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A Smaller History of Rome / from the Earliest Times to the Establishment of the Empire cover

A Smaller History of Rome / from the Earliest Times to the Establishment of the Empire

Chapter 123: L.
By William Smith
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History - Ancient

About This Book

The volume offers a compact chronological account of Italy's geography and early inhabitants, the legendary monarchy and its institutions, the transition to a republic, and the subsequent development of Roman political, legal, and military systems. It treats internal conflicts between social orders, major wars and diplomatic encounters, constitutional reforms and codifications, and urban and administrative growth, while supplying maps, illustrations, and chapterized material suited to classroom use. Emphasis falls on institutional origins, civic structures, and the sequence of events that prepared the polity for later imperial consolidation.

I.

  • Iapygians, 5.
  • Ignobiles, 128 (note).
  • Illyria and Illyrians, 78-9.
  • Illyrian Wars, 78, 79.
  • Istria subdued, 115.
  • Italia, 7.
  • Italians proper, 5.
  • Italicus, C. Silius, 344.
  • Italy, geography of, 1;
  • fertility, 5;
  • early inhabitants, 5;
  • struggles in Central Italy, 59;
  • under Augustus, 286, 287.
  • Iulus, or Ascanius, 8.

J.

  • Janiculum fortified, 15.
  • Janus, temple of, 13;
  • closed for the 2d time, 78;
  • for the 3d time, 270.
  • Jerusalem besieged and taken by Pompey, 212.
  • Jesus Christ, birth of, 293.
  • Jugurtha, under Scipio in Spain, 146;
  • early life, 162;
  • bribes the Senators, 163;
  • defeats Adherbal, and puts him to death, 163;
  • war declared against him, but comes to Rome under safe-conduct, 164;
  • murders Massiva, and is ordered to quit Italy, 164;
  • defeated by Metellus, 166;
  • and by Marius, 167;
  • who takes him prisoner, and conveys him to Rome, where he is starved in prison, 167-8.
  • Julia, aunt of Cæsar, married to Marius, 214;
  • her death, 215.
  • Julia, daughter of Cæsar, married to Pompey, 225.
  • Julia, daughter of Augustus, 292.
  • Julia, Lex, 179-80.
  • Julian, Emperor, 337.
  • Jus Imaginum, 128 (note).
  • Justin Martyr, 315.
  • Juvenalis, Decimus Junius, 345.

K.

  • Kings of Rome, 9-28.

L.

  • Labeo, Q. Antistius, 350.
  • Labienus (Tribune), 219.
  • Laberius, Dec., 275.
  • Latin War, 54;
  • battle at the foot of Vesuvius, 55;
  • self-sacrifice of P. Decius Mus, 55;
  • defeat of the Latins, 55.
  • Latins, 5.
  • Latium, 3;
  • incorporated with the Republic of Rome, 56.
  • Legends of early Roman history, 8.
  • Leges and Plebiscita, 121.
  • Legiones, 19, 122.
  • Lentulus Sura, P. Cornelius, 219, 220, 231.
  • Lepidus, 290.
  • Lepidus, M., Consul, opposes the public funeral of Sulla, 195-6;
  • proposes the repeal of Sulla's laws, 199;
  • collects an army and marches upon Rome, 199;
  • is defeated near the Mulvian Bridge, retires to Sardinia, and dies, 199, 200.
  • Lepidus, M., Master of the Horse, 249;
  • forms Triumvirate with Octavian and Antony, 255;
  • in Africa, 264.
  • Licinian Rogations and Laws, 49, 150.
  • Licinius colleague with Constantine, 331.
  • Lictors (note), 25.
  • Liguria, 2;
  • Ligurians, 113.
  • Lilybæum, sieges of, 64, 74, 75.
  • Livius Andronicus, M., 272.
  • Livius, Titus, 284.
  • Lucan, 301;
  • his poetry, 344.
  • Lucania and Lucanians, 4.
  • Lucanians, 6.
  • Luceres, 12.
  • Lucilius, C., 276.
  • Lucretius Carus, T. (poet), 276.
  • Lucullus, L. Licinius, opposes and defeats Mithridates in Bithynia and Pontus, 206-7;
  • sends Appius Claudius to Tigranes, 207;
  • his reforms in Asia, 207-8;
  • defeats Tigranes at Tigranocerta and at Artaxata, 208;
  • recalled, and superseded by Pompey, 209.
  • Ludi Magni, 117.
  • Lusitania, invaded by Ser. Sulpicius Galba, 143;
  • tribes of, subdued by Cæsar, 224.
  • Lusitanians, 114, 144-5.

M.

  • Macedonia, kingdom of, 107;
  • under Augustus, 289.
  • Macedonian War, 135.
  • Macrinus, Emperor, 322;
  • defeated by Elagabalus, 322.
  • Macrobius, 350.
  • Mæcenas, C. Cilnius, 286.
  • Mælius, Sp., slain, 42.
  • Magister Equitum, 28 (note).
  • Magna Græcia, 6, 60.
  • Mamertini, 69.
  • Manilian Law, Cicero's address in favor of, 217.
  • Manilius, C., Tribune, 210.
  • Manipuli, 122.
  • Manlius, M., saves the Capitol, 47;
  • patron of the poor, 48;
  • his fate, 49.
  • Manlius Torquatus, L., 218, 220.
  • Manlius Torquatus, T., legend of, 48;
  • and of his son, 55.
  • Manlius Vulso, Cn., defeats the Galatians, and afterward, in conjunction with commissioners, concludes a peace with Antiochus, and settles the affairs of Asia, 111, 112.
  • Marcellinus, Ammianus, 348.
  • Marcellus, 292.
  • Marcellus, M., Consul, arrives in Sicily, 93;
  • takes Leontini, 93;
  • invests Syracuse, where he is baffled by Archimedes, 93,
  • but finally captures it, 94;
  • takes Salapia, 96;
  • defeated and slain in Lucania, 97.
  • Marcius, C., Coriolanus, 32.
  • Marcomanni defeat Verus, 315.
  • Marius, C., early life, 161;
  • in Spain with Scipio, 146, 162;
  • elected Tribune, 162;
  • sends the Consul Metellus to prison, 162;
  • elected Prætor, 162;
  • marries Julia, sister of C. Julius Cæsar the elder, 162;
  • accompanies Metellus to Africa, 164;
  • returns to Rome, and is elected Consul, with command in Numidia, 166;
  • repulses a combined attack of Jugurtha and Bocchus, 167;
  • attaches Bocchus to the Romans, and takes Jugurtha prisoner, both by the agency of his Quæstor Sulla, 167;
  • elected Consul during his absence, and returns to Rome, leading Jugurtha in triumph, 168;
  • reorganizes the army, 170;
  • elected Consul a third and fourth time, 170;
  • defeats and destroys the Cimbri, Teutones, and Ambrones, 171;
  • elected Consul a fifth time, and has a Triumph, 171;
  • enters into a compact with Saturninus and Glaucia, 173;
  • and is elected Consul a sixth time, 173, 174;
  • loses reputation, and sets sail for Cappadocia and Galatia, 175;
  • in the Social War, 179;
  • is surpassed by Sulla, 180;
  • intrigues to obtain the command against Mithridates, 181;
  • is opposed by Sulla, who enters Rome with his army, and Marius makes his escape, 183;
  • his sufferings, risks, and return to Rome with Cinna, 185;
  • his conquests, and the massacres in Rome, 185;
  • in conjunction with Cinna elects himself Consul for the seventh time, 185;
  • his death, 185.
  • Marius, the younger, defeated by Sulla, 192;
  • orders his opponents to be put to death, 192;
  • embarks for Africa, 192;
  • puts an end to his own life, 193.
  • Marrucini, 3.
  • Marsi, 3.
  • Marsic or Social War, 178-80.
  • Martialis, M. Valerius, 346.
  • Masinissa, enters into treaty with Scipio, 101;
  • assists Scipio, 103;
  • aids Scipio to defeat Hasdrubal and Syphax, 103;
  • marries, and soon afterward kills Sophonisba, 103-4.
  • Massilia, 287.
  • Maximin, Emperor, 323.
  • Maximus, Valerius, 346.
  • Mediterranean Sea infested with pirates, 209.
  • Memmius, C., murdered, 174.
  • Menapii defeated by Cæsar, 231.
  • Menenius Agrippa, fable told by, 31.
  • Mesopotamia added to the Roman empire, 329.
  • Messala, M. Valerius, 286.
  • Messana, 69.
  • Metellus Celer, 221.
  • Metellus, L., defeats the Carthaginians at Panormus, 73.
  • Metellus (Macedonicus), Q., 145.
  • Metellus (Numidicus), Q. Cæcilius, Consul, conducts the war in Africa against Jugurtha, 166;
  • superseded by Marius, 166.
  • Metellus, Q., Consul, 224.
  • Military Tribunes appointed, 41.
  • Mimes, 275.
  • Mithridates V., king of Pontus, assassinated, 186.
  • Mithridates VI., king of Pontus, early life, 186;
  • conquests and alliances, 187-8;
  • orders a massacre of Romans and Italians in the cities of Asia, 188;
  • defeated by L. Valerius Flaccus and by Sulla, 188-9;
  • obtains peace on hard conditions, 189;
  • defeats Murena on the Halys, 205;
  • makes peace with Rome, and evacuates Cappadocia, 205;
  • renews the war with Rome, 206;
  • overruns Bithynia, and defeats Cotta, 200;
  • retreats before Lucullus into Pontus, 207;
  • defeated by Lucullus at Cabira, and takes refuge in Armenia, 207;
  • defeats Fabius and Triarius, 208;
  • unites with Tigranes, when they overrun Pontus and Cappadocia, 209;
  • is defeated by Pompey, 211;
  • escapes into the Cimmerian Bosporos, 211;
  • conspiracy of his son Pharnaces, 213;
  • his death, 213.
  • Mithridatic Wars: First, 183-9;
  • Second, 205;
  • Third, 205-13.
  • Moorish Dartmen, 124.
  • Morini defeated by Cæsar, 231.
  • Mucius Scævola, C., 27.
  • Mulvian bridge, battle of the, 199.
  • Murena, L., invades Cappadocia and Pontus, 205;
  • is opposed by Mithridates, and defeated, 205.

N.

  • Nævius, Cn., 273.
  • Naples, Bay of, 4.
  • Nasica, Scipio, 152.
  • Navius, Attus, 17.
  • Navy, Carthaginian, 70, 71, 72.
  • Navy, Roman, 70, 71, 72, 73.
  • Neapolis attacked, 56.
  • Nepos, Cornelius, 284.
  • Nero and Livius, Consuls, defeat Hasdrubal, 97, 98.
  • Nero, 301;
  • death of, 302.
  • Nervii defeated by Cæsar, 230.
  • Nicomedes III, driven out of Bithynia, 187;
  • restored, 188;
  • again expelled, 188;
  • dies, leaving his dominions to the Roman people, 200.
  • Nobiles, 127 (note).
  • Nobility, 127-8.
  • Nomen Latinum, 66.
  • Nonius, A., murder of, 174.
  • Norbanus, C., Consul, defeated by Sulla, 191.
  • Novus Homo, 128 (note).
  • Numa Pompilius elected to succeed Romulus, 12;
  • his reign and institutions, 12.
  • Numantine War, disastrous till conducted by Scipio, 145,
  • who captures and destroys Numantia, 146.
  • Numerian, 326.
  • Numidia, political condition of and war in, 162-8.
  • Numitor, 9.

O.

  • Octavian (C. Julius Cæsar Octavianus), appointed heir to Cæsar, 249;
  • comes to Rome, and claims the inheritance, 254;
  • collects an army, 254;
  • elected Consul, 255;
  • forms Triumvirate with Antony and Lepidus, 256;
  • proscriptions, 256-7;
  • defeats Brutus at Philippi, 261;
  • returns to Rome, 263;
  • reconciliation with Antony, 264;
  • his fleet destroyed by Sextus Pompey, 265;
  • renews the Triumvirate, 266;
  • subdues the Dalmatians, 267;
  • rupture with Antony, 267;
  • defeats Antony and Cleopatra at Actium, 268;
  • his Triumph, 270;
  • Imperator for life, Princeps, Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, 270;
  • end of the Republic, 270.
  • Octavius. See Octavian.
  • Octavius, Cn., conflict with Cinna, 185;
  • slain, 185.
  • Oppian Law repealed, 130.
  • Orosius, 348.
  • Ostia founded, 15.
  • Ostrogoths obtain permission to cross the Danube, 338.
  • Otho, Salvius, 302.
  • Ovid banished, 203.
  • Ovidius Naso, P. (poet), 281.

P.

  • Pacuvius, M., 275.
  • Palæopolis taken, 56.
  • Palladius, 350.
  • Palmyra, fall of, 325.
  • Pannonia, mutiny in, 296.
  • Panormus, defeat there of Carthaginians, 73.
  • Pansa, C. Vibius, Consul, defeated by Antony, and slain, 255.
  • Papinianus, 350.
  • Papius Mutilus, C., 179;
  • defeated by Sulla, 180.
  • Paterculus, Velleius, 346.
  • Patres Majorum and Minorum Gentium, 17.
  • Patricians, 12;
  • struggles between them and the Plebeians, 29;
  • ascendency of the Patricians, 29.
  • See Plebeians.
  • Patronus, 12.
  • Paulus, 350.
  • Peligni, 3.
  • Pergamus, 106;
  • made a province, 147.
  • Perperna, M., re-enforces Sertorius in Spain, 200;
  • becomes jealous of Sertorius, and assassinates him, 202;
  • is defeated by Pompey, 202.
  • Perseus succeeds Philip as king of Macedon, 134;
  • defeated by L. Æmilius Paullus, 135;
  • death, 136.
  • Persius, 345.
  • Pertinax, Emperor, 318.
  • Pescennius Niger, 319.
  • Petreius, M., 221.
  • Petronius Arbiter, 348.
  • Phædrus, 346.
  • Pharnaces, conspiracy of, against Mithridates, 213;
  • confirmed in position of the kingdom of the Bosporus, 213.
  • Philip, Emperor, 324.
  • Philip V., king of Macedon, enters into a treaty with Hannibal, 107;
  • appears in the Adriatic with a fleet, and lays siege to Oricus and Apollonia, 107;
  • takes Oricus, but is driven from Apollonia, and burns his fleet, 107;
  • in alliance with the Achæans, and at peace with the Ætolians and Romans, 108;
  • assists Hannibal at Zama, 108;
  • attacks the Rhodians and Attalus, king of Pergamus, 108;
  • treats with Antiochus for the partition of Egypt, 108;
  • besieges Athens, which is relieved by a Roman fleet, 108;
  • sues for peace after his defeat in the battle of Cynoscephalæ, 109;
  • refuses to take part with Antiochus against the Romans, 110;
  • his death, 134.
  • Phœnicians, 68.
  • Phalanx, 122.
  • Phraates, king of the Parthians, 291.
  • Picenum, 2.
  • Piracy in the Mediterranean suppressed by Pompey, 310.
  • Piso, Cn. Calpurnius, 218.
  • Placentia taken and destroyed, 118.
  • Plautia Papiria, Lex, 180.
  • Plautus, T. Maccius, 273.
  • Plebiscita, 40, 51;
  • and Leges, 121.
  • Plebs, Plebeians, origin of the, 14;
  • sufferings of the, 30;
  • Ager Publicus, 30;
  • secession of Plebeians to the Sacred Mount, 31;
  • institution of Tribunes of the Plebs, 31;
  • Agrarian Law introduced by Sp. Cassius, 31.
  • Pliny, Secundus Major, 349.
  • Pœni, 68 (note).
  • Pollio, Asinius, 286.
  • Pomœrium, 9, 20.
  • Pompædius Silo, Q., 178.
  • Pompeiopolis, 210.
  • Pompeius Strabo, Cn., in Social War, 180.
  • Pompey (Cn. Pompeius Magnus), early life and career, 200-1;
  • receives the surname of Magnus, 201;
  • sent to Spain as Proconsul against Sertorius, 201;
  • failures and successes, 201;
  • defeats Perperna, 202;
  • concludes the war, 202;
  • elected Consul, with Crassus, 203;
  • restores the Tribunitian power, 203;
  • suppresses piracy in the Mediterranean, 210;
  • supersedes Lucullus in the East, 211;
  • defeats Mithridates in Lesser Armenia, 211;
  • receives the submission of Tigranes, 212;
  • his conquests in Syria and Palestine, 212-13;
  • returns to Italy, 213;
  • his Triumph, 223;
  • Senate refuses to sanction his measures in Asia, 224,
  • but afterward ratifies them, 225;
  • forms cabal with Cæsar and Crassus (first Triumvirate), 225;
  • marries Cæsar's daughter Julia, 225;
  • meets Cæsar and Crassus at Luca, 236;
  • Consul with Crassus, 236;
  • obtains government of Spain, 236;
  • his new theatre at Rome opened, 236;
  • his wife Julia dies, 237;
  • elected sole Consul, 238;
  • becomes hostile to Cæsar, 239;
  • measures in opposition to Cæsar, 239-40;
  • invested by the Senate with command of the army, 240;
  • retreats before Cæsar, 242;
  • embarks for Greece, 242;
  • besieged by Cæsar at Dyrrhachium, 244;
  • forces Cæsar to retreat, 244;
  • defeated by Cæsar at Pharsalia, 245;
  • flies to Egypt, 245;
  • slain there, 245.
  • Pompey, Sextus, in alliance with M. Antony, 264;
  • master of the sea, 264;
  • forms alliance with Octavian and Antony, 264;
  • rupture of the alliance, 265;
  • defeats Octavian's fleet, 265;
  • his own fleet defeated by M. Agrippa, 266;
  • is taken prisoner, and put to death at Miletus, 266.
  • Pontiffs, 12, 51.
  • Pontine Marshes, 4.
  • Pontius, C., defeats the Romans, 57, 58;
  • is defeated and put to death, 59.
  • Pontius, the Samnite, 193.
  • Pontus, 106;
  • kingdom of, 186;
  • made a Roman province, 212.
  • Porcius Cato, M. See Cato.
  • Populus Romanus, 14.
  • Porsena, Lars, marches against Rome in aid of Tarquin, 26;
  • bridge defended by Horatius Cocles, 26;
  • C. Mucius Scævola, 27;
  • Clœlia swims across the Tiber, 27;
  • Porsena withdraws his army, 27;
  • war with the Latins, 28;
  • battle of the Lake Regillus, 28;
  • death of Tarquinius Superbus, 28.
  • Præneste surrenders, 193.
  • Prætor Peregrinus, 117.
  • Prætors, afterward called Consuls, 25.
  • Prætors and Prætorship, 51, 117.
  • Principes, 122.
  • Privernum, conquest of, 56.
  • Probus, Emperor, 326.
  • Proconsuls, 118.
  • Propertius, Sextus Aurelius (poet), 280.
  • Proprætors, 118.
  • Proscriptio, what it was, 193.
  • Provinces, Roman, 147.
  • Provocatio, 121 (note).
  • Prusias, king of Bithynia, shelters Hannibal, 131.
  • Publilian Law, 31 (note), 36.
  • Publilian Laws, 51.
  • Publicani, 119 (note).
  • Pulcheria, 351.
  • Punic War, First, 68-76;
  • Second, 82-105.
  • Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, assists the Tarentines, 62;
  • defeats the Romans near Heraclea, 62;
  • sends Cineas to negotiate a peace, 63;
  • terms rejected, 63;
  • takes Præneste, 63;
  • winter quarters, at Tarentum, 63;
  • embassy of Fabricius, 63;
  • proposal to poison Pyrrhus, 64;
  • releases Roman prisoners without ransom, 64;
  • crosses over into Sicily, 64;
  • is repulsed at Lilybæum, 64;
  • returns to Italy, 64;
  • seizes the treasures of the temple of Proserpine at Locri, 65;
  • his remorse, 65;
  • is defeated at Beneventum, 65;
  • returns to Greece, and is slain, 65.

Q.

  • Quæstio Perpetua, 197.
  • Quæstor; and Quæstorship, 4, 117.
  • Quintilianus, M. Fabius, 348.
  • Quintius, P., speech of Cicero for, 216.
  • Quirites, 11 (note).

R.

  • Rabirius, C., 219.
  • Ramnes, 12.
  • Rasena, 5.
  • Regillus, Lake, battle of, 28.
  • Regulus, M. Atilius, defeats the Carthaginians, 72;
  • is defeated by Xanthippus, 73.
  • Regulus, M. Atilius, sent, as prisoner, with an embassy, to Rome, 73, 74;
  • advises the Senate to reject the terms, 74;
  • returns, and is put to death, 74.
  • Remus and Romulus, 9;
  • Remus slain, 10.
  • Repetundæ, 128 (note).
  • Republic established at Rome, 25;
  • end of, 270.
  • Rhea Silvia, legend of, 8.
  • Rhodes, 107;
  • school of rhetoric at, 215.
  • Rogatio and Lex, 49 (note).
  • Roma Quadrata, 9.
  • Roman Literature, sketch of, 272-285;
  • Poetry: Saturnian Metre and the Drama, 272;
  • M. Livius Andronicus, 272, 273;
  • Cn. Nævius, 273;
  • Q. Ennius, 273;
  • T. Maccius Plautus, 273;
  • P. Terentius Afer, 274;
  • Q. Cæcilius, L. Afranius, 274;
  • M. Pacuvius, 275;
  • L. Accius, 275;
  • Atellanæ Fabulæ, Mimes, 275;
  • Dec. Laberius, P. Syrus, 275;
  • Fescennine Songs, 276;
  • Satires, 276;
  • C. Lucilius, 276;
  • T. Lucretius Carus, 276;
  • Valerius Catullus, 276;
  • P. Virgilius Maro, 277;
  • Q. Horatius Flaccus, 278;
  • Albius Tibullus, 280;
  • Sextus Aurelius Propertius, 280;
  • P. Ovidius Naso, 281.
  • Prose Writers—Q. Fabius Pictor, 282;
  • L. Cincius Alimentus, 282;
  • M. Porcius Cato, 282;
  • M. Tullius Cicero, 282;
  • M. Terentius Varro, 283;
  • C. Julius Cæsar, 283;
  • C. Sallustius Crispus, 284;
  • Cornelius Nepos, 284;
  • Titus Livius, 284.
  • Rome, situation and first inhabitants, 7;
  • legends and early history, 8;
  • first four kings, 9-15;
  • last three kings, 16-28;
  • foundation of, 9;
  • destroyed by the Goths (Senones) under Brennus, 47;
  • rebuilt, 48;
  • pestilence at, 62;
  • sacked by Alaric, 341.
  • Romulus, birth of, 9;
  • slays Remus, 10;
  • rape of Sabine virgins, 10;
  • war with Sabines, 10;
  • reigns conjointly with Titus Tatius, 11;
  • succeeds T. Tatius as ruler of the Sabines, and thus becomes solo ruler, 11;
  • his death, 11;
  • institutions, 12.
  • Romulus Augustus, 343.
  • Rorarii, 123.
  • Rufinus, 339.
  • Rufus, Q. Curtius, 347.
  • Rullus (Tribune), 219.
  • Rupilius, P., captures Tauromenium and Enna, and ends the First Servile War, 147.
  • Rutilius Rufus found guilty and banished, 175.
  • Rutilius Lupus, P., Consul, 179;
  • defeated and slain, 179.

S.

  • Sabellians, 3.
  • Sabine virgins, rape of, 10.
  • Sabini, 3, 11 (note).
  • Sacred Mount, first secession to, 31;
  • second secession, 39.
  • Sacrovir, 297.
  • Saguntum captured, 81.
  • Salii, priests of Mars, 13.
  • Sallustius Crispus, C., 284.
  • Salvius, leader of the slaves in Sicily, 172;
  • assumes the surname of Tryphon, 172.
  • Salvus Julianus, 350.
  • Samnites, history, 53;
  • tribes, 53;
  • conquer Campania and Lucania, 53;
  • attack the Sidicini and Campanians, 53;
  • enter into war with the Romans, 54;
  • are defeated at Mount Gaurus, 54;
  • peace 54;
  • second of Great War with the Romans, 57;
  • quarrel between Q. Fabius Maximus and L. Papirius Cursor, 57;
  • Samnite general, C. Pontius, defeats the Romans at the Caudine Forks, 57, 58;
  • treaty rejected by the Romans, 58;
  • successes of the Romans, and peace, 58;
  • third war, 59;
  • battle of Sentinum, 59;
  • defeat, and peace, 59.
  • Samnium and Samnites, 4.
  • Sapor, king of Persia, 336.
  • Sardinia obtained from Carthage, and formed into a Roman province, 77;
  • revolt in, 115;
  • Prætor for, 118.
  • Satires, Roman, 276.
  • Saturnian Metre, 272.
  • Saturninus elected Tribune, 174;
  • brings in an Agrarian Law, 174;
  • murders Memmius, 174;
  • is declared a public enemy, 174;
  • pelted to death with tiles by the mob, 175.
  • Scipio, Cneius, in Spain, 95;
  • slain there, 95.
  • Scipio, P. Cornelius, marches to oppose Hannibal, 83;
  • killed in Spain, 95.
  • Scipio Africanus Major, P. Cornelius, his early life, 99;
  • elected Proconsul, and goes to Spain, 100;
  • captures New Carthage, 100;
  • defeats Hasdrubal, 101;
  • master of nearly all Spain, by a victory (place uncertain), 101;
  • crosses over to Africa, 101;
  • quells insurrection and mutiny in Spain, 101;
  • captures Gades, 102;
  • returns to Rome, and is elected Consul, 102;
  • passes over to Sicily, and thence to Africa, 103;
  • besieges Utica, 103;
  • is opposed by Hasdrubal and Syphax, whom he defeats, 103;
  • defeats Hannibal near Zama, 104;
  • returns to Rome, 105;
  • prosecuted, 131;
  • retires from Rome, 131;
  • death, 131.
  • Scipio Africanus Minor, 140;
  • captures and destroys Carthage, 142;
  • sent to Spain, 145;
  • opposes Ti. Gracchus, 153;
  • found dead in his room, 153.
  • Scipio, L. Cornelius (Asiaticus) appointed to the command against Antiochus, who had invaded the kingdom of Pergamus, 111;
  • defeats Antiochus near Magnesia, and returns to Rome, 111;
  • prosecution of, 130.
  • Scipio Nasica, P. Cornelius, subdues the Boii, 114.
  • Sempronian Laws, 157.
  • Senate, 12, 119.
  • Senators bribed by Jugurtha found guilty by a commission, 164.
  • Senatus Consultum, 120.
  • Seneca, 301;
  • his writings, 349.
  • Seneca, M. Annæus, 348.
  • Senones, 45.
  • Septimius Severus, Emperor, 320;
  • penetrates to the interior of Scotland, 321.
  • Sertorius Macro, 299.
  • Sertorius, Q., in Spain, 200;
  • defeats Q. Metellus, 200;
  • is opposed to Pompey, 201;
  • assassinated by Perperna, 202.
  • Servile War at Carthage, 77.
  • Servile War in Sicily, First, 146-7;
  • Second, suppressed by M. Aquillius, 172.
  • Servilius, Q., murdered, 178.
  • Servius Tullius, succeeds Tarquinius Priscus, 18;
  • reforms the constitution, and divides the territory, 18;
  • increases the city, and surrounds it with a wall, 20;
  • forms an alliance with the Latins, 20;
  • his death, 22;
  • his two daughters, 22.
  • Seven hills of Rome, 20 (note).
  • Sextius, L., first Plebeian Consul, 50.
  • Sicily invaded by the Romans, 69-71;
  • made subject to the Romans, except Syracuse, 76;
  • Prætor for, 118;
  • under Augustus, 287.
  • Sicinius Dentatus slain, 38.
  • Sidicini, 53.
  • Silanus, 297.
  • Slaves under the Romans, 146.
  • Social War, or Marsic War, 178-180.
  • Socii, or Allies, 66;
  • troops furnished by, 123.
  • Sociorum Præfecti, 123.
  • Soli, afterward Pompeiopolis, occupied by pirates, 210.
  • Spain in two provinces, 114;
  • Prætors for, 118;
  • under Augustus, 287.
  • Spanish Wars, 143-146.
  • Sparta, 107.
  • Spartacus, a gladiator, excites an insurrection of slaves, 202;
  • devastates Italy with a large army of slaves, 203;
  • defeated by Crassus, 203;
  • slain in battle, 203.
  • Spolia opima won by A. Cornelius Cossus, 43.
  • Statius, P. Papinius, 344.
  • Stilicho, 339.
  • St. Chrysostom, 311.
  • Suffetes, 68.
  • Sulla, C. Cornelius, early life and character, 167;
  • Quæstor with Marius in Africa, 168;
  • gains over Bocchus, and entraps and makes a prisoner of Jugurtha, 167;
  • in Social War, 180;
  • Consul, 181;
  • rivalry with Marius, 182;
  • enters Rome with his army, and takes possession of the city, 183;
  • leaves Rome for the East, 184;
  • plunders Athens, 188;
  • victory at Orchomenus, 189;
  • makes peace with Mithridates, 189;
  • overcomes Fimbria, 189;
  • defeats the younger Marius, and enters Rome, 192;
  • battle with the Samnites and Lucanians for the possession of Rome, 192;
  • Allies defeated, 193;
  • elected Dictator, 193;
  • his massacres and proscriptions, 194;
  • elected Consul, 194;
  • his Triumph, and assumed title of Felix, 194;
  • his military colonies, 194, 195;
  • his reforms, 194, 195;
  • resignation of Dictatorship, retirement, and death, 195;
  • his legislation, 190-193.
  • Sulpicius Rufus, P., sells himself to Marius, 182;
  • put to death, 183.
  • Supplicatio, 125.
  • Synorium, fortress of, 211.
  • Syphax, at war with Carthage, 95;
  • is visited by Scipio, but, falling in love with Sophonisba, daughter of Hasdrubal, becomes an ally of the Carthaginians, 101;
  • defeated by Scipio and Masinissa, and flies into Numidia, 103;
  • is pursued and taken prisoner by Lælius and Masinissa, 103.
  • Syracuse captured by Marcellus, 94.
  • Syria, condition of, 106;
  • made a Roman province, 212.
  • Syrus, P., 275.