789, 362, 363;
    • on Napoleon's overthrow, 367;
    • insurrection in, 379;
    • in 1848, 388, 389, 397, 401;
    • united with Piedmont in Kingdom of Italy, 402.
  • Parthenon, blown up, 338.
  • Patarini, 95; heretics, 125.
  • Paul II, Pope, 288.
  • Paul III, Pope (Alessandro Farnese), 275;
    • in Parma, 295;
    • a reformer, 300.
  • Paul IV, Pope (Caraffa), 299, 301.
  • Paul V, Pope, 345.
  • Pavia, 28, 50, 95, 107;
    • Ghibelline, 133.
  • Pavia, battle of, 257, 293.
  • Peace of Westphalia, 346.
  • Pecci, see Leo XIII, Pope.
  • Pedro, of Aragon, King of Sicily, 162.
  • Pellico Silvio, 370-372.
  • Peretti, Felice, see Sixtus V, Pope.
  • Pergolesi, 358.
  • Perugia, 128;
    • war with Assisi, 128;
    • its flagellants, 175;
    • Baglioni in, 198.
  • Perugino, 288.
  • Peruzzi, Baldassare, 290.
  • Pesaro, 245.
  • Pesaro, Marchesa di, and Pietro Aretino, 315, 316.
  • Petrarch, 185;
    • leader of Classical Revival, 203, 204;
    • coronation of, 204;
    • great reputation, 205;
    • enthusiasm for Cola di Rienzo, 206, 207;
    • on the Black Death, 210;
    • on mercenary soldiers, 213, 214;
    • goes to Milan, 215;
    • invectives against Roman Curia, 274.
  • Philip, Imperial claimant, 120.
  • Philip, the Fair, King of France, quarrel with Boniface VIII, 148-150.
  • Piacenza, 95;
    • heretics in, 125;
    • buildings in, 305;
    • visited by Montaigne, 333.
  • Piazza Navona, 351.
  • Piccinni, 358.
  • Piccolomini, Æneas Sylvius, see Pius II, Pope.
  • Pico, della Mirandola, 245.
  • Piedmont, becomes important part of duchy of Savoy, 296;
    • visited by Montaigne, 334;
    • becomes chief part of duchy of Savoy, 343;
    • prior to 1789, 361;
    • takes action against France, 365;
    • on restoration of king, 367;
    • uprising in, 375, 376;
    • in 1848, 386;
    • war with Austria, 388;
    • defeated, 389;
    • also at Novara, 390;
    • left alone to maintain Italian cause, 394;
    • the hope of Italy, 397;
    • in Crimean War, 399;
    • war with Austria, 400.
  • Pier della Vigna, 141, 143.
  • Pietro Aretino, 315, 316.
  • Pilo, Rosalino, 402.
  • Pinturicchio, 288.
  • Pippin, King, deposes Merovingians, 44;
    • crowned by Pope Zacharias, 45;
    • and the Papacy, 49;
    • death, 50.
  • Pippin, Donation of, 45, 50.
  • Pisa, 70;
    • prosperity of, 104;
    • Ghibelline, 133;
    • loyal to Henry VII, 159;
    • regulations concerning nobles, 168;
    • war with Genoa, 169;
    • crushing defeat by Genoa, 170;
    • baptistery, 186;
    • loss in Black Death, 210;
    • seized by Milan, 227;
    • by Florence, 228;
    • Campo Santo, 244.
  • Pisa, Council of, 219.
  • Pisani, Vettor (Venetian admiral), 224.
  • Pisano, Giovanni, 187.
  • Pisano, Niccolò, 186;
    • at Siena, 187.
  • Pitti Palace, designed by Brunelleschi, 236;
    • occupied by Cosimo I, 294;
    • picture gallery in, 295;
    • opera in, 357.
  • Pius II, Pope, Æneas Sylvius Piccolomini, 288.
  • Pius IV, Pope (Giovanni Angelo Medici), founder of Modern Papacy, 301, 302.
  • Pius IX, Pope, 383, 384;
    • takes part in war against Austria, 388;
    • his scruples, 389;
    • army captured, 389;
    • flees from Rome, 390;
    • reactionary, 396;
    • bad government of, 397;
    • and Temporal Power, 405;
    • extreme conservatism, 409, 410;
    • prisoner in Vatican, 410;
    • refuses subsidy, 411.
  • Plague of 1348 (Black Death), 209-211.
  • Plato, 242, 243, 248.
  • Platonic Academy, 243.
  • Platonic ideas, 282, 283, 285.
  • Plutarch, 255.
  • Podestà, 165.
  • Poerio, Carlo, 395, 396.
  • Poetry, in Sicily, 141;
    • in Bologna and Tuscany, 184.
  • Poggio a Caiano, 244, 309.
  • Polenta, da, the, in Ravenna, 198.
  • Poliziano, 245.
  • Pollaiuolo, Antonio, 244.
  • Pontormo, 308, 309.
  • Pontremoli, 333.
  • Popes, see Papacy, Papal States, and individual Popes.
  • Pordenone, Giov. Ant. da, 312.
  • Portiuncula, 129-131, 306.
  • Pratolino, 326.
  • Prigioni, Le Mie (of Silvio Pellico), 370-372, 382.
  • Prince, The, by Machiavelli, 314, 315.
  • Promessi, Sposi, I, by Manzoni, 377.
  • Provence, Albigensian crusade, 123.
  • Prussia, war with Austria, 407;
    • with France, 407.
  • Pulci, 245.

  • Quadrilateral, the, 388.

  • Radetzky, Field Marshal, 387-390, 394.
  • Raphael, 283, 285, 289;
    • character, 290, 291;
    • portrait of Julius II, 289;
    • of Leo X, 292.
  • Rattazzi, 406.
  • Ravenna, 14, 21, 45, 71;
    • Byzantine architecture in, 187;
    • Malatesta in, 198;
    • Lord Byron in, 372-375.
  • Reformation, the, premonitions of, 219-222;
    • coming of, 297.
  • Reformation within the Church, see Catholic Revival.
  • Renaissance, 231-251, 281-292.
  • Renaissance, Early, 231-241.
  • Renaissance, High, 281-292; its close, 304.
  • Revolution, French (of 1789), 361, 364.
  • Revolution, French (of 1830), 379.
  • Ribera, 352.
  • Ricasoli, Bettino, 401, 406.
  • Riccardi palace, 233, 244.
  • Rienzi, see Cola di Rienzo.
  • Robbia, della, Andrea, 244.
  • Robbia, della, Luca, 241.
  • Romagna, the, 379.
  • Roman Curia (papal Curia), denounced by Frederick II, 138, 139;
    • its venality, 219;
    • policy, 221;
    • difficulties and cleverness, 269-270;
    • object of satire and invective, 274, 275;
    • and art, 288.
  • Roman Empire (see also Holy Roman Empire, and Eastern Empire), its extent, 1;
    • character, 2;
    • luxurious life, 4;
    • unity, 7;
    • its condition while at Constantinople, 25;
    • in popular imagination, 51, 52;
    • relations with Papacy, 59;
    • its revival by Pope Leo and Charlemagne, 56;
    • end of Carlovingian revival, 58;
    • revival by Otto the Great as the Holy Roman Empire, 77, 78.
  • Roman gentleman, life of, 4.
  • Roman people, antagonism to Papacy, 60;
    • local politics of, 67;
    • savageness, 68.
  • Rome, its splendour, 2;
    • fall, 5;
    • Christian, 9;
    • Theodoric's visit, 14;
    • relation to the Empire, 53;
    • parties in, 133, 134;
    • no despotism in, 194;
    • reduced to papal obedience, 268;
    • sack by Bourbon's army, 279, 280;
    • in High Renaissance, 288;
    • visited by Montaigne, 328-331;
    • compared with Venice as to freedom, 328, 329;
    • riots in, 390;
    • Republic declared, 390;
    • defends itself against French, 391-394;
    • Roman question, 405;
    • occupied by Italian troops, 407;
    • becomes seat of national government, 408.
  • Romulus Augustulus, 1.
  • Roncaglia, diet of, 110, 111.
  • Rospigliosi, see Clement IX, Pope.
  • Rosselli, 288.
  • Rossellino, Antonio, 244.
  • Rossetti, 377.
  • Rossi, Pellegrino, murdered, 390.
  • Rossini, 358.
  • Rovere, della, Francesco, see Sixtus IV, Pope.
  • Rovere, della, Giuliano, see Julius II, Pope.
  • Rovere, della, family, dukes of Urbino, 303.
  • Rovigo, visited by Montaigne, 323.
  • Rule of St. Benedict, 34.
  • Rule of St. Francis, 132.
  • Ruskin on Bronzino, 309.

  • St. Benedict, 33, 34.
  • St. Clare, 130.
  • St. Columbanus, 36, 37.
  • Sta. Croce, church of, 188.
  • St. Francis, 125-132.
  • St. Francis de Sales, 345.
  • St. Francis Xavier, 345.
  • St. Jerome on destruction of Rome, 5.
  • St. John Lateran, church of, in Innocent's dream, 126;
    • Henry VII crowned in, 159.
  • Sta. Maria degli Angeli, 129, 306.
  • Sta. Maria del Carmine, 240, 248.
  • St. Paul, basilica of, sacked by Saracens, 73;
    • in Jubilee of 1300, 147, 148.
  • St. Peter, basilica of, described, 55, 56;
    • sacked by Saracens, 73;
    • enclosed in walls, 74;
    • in Jubilee, 147;
    • held by the Guelfs, 159;
    • plan to rebuild, 252;
    • rebuilt, 289, 290;
    • dome completed, 344;
    • colonnade, 351.
  • St. Peter Damian on lay investiture, 87.
  • St. Sophia, church of, 38.
  • St. Theresa, 345.
  • St. Thomas Aquinas, 178, 179.
  • St. Zeno, church of, in Verona, 194.
  • Salerno, 70, 92, 104.
  • San Gallo, da, Antonio, the younger, 290.
  • San Gallo, da, Francesco, account of discovery of Laocoön, 291.
  • San Gallo, da, Giuliano, 244, 289, 290, 291.
  • Sansovino, Jacopo Tatti, 306, 311.
  • Saracens, 40;
    • conquests of, 41;
    • in Sicily, 73;
    • in Italy, 73.
  • Sardinia, conveyed to Savoy, 341;
    • dukes of Savoy become kings of Sardinia, Kingdom of, see Piedmont.
  • Sarpi, Paolo, Fra, 337, 338.
  • Sassoferrato, 352.
  • Savonarola, 248, 258-262.
  • Savoy, 172 (see also Piedmont);
    • its situation and princes, 173;
    • becomes duchy, 229;
    • during wars between Francis I and Charles V, 296;
    • becomes an Italian state, 296;
    • in 17th and 18th centuries, 343.
  • Savoy, House of, 173.
  • Scala, della, House of (the Scaligers), 194-198;
    • burial place of, 196.
  • Scala, della, Can Grande, 195, 196;
    • aided by Henry VII, 198.
  • Scala, della, Mastino, 196, 197;
  • Scaligers, see Scala della, House of.
  • Scarlatti, Alessandro, 358.
  • Scarlatti, Domenico, 358.
  • Schism, the Great, 218-220.
  • Sebastiano del Piombo, 312.
  • Segnatura, Stanza della, 290.
  • Sella, Quintino, 413.
  • Sforza, House of, becomes extinct, 257, 258.
  • Sforza, Alessandro, lord of Pesaro, 250.
  • Sforza, Attendolo (Muzio Attendolo), 222.
  • Sforza, Francesco, 222;
    • becomes Duke of Milan, 250;
    • dealings with humanists, 250;
    • death, 253.
  • Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, 254, 255.
  • Sforza, Lodovico, il Moro, 255-257, 281.
  • Sicilian Vespers, 162.
  • Sicily (see also Two Sicilies), practically Greek, 42;
    • Norman conquest, 93;
    • under Henry VI, 114;
    • under Frederick II, 141, 142;
    • under Charles of Anjou, 161, 162;
    • Sicilian Vespers, 162;
    • under House of Aragon, 162;
    • about 1350, 201;
    • appanage of Aragon, 223;
    • no share in Renaissance, 249;
    • under legitimate branch of House of Aragon, 263;
    • under Spanish viceroys, 294;
    • conveyed to Savoy, to Austria, to Spanish Bourbons, 341;
    • prior to 1789, 364;
    • loses its autonomy, 368;
    • in 1848, 386, 390;
    • revolution put down, 391;
    • expedition of Garibaldi and Mille, 403.
  • Siena, conquered by Florence, 294;
    • visited by Montaigne, 327.
  • Sigismund, Emperor, 220.
  • Signorelli, 288.
  • Silvester, Pope, legend of, 45-47.
  • Simony, movement against, 86.
  • Sistine Chapel, 288;
    • Michelangelo's frescoes, 290.
  • Sixtus IV, Pope, 270, 271, 286.
  • Sixtus V, Pope, 344.
  • Sodoma, 309.
  • Solferino, 400.
  • Spain, 37;
    • invasions by, 253, 254;
    • acquires Milan, 257;
    • Naples, 263, 264;
    • predominant in Italy, 276;
    • secure hold, 293;
    • government in Milan, 294;
    • in Naples and Sicily, 294.
  • Spanish Steps, the, in Rome, 351, 360.
  • Spielberg prison, 371.
  • Spoleto, a Lombard duchy, 28, 69;
    • visited by Montaigne, 331.
  • Stradivarius, 359.
  • Strozzi palace, in Florence, 244, 245.
  • Summa Theologiæ, of Thomas Aquinas, 178.

  • Tasso, Torquato, on the Book of the Courtier, 284;
  • Theodora, 75, 76.
  • Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, 12;
    • victory over Odoacer, 13;
    • difficulties, 13;
    • policy, 14;
    • visit to Rome, 14;
    • dealings with Empire, 15;
    • with Church, 17;
    • breach with Church, 20;
    • death, 20.
  • Thomas Aquinas, see St. Thomas Aquinas.
  • Tiepolo, 352.
  • Tintoretto, 312.
  • Titian, 312.
  • Totila, 21, 22.
  • Trade, spirit of, 103;
  • Trent, Council of, 300-302.
  • Trevi, fountain of, 351, 360.
  • Turin, 334, 375.
  • Turks, capture Constantinople, 264;
    • conquer parts of Venetian Empire, 297;
    • wars with Venice, 338, 339.
  • Tuscany, 69;
    • a marquisate, 94;
    • a Grand Duchy, 303;
    • visited by Montaigne, 325-327;
    • passes to Austrian dukes on failure of Medicean line, 342;
    • prior to 1739, 363;
    • restoration in, after Napoleon's fall, 367;
    • takes part in war against Austria, 388;
    • defeated, 389;
    • Grand Duke runs away, 390;
    • returns, 391;
    • subservient to Austria, 397;
    • runs away again, 401;
    • united with Piedmont in Kingdom of Italy, 401, 402.
  • Two Sicilies, Kingdom of (see also Sicily and Naples), 93;
    • under Manfred, 143;
    • conquered by Charles of Anjou, 144;
    • absolute monarchy, 193, 194;
    • united under Alfonso of Aragon, 223;
    • fall apart on his death, 263;
    • pass to Charles V, 264;
    • 1494-1516, 263, 264;
    • unites with Kingdom of Italy, 405.

  • Uffizi palace, in Florence, 294;
    • picture gallery, 295.
  • Ugolino, see Gregory IX, Pope.
  • Universities, 177;
  • Urban VI, Pope, 218.
  • Urban VIII, Pope, 346.
  • Urbino, 249;
    • library at, 251;
    • society in, 282, 283;
    • absorbed by Papacy, 295;
    • visited by Montaigne, 332.
  • Utrecht, treaty of, 341.
  • Uzzano, Niccolò da, 230.

  • Vandals, 5, 21.
  • Vasari, on Brunelleschi, 235, 236;
  • Vatican Council, 410.
  • Vatican library, 252.
  • Vatican palace, 252, 287, 288, 290.
  • Venice, 70;
    • origin, 105;
    • character, 105, 106;
    • trade, 106, 107;
    • Barbarossa and Alexander III at, 112;
    • Fourth Crusade, 118, 119;
    • isolation, 170;
    • government, 171;
    • patricians, 171;
    • wars with Genoa, 172;
    • Great Council, 172;
    • oligarchy, 172;
    • about 1350, 202;
    • growth, 223;
    • wars with Genoa, 224;
    • four stages, 224;
    • oligarchy in control, 225;
    • tranquillity, 226;
    • 1453-1508, 264-266;
    • League of Cambrai, 265, 266;
    • wars with Turks, 297;
    • Lepanto, 297;
    • the Carità, 307;
    • fine arts, 310-313;
    • visited by Montaigne, 322, 323;
    • freedom compared with that in Rome, 328, 329;
    • 1580-1789, 335-339;
    • quarrel with Papacy, 336, 337;
    • wars with Turks, 338, 339;
    • conquers the Morea, 338;
    • opera in, 357;
    • music in, 359;
    • prior to 1789, 362;
    • extinction of Republic, 365;
    • given to Austria, 367;
    • in 1848, a Republic again, 387, 388;
    • jealous of Piedmont, 389;
    • surrenders to Austria, 394;
    • united to Italy, 407.
  • Verona, emotional peace of, 176, 177;
    • description of, 194;
    • under Scaligers, 195-198;
    • seized by Venice, 224;
    • temporarily under Milan, 227;
    • taken by Venice, 228;
    • claimed by empire, 265;
    • visited by Montaigne, 320.
  • Veronese, Paolo, 312.
  • Verrocchio, 244, 247;
    • Leonardo's master, 286.
  • Vicenza, conquered by Can Grande, 195, 196;
    • buildings in, 306, 307;
    • visited by Goethe, 307;
    • by Montaigne, 321.
  • Vico, 349, 350.
  • Victor Emmanuel, see Vittorio Emanuele II.
  • Vienna, Congress of, 366, 367.
  • Vienna, Peace of, 341.
  • Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da, 305, 306.
  • Villa Borghese, 351.
  • Villa di Papa Giulio, 306.
  • Villa Medici, 351.
  • Villani, Giovanni, on Boniface VIII, 146;
  • Vinci, Leonardo da, 256, 285-287.
  • Visconti, House of, despots of Milan, 198, 199;
    • aided by Henry VII, 198;
    • their ambitions, 199;
    • about 1350, 202;
    • their despotism, 215, 216;
    • end of, 250.
  • Visconti, Bernabò, 215, 216.
  • Visconti, Bianca Maria, 229.
  • Visconti, Filippo Maria, 228;
  • Visconti, Galeazzo II, 216.
  • Visconti, Gian Galeazzo, 216;
  • Visconti, Giovanni (Archbishop), 215.
  • Visigoths, 5.
  • Vittorio Emanuele I, 375.
  • Vittorio Emanuele II, 390;
    • character, 397, 398;
    • French alliance and Austrian War, 400, 401;
    • hailed King of Italy by Garibaldi, 404;
    • alliance with Prussia, 407;
    • war with Austria, 407;
    • enters Venice, 407;
    • takes possession of Rome, 407, 408;
    • death, 413.
  • Vittorio Emanuele III, 416.
  • Volta, 362.

  • War of Polish Succession, 340, 341.
  • War of Spanish Succession, 340, 341.
  • Werner, duke, 213.
  • Worms, diet of, 278.
  • Wyclif, 220.

  • Young Italy, 381.

  • Zacharias, Pope, 44.
  • Zara, captured by Crusaders, 118.
  • Zeno, Carlo, 224.